Hasil untuk "History of France"

C. Kindleberger

Thomas Soury

The end of the reign of Louis XV and the reign Louis XVI were propitious periods for the development of opera at court. The inauguration in 1770 of the theatre designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel was the symbol of this new era: for the first time, the Château de Versailles had a permanent theatre specially designed for opera. Even so, the court – split between extraordinary occasions and ordinary performances – continued to put on shows in numerous venues. It also adapted its resources and works to suit the occasion. This article examines the programming at court between 1770 and 1789 in relation to its venues and the works performed, in an attempt to outline what might be considered court taste, or even court opera.

Ashwaq Salim Al-Doury

Aims: This research analyzes the intellectual, political, and economic transformations in France and Europe from the Age of Discovery through the twentieth century. It investigates the impact of major scientific and industrial revolutions on France’s sociopolitical structure. The study aims to delineate the fundamental structural features of modern European polity and to clarify their role in shaping contemporary French politics. Methodology: Employing a historical-analytical methodology, the research traces pivotal developments that altered Europe’s trajectory. This includes the Age of Discovery, the revolt against ecclesiastical, feudal, and monarchical authority, and the successive waves of the Industrial Revolution. The analysis focuses on the effects of these transformations on the genesis of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, alongside an examination of the intellectual discourses of the Enlightenment and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The study is grounded in a review of historical and intellectual literature concerning European modernity. Results: The analysis demonstrates that cumulative European transformations—from geographical discoveries through intellectual-scientific revolutions to industrialization—decisively impacted France, directly precipitating the French Revolution and the rise of sociopolitical ideologies that reshaped the state. The findings identify four enduring structural features that came to define modern European policy: 1. Positivist secularism within the frameworks of Enlightenment and modernity. 2. The ascendancy of commercial and, later, industrial capitalism, driving economic accumulation. 3. The evolution from mercantile to classical colonialism, facilitating imperial expansion. 4. Nationalist conflict and the consolidation of the sovereign nation-state. Furthermore, France’s domestic and foreign policies were profoundly shaped by successive European intellectual currents, from the Enlightenment through the twentieth century. Conclusions: The study concludes that the French Revolution and its antecedents were not isolated events but the culmination of a prolonged series of macro-transformations that reconfigured Europe. The four identified structural characteristics constitute the foundation of the modern European order. France, deeply embedded in this process, internalized these features, rendering its modern political history a direct extension of, and continuous interaction with, broader European intellectual and structural developments.

Joseph R. Burger

Natural selection has produced an extraordinary diversity of life histories spanning many orders of magnitude in body size, vital rates, and biological times. In general, big and cold organisms grow and reproduce slowly and live long lives; small and warm organisms grow and reproduce quickly and live short lives. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) predicts equal and opposite scaling exponents of mass-specific biological rates (e.g., respiration, growth, and reproduction) and times (e.g., development, lifespan, and generation) as a function of size. However, empirical support for these predictions varies depending on trait and taxon. Here I: 1) provide background and mixed support for the quarter-power scaling exponents for life history rates and times predicted by MTE, 2) discuss possible explanations, including effects of natural selection on taxonomic and functional groups, and inadequate data for life history traits, 3) briefly summarize the Equal Fitness Paradigm (EFP) as a unifying theory of bioenergetics, life history and demography that does not depend on any particular allometric scalings, and 4) discuss ramifications of the EFP for other biological phenomena, including physiological performance metrics and trophic energetics of ecosystems. I draw mostly from my knowledge of mammals, yet in many cases the mammalian examples can be generalized to other organisms. I end with prospects for further evaluating and extending the EFP.

Jean-Paul Engélibert

The island genres of robinsonnade and utopia, which we might think obsolete in the 21st century, still play an important role in contemporary French literature and cinema. Xabi Molia's novel Les Jours sauvages, Alain Damasio's Les Furtifs and Arthur Harari's film Onoda, 10,000 Nuits dans la Jungle renew these genres by playing on the stereotypes of island adventures and turning them towards contemporary issues: Damasio's utopian island evokes a "zone to defend" inspired by the social and ecological struggles of the 2010s in France, Molia's collective robinsonade questions the transmission of a violent history and Harari's makes the island the place of absolute fidelity to a promise, displacing without forgetting the stakes of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. In this way, the island still provides us today with narrative resources for thinking about the present.

Ismail Kose, Erol Kalkan

Turkey and Romania, two coastal countries bordering the Black Sea, share a rich history of challenges, conflicts, cooperation, and mutual understanding. After WWI, Romania, the largest country in the Balkans and situated near the Soviet sphere of influence, focused on preserving its post-war borders, strengthening its domestic structure, and building a strong economy. After the foundation of the new Turkish Republic in October 1923, relations between the two countries significantly improved shortly after the Peace Treaty of Lausanne, to which Romania was also a signatory. The period between 1923 and 1942 may be called the Ataturk Era in Turkish-Romanian relations. This period, which concluded shortly before WWII with the passing of the founder of the Modern Turkish Republic Ataturk in November 1938, faced challenges such as rising revisionism, Soviet ambitions concerning the territories of both nations and the Turkish Straits, the migration of Turkish people, in particular Muslims and Orthodox Christians residing in the northeast Romania to Türkiye, and the emigration of Romanian Jews in response to increasing human rights violations against them in Romania. When WWII broke out in September 1939, Turkey allied with the UK and France while Romania enjoyed similar guarantees. After the Nazi advance towards Soviet lands in 1941, Romania joined the Axis. Regardless, Turkey and Romania stood with opposing sides throughout WWII; nonetheless, friendly relations persisted between the two countries after the war. Several researchers from Romania and Turkey have studied the relations between both countries during the abovementioned period. This paper analyses newly opened Turkish archival documents to shed light on uncovered parts of both countries’ relations on the eve of WWII.

A. A. Krotov

The subject of the study is the dispute between the Russian philosopher, K. Leontiev, and the French emperor, Napoleon III, regarding the meaning and orientation of historical events. The topicality of the study is determined by the importance of the problem of progress in the modern world and the need to take into account the entire range of previous approaches to it. The novelty is defined by the absence of works in which a comparison of the two analyzed approaches would be presented. The article uses the following methods: hermeneutic, phenomenological, and comparative historical. The policy of Napoleon III is characterized in the artistic works of Leontiev as well as in the works in philosophical and publicistic genres. In the novel Odysseus Polychroniades, the Second French Empire appears as a mechanical structure devoid of a spiritual core. In the autobiographical work Egyptian pigeon, the emperor appears as a usurper. In his philosophical and political writings, Leontiev focuses on the theory of cultural types. Napoleon III's France in this context serves as an illustration of the period of secondary mixing and simplification in the lives of civilizations. But its history is also important to Leontiev as a kind of reference point in the historical coordinate system, which allows us to compare the Western path with the fate of Russia. The Russian thinker strongly emphasized the connection between the history of his country and Byzantine principles. He saw its future in their preservation and support. Leontiev considered France, which rushed along the path of liberal egalitarianism, a decaying state characterized by decomposition and loss of originality and religiosity, as well as by the transition from complexity to a more primitive organization. Napoleon III, on the contrary, considered France the vanguard of civilization, and the principle of nationalities proclaimed by him was seen as the only reliable basis for international politics. Although Leontiev and Napoleon III do not have the same interpretations of progress, in their understanding of the general meaning of history and the laws of civilizational development both considered it necessary to introduce conservative elements into public life. The forecasts of the Russian philosopher regarding the future give more reason to name him (rather than the emperor) a prophet.

Ruizhong Qiu, Dingsu Wang, Lei Ying et al.

Diffusion on graphs is ubiquitous with numerous high-impact applications. In these applications, complete diffusion histories play an essential role in terms of identifying dynamical patterns, reflecting on precaution actions, and forecasting intervention effects. Despite their importance, complete diffusion histories are rarely available and are highly challenging to reconstruct due to ill-posedness, explosive search space, and scarcity of training data. To date, few methods exist for diffusion history reconstruction. They are exclusively based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) formulation and require to know true diffusion parameters. In this paper, we study an even harder problem, namely reconstructing Diffusion history from A single SnapsHot} (DASH), where we seek to reconstruct the history from only the final snapshot without knowing true diffusion parameters. We start with theoretical analyses that reveal a fundamental limitation of the MLE formulation. We prove: (a) estimation error of diffusion parameters is unavoidable due to NP-hardness of diffusion parameter estimation, and (b) the MLE formulation is sensitive to estimation error of diffusion parameters. To overcome the inherent limitation of the MLE formulation, we propose a novel barycenter formulation: finding the barycenter of the posterior distribution of histories, which is provably stable against the estimation error of diffusion parameters. We further develop an effective solver named DIffusion hiTting Times with Optimal proposal (DITTO) by reducing the problem to estimating posterior expected hitting times via the Metropolis--Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method (M--H MCMC) and employing an unsupervised graph neural network to learn an optimal proposal to accelerate the convergence of M--H MCMC. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Mancheng Meng, Ziyan Wu, Terrence Chen et al.

Predicting the future trajectory of a person remains a challenging problem, due to randomness and subjectivity of human movement. However, the moving patterns of human in a constrained scenario typically conform to a limited number of regularities to a certain extent, because of the scenario restrictions and person-person or person-object interactivity. Thus, an individual person in this scenario should follow one of the regularities as well. In other words, a person's subsequent trajectory has likely been traveled by others. Based on this hypothesis, we propose to forecast a person's future trajectory by learning from the implicit scene regularities. We call the regularities, inherently derived from the past dynamics of the people and the environment in the scene, scene history. We categorize scene history information into two types: historical group trajectory and individual-surroundings interaction. To exploit these two types of information for trajectory prediction, we propose a novel framework Scene History Excavating Network (SHENet), where the scene history is leveraged in a simple yet effective approach. In particular, we design two components: the group trajectory bank module to extract representative group trajectories as the candidate for future path, and the cross-modal interaction module to model the interaction between individual past trajectory and its surroundings for trajectory refinement. In addition, to mitigate the uncertainty in ground-truth trajectory, caused by the aforementioned randomness and subjectivity of human movement, we propose to include smoothness into the training process and evaluation metrics. We conduct extensive evaluations to validate the efficacy of our proposed framework on ETH, UCY, as well as a new, challenging benchmark dataset PAV, demonstrating superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Danko Georgiev, Eliahu Cohen

Quantum entanglement is a key resource, which grants quantum systems the ability to accomplish tasks that are classically impossible. Here, we apply Feynman's sum-over-histories formalism to interacting bipartite quantum systems and introduce entanglement measures for bipartite quantum histories. Based on the Schmidt decomposition of the matrix comprised of the Feynman propagator complex coefficients, we prove that bipartite quantum histories are entangled if and only if the Schmidt rank of this matrix is larger than 1. The proposed approach highlights the utility of using a separable basis for constructing the bipartite quantum histories and allows for quantification of their entanglement from the complete set of experimentally measured sequential weak values. We then illustrate the non-classical nature of entangled histories with the use of Hardy's overlapping interferometers and explain why local hidden variable theories are unable to correctly reproduce all observable quantum outcomes. Our theoretical results elucidate how the composite tensor product structure of multipartite quantum systems is naturally extended across time and clarify the difference between quantum histories viewed as projection operators in the history Hilbert space or viewed as chain operators and propagators in the standard Hilbert space.

Alejandro Gonzalez-Hevia, Daniel Gayo-Avello

Knowledge graphs have been adopted in many diverse fields for a variety of purposes. Most of those applications rely on valid and complete data to deliver their results, pressing the need to improve the quality of knowledge graphs. A number of solutions have been proposed to that end, ranging from rule-based approaches to the use of probabilistic methods, but there is an element that has not been considered yet: the edit history of the graph. In the case of collaborative knowledge graphs (e.g., Wikidata), those edits represent the process in which the community reaches some kind of fuzzy and distributed consensus over the information that best represents each entity, and can hold potentially interesting information to be used by knowledge graph refinement methods. In this paper, we explore the use of edit history information from Wikidata to improve the performance of type prediction methods. To do that, we have first built a JSON dataset containing the edit history of every instance from the 100 most important classes in Wikidata. This edit history information is then explored and analyzed, with a focus on its potential applicability in knowledge graph refinement tasks. Finally, we propose and evaluate two new methods to leverage this edit history information in knowledge graph embedding models for type prediction tasks. Our results show an improvement in one of the proposed methods against current approaches, showing the potential of using edit information in knowledge graph refinement tasks and opening new promising research lines within the field.

Yu.A. Martynova, D.E. Martynov

This article discusses the essays by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin from his novels “The Golovlevs” and “Abroad” in the context of N.Ya. Danilevsky’s theory of cultural-historical types. Both of these writers can be defined as religious, though N.Ya. Danilevsky considered the possibility of proving the divine principle in nature using scientific methods. He identified specific cultural-historical types in world history as a manifestation of divine harmony, to which all world structures are subject. Definite political conclusions were drawn from this general construct: cultural-historical types of different genesis cannot interact or successfully transfer a system of values to each other. Russia’s attempt to join Europe , as viewed by N.Ya. Danilevsky, may only deprive it of political independence, “strength, integrity, and unity of the state organism.” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, who had good knowledge of modern Germany and France “from the inside”, also developed a typology of the way of life and culture of Europe and Russia, but comprehended them satirically in the form of “philosophical buffoonery”. His reasoning about the absence of any native system for educating new generations in Russia and the negativism of “Europeanism” represents the viewpoint of writers of his time and subsequent eras, such as I.A. Goncharov, V.V. Rozanov, and V.G. Yanchevetsky holding a relatively marginal position. Similarly to N.Ya. Danilevsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin denied the so-called universal values by assuming that the lifestyle and political system are largely shaped by cultural particularities.

Hugo Bréant

In the Indian Ocean, the Comoros archipelago became independent in 1975 and the island of Mayotte remained part of France in 1979 before acquiring the status of French department in 2011. While the circulation between the four islands has been very important in the history of the Comoros, these changes have introduced and reinforced the control of maritime borders by the French state. In recent years, these political borders have been combined with the construction of social boundaries opposed to Comorian immigration, gradually built into a public problem, considered responsible for the difficulties of economic and social development of the island. The religious space has been kept away from these logics until recently and seems increasingly marked by the ethnicisation of social relations. Based on a postdoctoral research conducted in 2018, this article analyses the structure of the Muslim cult in Mayotte, which values the religious knowledge acquired outside the island, while promoting the legitimacy of their local anchoring. Consequently, two logics combine (autochthonisation and othering) and place the Mahoran and the Comorian believers in an unequal position in the mosques, and especially in the access to the imamah.

Julia Lanner, Fabian Gstöttenmayer, Manuel Curto et al.

Abstract Background Invasive species are increasingly driving biodiversity decline, and knowledge of colonization dynamics, including both drivers and dispersal modes, are important to prevent future invasions. The bee species Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), native to East-Asia, was first recognized in Southeast-France in 2008, and has since spread throughout much of Europe. The spread is very fast, and colonization may result from multiple fronts. Result To track the history of this invasion, codominant markers were genotyped using Illumina sequencing and the invasion history and degree of connectivity between populations across the European invasion axis were investigated. Distinctive genetic clusters were detected with east–west differentiations in Middle-Europe. Conclusion We hypothesize that the observed cluster formation resulted from multiple, independent introductions of the species to the European continent. This study draws a first picture of an early invasion stage of this wild bee and forms a foundation for further investigations, including studies of the species in their native Asian range and in the invaded range in North America.

Hyemin Ahn, Obin Kwon, Kyoungdo Kim et al.

This paper emphasizes the importance of a robot's ability to refer to its task history, especially when it executes a series of pick-and-place manipulations by following language instructions given one by one. The advantage of referring to the manipulation history can be categorized into two folds: (1) the language instructions omitting details but using expressions referring to the past can be interpreted, and (2) the visual information of objects occluded by previous manipulations can be inferred. For this, we introduce a history-dependent manipulation task which objective is to visually ground a series of language instructions for proper pick-and-place manipulations by referring to the past. We also suggest a relevant dataset and model which can be a baseline, and show that our model trained with the proposed dataset can also be applied to the real world based on the CycleGAN. Our dataset and code are publicly available on the project website: https://sites.google.com/view/history-dependent-manipulation.

Frédéric Barraquand, Ólafur K. Nielsen

Chengcheng Han

A light higgsino is strongly favored by the naturalness, while as a dark matter candidate it is usually under-abundant. We consider the higgsino production in a non-standard history of the universe, caused by a scalar field with an initially displaced vacuum. We find that given a proper reheating temperature induced by the scalar decay, a light higgsino could provide the correct dark matter relic abundance. On the other hand, a sub-TeV higgsino dark matter, once observed, would be a strong hint of the non-standard thermal history of the universe.

Mansi Dhuria, Gaurav Goswami

The recently proposed Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) can be used to constrain the energy scale of inflation. The conclusions however depend on the assumptions about post-inflationary history of the Universe. E.g. in the standard case of a thermal post-inflationary history in which the Universe stays radiation dominated at all times from the end of inflation to the epoch of radiation matter equality, TCC has been used to argue that the Hubble parameter during inflation, $H_{\inf}$, is below ${\cal O}(0.1) ~{\rm GeV}$. Cosmological scenarios with a non-thermal post-inflationary history are well-motivated alternatives to the standard picture and it is interesting to find out the possible constraints which TCC imposes on such scenarios. In this work, we find out the amount of enhancement of the TCC compatible bound on $H_{\inf}$ if post-inflationary history before nucleosynthesis was non-thermal. We then argue that if TCC is correct, for a large class of scenarios, it is not possible for the Universe to have undergone a phase of moduli domination.

James J. Cusick

Software Reliability has just passed the 50-year milestone as a technical discipline along with Software Engineering. This paper traces the roots of Software Reliability Engineering (SRE) from its pre-software history to the beginnings of the field with the first software reliability model in 1967 through its maturation in the 1980s to the current challenges in proving application reliability on smartphones and in other areas. This history began as a thesis proposal for a History of Science research program and includes multiple previously unpublished interviews with founders of the field. The project evolved to also provide a survey of the development of SRE from notable prior histories and from citations of new work in the field including reliability applications to Agile Methods. This history concludes at the modern-day providing bookends in the theory, models, literature, and practice of Software Reliability Engineering from 1968 to 2018 and pointing towards new opportunities to deepen and broaden the field.

Nicole Hesse, Julia Zons

Depuis la Renaissance, la mise en scène de la nature par le biais de pratiques discursives et matérielles gagne en importance. Tenant compte de la dimension historique et culturelle, l’importance de la technique dans le processus de cette mise en scène de la nature se trouvera au centre de notre intérêt. La culture étant ici toujours considérée culture technique, ceci mène à la conclusion inverse que la technique fait partie de la culture qui implique la nature technicisée. En partant de deux objets d’études des XVIIe et XIXe siècles - les œuvres de Salomon de Caus sur les machines pour le jardin Hortus Palatinus et la correction du cours du Rhin – nous démontrerons à l’aide du concept de Techno-Natur d’une part l’hybridité entre nature et technique et d’autre part l’effet délimitant de la technique dans les mises en scène de la nature.