Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Richard de Grijs

[Abridged] In the late nineteenth century, Mars emerged as one of the most intensively reported astronomical objects in the popular press, driven by favourable oppositions, improved telescopic capabilities and growing speculation regarding planetary habitability. I examine how Mars was interpreted in Australian newspapers between the 1870s and 1899, focusing on the ways in which astronomical knowledge was framed, contextualised and debated within a colonial media environment. Drawing on a large collection of digitised newspaper articles, I analyse how observational authority, instrumental credibility and individual expertise were harnessed in press reporting. The paper situates Australian Mars coverage within a global network of scientific communication dominated by metropolitan centres in Europe and North America, while highlighting the distinctive role played by southern-hemisphere visibility. Australian observatories and observers were frequently positioned as contributors of confirmatory observation rather than interpretive leadership, reinforcing a pattern of locally grounded but internationally oriented scientific engagement. The analysis traces a shift from early emphasis on disciplined observation and measurement to later periods characterised by contested interpretations, particularly surrounding the so-called Martian "canals" and the speculative claims advanced by personalities such as Percival Lowell in the USA. By examining how newspapers mediated between observational astronomy, engineering analogies and popular imagination, this study contributes to a broader understanding of how planetary science entered public discourse beyond metropolitan centres. In doing so, it underscores the active role of colonial newspapers in shaping scientific meaning and situates Australian Mars reporting within the wider history of nineteenth-century astronomical culture.

Gwenaël Joret, Piotr Micek

For a planar graph $H$, let $f(H)$ denote the minimum integer such that all graphs excluding $H$ as a minor have treewidth at most $f(H)$. We show that if $H$ is a disjoint union of $k$ cycles then $f(H)=O(|V(H)| + k \log k)$, which is best possible.

Marita M. Abazovа

The article examines the grammatical indicator of the plural in the speech of representatives of the Kabardian-Circassian diaspora in Turkey, in comparison with the literary Kabardian-Circassian language. The study of the speech of Circassians abroad is of scientific interest not only for linguists, but also for historians and ethnographers, in order to restore the history of the language and the culture of the people. It is argued that the speech of representatives of the Circassian diaspora shows an archaic form of plural formation -hэ or хьэ, and the plural is also indicated by the particle сымэ. A comparative analysis of the speech of the diaspora abroad with the dialects and vernaculars of the Kabardian-Cherkessian language showed that in the historical homeland, in the modern speech of some representatives of dialects and vernaculars, the archaic affix -hэ has been preserved instead of the modern -хэ. It is noted that the plural suffix -hэ is primary, and -хэ is a new formation that entered the language with the creation of writing. It is concluded that archaic forms have been preserved in the speech of the Circassian diaspora abroad, and a new suffix -хьэ has been formed as a plural affix. All these changes are caused by external and internal influences on the language.

Alexander Gribov

This paper focuses on computing the directional extremal boundary of a union of equal-radius circles. We introduce an efficient algorithm that accurately determines this boundary by analyzing the intersections and dominant relationships among the circles. The algorithm has time complexity of O(n log n).

Konstantinos Karathanasis, Spyros Kontogiannis, Christos Zaroliagis

A key task in multi-objective optimization is to compute the Pareto subset or frontier $P$ of a given $d$-dimensional objective space $F$; that is, a maximal subset $P\subseteq F$ such that every element in $P$ is not-dominated (it is not worse in all criteria) by any element in $F$. This process, called dominance-filtering, often involves handling objective spaces derived from either the union or the Minkowski sum of two given partial objective spaces which are Pareto sets themselves, and constitutes a major bottleneck in several multi-objective optimization techniques. In this work, we introduce three new data structures, ND$^{+}$-trees, QND$^{+}$-trees and TND$^{+}$-trees, which are designed for efficiently indexing non-dominated objective vectors and performing dominance-checks. We also devise three new algorithms that efficiently filter out dominated objective vectors from the union or the Minkowski sum of two Pareto sets. An extensive experimental evaluation on both synthetically generated and real-world data sets reveals that our new algorithms outperform state-of-art techniques for dominance-filtering of unions and Minkowski sums of Pareto sets, and scale well w.r.t. the number of $d\ge 3$ criteria and the sets' sizes.

Nelli Leonteva

The author present the phenomenon of memory politics, which is a key aspect of forming and maintaining national identity, as well as determining the foreign policy priorities of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the context of Azerbaijan, a country with a rich history and cultural heritage, the translation of memory policy plays a significant role in shaping the image of the state in the international arena. Consideration of the peculiarities of this process allows for a deeper understanding of Azerbaijan's foreign policy strategy, its interaction with other countries and international organizations, as well as the influence of historical heritage on contemporary political decisions. The export of national culture, its promotion abroad and the formation of a positive image of the country contribute to the creation of a favorable foreign policy environment. This allows the country not only to preserve its identity, but also to interact with other cultures within the global cultural space. The author presents the strategy of constructing a model of Azerbaijani cultural memory policy in foreign policy and the ways of its realization, which also serves to consolidate society and build a new model of national identity formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This model includes both a number of features characteristic of the former Soviet republics and specific provisions distinguishing the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this sense, the political and cultural processes taking place in Russia's neighboring states are of particular interest to researchers, allowing them to build a competent attitude to the current processes affecting society both in Azerbaijan and in Russia, which is home to a large Turkic-speaking population, including ethnic Azerbaijanis.

Vadim Maiko

Introduction. One of the important components of the material culture of Sugdeja in the second half of the 13th – beginning of the 14th century is glassware, the production center of which is localized in the cities of the Middle East, Transcaucasia, and Byzantium. It is one of those components of the complex of finds that unite the material culture of Sugdeja and other provincial Byzantine cities of the second half of the 13th century. Small amounts of glassware were also found during excavations of other large urban centers of Taurica. The source base of the work is all glass vessels recorded during ground and underwater excavations in Sugdeja and the village Novy Svet, occurring, including from closed complexes. This is important for finding out the frequency of finds. However, in this case, only reliably definable fragments are used. Despite individual publications, they were not analyzed in the complex. Methods and materials. Standard methods of comparative morphological and stylistic analysis were used. Analysis. The use of the most complete source base allows for the first time to estimate the approximate volume of imports of glass products into the medieval city of the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula during the third quarter of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th century. Results. The obtained data make it possible to confidently compare all the findings used in the work with well-known groups of glass products. At the same time, we can reasonably talk about the predominance of certain types. This serves as a reliable argument in favor of the assumption that most of the glass products were not personal property but the subject of trade imports, along with glazed ceramics and other goods.

Victor I. Kosik , Alexander S. Stykalin , Ksenia V. Melchakova

A prominent Russian expert in Balkan history Doctor of Historical Sciences Viktor Ivanovich Kosik (born in 1944) talks about his life and career at the request of the editors of the magazine “Slavic World in the Third Millennium”. Graduate of the Department of History of Southern and Western Slavs, Viktor I. Kosik initially specialized in problems of the modern history of Bulgaria. Later, in the 1970s, he worked for several years at the House of Soviet Culture in Belgrade and this experience contributed to the expansion of his horizons as a researcher. After completing his postgraduate studies at the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, Viktor I. Kosik, a disciple of academician Yury A. Pisarev, became an employee of the Institute in 1982, and all his further professional activities are closely connected with Inslav. The subject of his earlier major works were the problems of the diplomatic history of the Balkans after the Berlin Congress of 1878 and, above all, Russian policy towards Bulgaria in the 1880s – 1890s. In the early 1990s, when the possibilities of studying the history of Russian post-revolutionary emigration on a broader documentary basis were expanding, Viktor Kosik was among the first historians who decided to devote themselves this field, not only in Russian archives, but also abroad. His numerous works on the history of Russian emigration in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria show the comprehensive contribution of immigrants from Russia to the culture, science, and social life of the countries that adopted them. These works brought Viktor I. Kosik recognition among the colleagues, historians. His deep knowledge of the history of Russian diaspora at the Balkans combines with interest in Russian social thought; he is the author of one of the first monographs on the system of views of Konstantin Leontyev in modern Russia. Viktor I. Kosik also addressed in a number of works the problems of church history of the Balkans in the 20th century. In the book “Mined Culture,” which was the result of many years of archival research and reflection on broad Balkan material about the difficult paths of the history of this region, Viktor Ivanovich tries to identify the origins of national intolerance, which poses a serious threat to the mutual understanding of neighboring peoples. He shared his thoughts about the fate of the Balkans with our readers. Viktor I. Kosik, who grew up in post-war Moscow, talks about his childhood, youth, student and graduate years, remembers teachers and senior colleagues, shares his impressions of trips to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, talks about his communication with prominent historians (domestic and foreign), as well as with members of Russian diaspora in the Balkan countries.

Xin Wang, Misbah Mubarak, Yao Kang et al.

With the rapid growth of the machine learning applications, the workloads of future HPC systems are anticipated to be a mix of scientific simulation, big data analytics, and machine learning applications. Simulation is a great research vehicle to understand the performance implications of co-running scientific applications with big data and machine learning workloads on large-scale systems. In this paper, we present Union, a workload manager that provides an automatic framework to facilitate hybrid workload simulation in CODES. Furthermore, we use Union, along with CODES, to investigate various hybrid workloads composed of traditional simulation applications and emerging learning applications on two dragonfly systems. The experiment results show that both message latency and communication time are important performance metrics to evaluate network interference. Network interference on HPC applications is more reflected by the message latency variation, whereas ML application performance depends more on the communication time.

Ivan Sablin

Zaven Akopyan

This article constitutes a continuation of a publication series exploring the historical backdrop of the North Caucasus Region, focusing on the period when the administrative hub of this vast region resided in the resort city of Pyatigorsk (1934 - early 1937). Its primary focus resides with the State Institute of Commissioners, operating under the auspices of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, overseeing the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMW, Kavmin-vody). Throughout this time frame, Professor V.N. Semenov, at the helm of the Architectural and Planning Workshop within the People's Commissariat of Public Utilities of the RSFSR, crafted a comprehensive project to propel the CMW resorts to new heights. The entrusted execution of this project was assigned to authorized representatives of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, vested with significant powers. Occupying the post of director of the Caucasian Mineral Waters in the 1920s and 30s (and since 1935, also serving as the commissioner of the CEC of the USSR), were esteemed individuals such as S.A. Mamushin, M.I. Ganshtak, A.S. Enukidze, and A.D. Metelev, who skillfully assumed the helm of both Kavminvody and Sochi resorts. The author posits that at this juncture, we should not disregard the invaluable lessons learned from the successful operation of this institute. As a prospective option, the prospect of establishing a dedicated institute for the management of CMW resorts warrants consideration, potentially involving the plenipotentiary representative of the President in the North Caucasus Federal District.

Andrei Lunochkin

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of the restoration of the public catering system of Stalingrad at the end of the battle on the Volga. Methods. In this study, historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods in the study of statistical sources were used. Analysis and results. Providing the population of the destroyed city with food became one of the most important directions of the social policy of the period. The problem was addressed on several fronts. At the first stage, in the spring and summer of 1943, most of the enterprises of the city canteen trust were reopened on the basis of the destroyed pre-war canteens. They were made from improvised materials. The work to equip them was done mainly by the employees who had returned from the evacuation. As industrial enterprises were restored, the workers’ supply departments opened canteens at their own expense. A number of canteens opened by the city trust were transferred to the balance of the factories. After the start of large-scale restoration work, several large construction departments of central subordination were deployed in the city. They independently provided their workers with food in their own canteens. In the second stage from 1944, due to the allocation of budgetary funds along with the restoration began construction of new catering enterprises. The city’s enterprises produced inventory and equipment for canteens. Great attention was also paid to the organization of children’s and school meals. As a result, by mid-1945 the public catering system in Stalingrad was generally restored. Most workers and residents were attached to canteens and received rationed one or two meals a day. However, the range of dishes and the quality of food remained unsatisfactory. Centralized supply of products was not carried out in full. Low-power subsidiary farms could not cope with their plans. Most canteens were located in dilapidated premises in unsanitary conditions due to the lack of running water and sewerage.

Roman Szubin

In the article the scientific works of Mikhail Bakhtin are considered as one text with its own single metaplot. The motive of moving forward (“going forward”) is analyzed and treated as the basis of Bakhtin’s progressive outlook, his hopes for the future and for the dialogue in the Great Time. Attention is drawn to a specific period of the Russian thinker’s intellectual life, that is associated with the departure from the ideas of solipsism. The concept of “I – others” is considered a turning point and is compared with the Copernican revolution, which is carried out in the philosophical worldview of a Russian scientist and then transferred to the studies of the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky. It reveals, in particular, the philosopher’s gradual departure from individual reality and his approach towards personalism. The future for Bakhtin is a creative, active category that determines the present. At the same time it is noted that the forward movement as expressed by the Russian thinker is ambivalent and associated with the turn to the past and the source. Along the way the concepts of memory, the curvature of progress, the idea of historical inversion, etc. are also studied. Besides, Bakhtin’s criticism of the Enlightenment idea of progress, Western rationalism and humanism are mentioned. In this regard Bakhtin’s concept of the rebirth acquires great importance, in which, under the influence of movement towards the future, the past is updated.

Дарья Юрьевна Ващенко

В статье рассматриваются по четыре наиболее употребительных словацких и венгерских наречия, относящихся к семантической группе «скоро». Словацкий и венгерский языки, не являясь родственными, долгое время тесно контактировали в рамках одного государства в Центральной Европе. Непосредственные заимствования из венгерского в словацкий, равно как и славизмы в венгерском, исследованы хорошо, в то время как вопрос возможных семантических параллелей в данных языках остается практически неизученным. В частности, между наречиями группы «скоро» в словацком и венгерском языках существует ряд формальных соответствий, которые сложно пересекаются с семантическими корреляциями. В работе использованы материалы национальных корпусов словацкого и венгерского языков, а также словацкий и венгерский корпусы семейства Интернет-корпусов Aranea. Анализируется сочетаемость наречий по данным меры ассоциации logDice; также привлекаются показатели взаимной сочетаемости лексем. Показано, что для словацкого и венгерского языков можно говорить об относительной семантической корреляции наречий, ориентированных на непосредственно наблюдаемые ситуации, и наречий, обозначающих рационально воспринимаемые, контролируемые ситуации. При этом в венгерском языке отдельно выделяются наречия, которые маркируют существование некоторой ситуации, а также наречия, обозначающие быструю смену ситуаций. Статья поступила в редакцию 27.06.2022. Цитирование: Ващенко Д. Ю. Словацкие и венгерские наречия группы «скоро» по корпусным данным // Славянский альманах. 2022. No 3–4. С. 152–170. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2022.3-4.2.01

Olga Izotova

The article examines various aspects of shepherdship mentioned by St. Theodore the Studite in the collection of his letters. The collection contains letters sent to patriarchs, bishops, abbots and abbesses, as well as their flocks. There are few letters to priests and they do not touch on pastoral topics, in contrast to the epistles to the bishops that multiplied after 815. Among them, it is necessary to mention the letter 11 to bishop Anastasius, as a text completely devoted to the episcopal ministry. In total, there are more than fifty letters to the bishops, and a little less than eighty to the heads of the monasteries. The correspondence of St. Theodore with Mother Superior Euphrosyne is especially interesting. Descripting the episcopal ministry, St. Theodore makes extensive use of the teachings of St. Gregory the Theologian, and when talking about pastoral qualities works of St. Maximus the Confessor. Despite not the fact that St. Theodore often uses the word "pastor" simply to designate a ruler, bishop or abbot, it is not just a designation of the holy dignity for him, but the title of shepherd can be received by one owing to his deeds. The basis of shepherding, from the point of view of St. Theodore, there must be a realization in oneself of the image of Christ, the image of a virtuous life, approaching God, the realization of the pastoral logos in the right way, the acquisition of a disposition towards spiritual life. A shepherd who does this is capable of being a legislator for his disciples, capable of raising their souls to God. An important aspect of pastoral ministry for St. Theodora - accepting this service as obedience and service of love.

N. D. Golev

The article introduces translative linguistics as a special branch in the study of natural languages and describes the history of its development. Translative linguistics uses the methods of quantitative linguistics, combinatorial linguistics, associative grammar, lexicography, etc. It focuses on the same aspects of language as historical grammar, phonetics, political linguistics, etc. The ontology of translational linguistics sees the natural language and its units as its research object. Translation (reserve translation, machine translation, and reverse machine translation) acts as a research method that translational linguistics uses to describe the patterns of the translated language. The author reviews various scientific publications to describe the concepts and terms of translational linguistics. The author uses the method of linguistic logic, which is understood as incorporating a new concept in the traditional system of theoretical linguistic concepts.

Yunjing Shan, Junling Zhou

Let $V$ be an $n$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_{q}$, and let $\mathcal{L}(V)=\bigcup_{0\leq k\leq n}\left[V\atop k\right]$ be the set of all subspaces of $V$. A family of subspaces $\mathcal{F}\subseteq \mathcal{L}(V)$ is $s$-union if dim$(F+F')\leq s$ holds for all $F$, $F'\in\mathcal{F}$. A family $\mathcal{F}\subseteq \mathcal{L}(V)$ is an antichain if $F\nleq F'$ holds for any two distinct $F, F'\in \mathcal{F}$. The optimal $s$-union families in $\mathcal{L}(V)$ have been determined by Frankl and Tokushige in $2013$. The upper bound of cardinalities of $s$-union $(s<n)$ antichains in $\mathcal{L}(V)$ has been established by Frankl recently, while the structures of optimal ones have not been displayed. The present paper determines all suboptimal $s$-union families for vector spaces and then investigates $s$-union antichains. For $s=n$ or $s=2d<n$, we determine all optimal and suboptimal $s$-union antichains completely. For $s=2d+1<n$, we prove that an optimal antichain is either $\left[V\atop d\right]$ or contained in $\left[V\atop d\right]\bigcup \left[V\atop d+1\right]$ which satisfies an equality related with shadows.

Sean T. Griffin

Garsia and Procesi, in their study of Springer's representation, proved that the cohomology ring of a Springer fiber is isomorphic to the associated graded ring of the coordinate ring of the $S_n$ orbit of a single point in $\mathbb{C}^n$. This construction was an essential tool in their analysis of the Springer representation, and variations of it have reappeared recently in several other combinatorial and geometric contexts under the name orbit harmonics. In this article, we analyze the orbit harmonics of a union of two $S_n$ orbits. We prove that when the coordinate sums of the two orbits are different, the corresponding graded $S_n$ representation is a direct sum of two Springer representations, one of which is shifted in degree by 1.

Arghya Sadhukhan

In this paper, we consider certain union $X(μ,b)$ of affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties in the affine flag variety that arises in the study of mod-$p$ reduction of Rapoport-Zink spaces and moduli spaces of shtukas associated to a connected reductive group. Under a mild hypothesis on $μ$, but no further restrictions on the group, we compute its dimension in the case where $b$ is the maximal neutrally acceptable element.

Natalia Rybalko

Introduction. The process of forming zemstvo militias in defense of Tsar V.I. Shuisky and the whole country in the Moscow state began in late 1608 – early 1609 at the height of the confrontation between the Moscow and Tushino political regimes. The article examines the role of the government of V.I. Shuisky in governing the state, in particular, Perm the Great, and the participation of this remote region in military affairs. Researchers have merely addressed this aspect and come to opposite judgments. Methods and materials. We have a large complex of zemstvo correspondence at our disposal, preserved in the archives of the Solikamsk district court. Many documents were published as early as the 19th century but their detailed analysis was not carried out. Clarification of the dating and reconstruction of information both about the documents that have come down to us and the documents only mentioned, the introduction of unpublished acts into circulation allows us to restore the true picture of events. A fund-by-fund study was carried out by the method of mutual correspondence of documents. Analysis. In the course of the research, it was revealed that the first of the initiative documents that reached the Great Perm about the support of Tsar V.I. Shuisky in military affairs were formal replies from Galich and Vologda. Perm clerks F.P. Akinfov and N. Romanov received them on December 15, 1608, and they were read by the whole world. Active gatherings of military men in Perm the Great began only after January 1, 1609, when a list with a sovereign letter was brought to the Galicians. At that time the territory of Perm the Great consisted of 3 counties: Cherdyn, Solikamsk, Kaigorod. By January 10, 1609, the first gathering ended and 20 military men of Soli Kamskaya left on the way to Moscow. In Kaigorodok they were robbed, carts and weapons were taken away, the headman and worldly people did not give new carts in the ship’s hut, as a result they could not continue their journey, and there was a delay. In February, together with 20 Kaigorod military men, they moved on. On March 1, 1609, 50 Cherdynians left Perm the Great. The war men of Perm the Great came to Vologda at the end of March 1609 and were assigned to further service in the militia. Results. The article shows that the complete blockade of Moscow in the fall of 1608 did not materialize. However, regular communication between Moscow and the cities of Pomorie was disrupted. For the period from January 1 to mid-April 1609 in Perm the Great on behalf of Tsar V.I. Shuisky received 5 decree letters from the Novgorod discharge order on the issue of collecting military men and sending them to Moscow to fight the Tushin people, and 3 executive orders from the Novgorod quarter order on the sovereign’s treasury and sending bread to Siberian cities for salaries to service people. These documents were direct orders of the supreme power and were perceived by the order people in Perm the Great as a guide to action. In addition to them, the zemstvo correspondence with the nearest cities made it possible to find out news about the military events taking place in the country. The clerk Fedor Petrovich Akinfov and the clerk Naum Romanov tried to carry out the orders of the tsar, but they did not always manage to do this as quickly as was expected of them. There is no reason to consider the resulting delay in the dispatch of the Perm military men as unwillingness of the orderly people appointed from Moscow for 2–3 years to participate in the support of Tsar V. Shuisky and the Zemstvo movement. The delay is more likely due to the lack of clear administrative management at the local level: if in Soli Kamskoy they quickly responded to the request and sent 20 military men, then in Kaigorodok they began to put up obstacles not only in the form of robbery, but also at the level of mundane self-government, not obeying the regional leadership.