سياسي وضابط سوري عاصر فترة الانقلابات السياسية وكان ملازم وقريبا من اديب الشيشكلي عام 1955 ترأس التحقيقات ضد حزب القومي السوري بقتل عدنان المالكي وكان له دور بقيام الوحدة حيث كان من المقربين لجمال عبد الناصر وقد شغل منصب وزير الداخلية ورئيس المكتب التنفيذي في الاقليم السوري حيث كان مسيطر على جهاز الاستخبارات في سورية وكانت هذه احد الامور التي ادت الى انهيار الوحدة كما عرف بعدائه المتبادل مع عبد الحكيم عامر عينة جمال عبد الناصر نائبا له بهدف تقليص نفوذ السراج مما دفع جمال عبد الناصر الى نقلة الى القاهرة مما دفع بالسراج تقديم الاستقالة
During the 1950s, John K. Fairbank introduced the ‘Impact–Response’ paradigm for the study of the Christian mission in the non-Western world, focusing on the impact of Western civilization, including Christianity, in China, and the Chinese response. In the 1980s, Joseph Levenson and Paul Cohen proposed their ‘Tradition-Modernity’ and ‘China-Centered’ paradigms, respectively, shifting more focus onto the discovery of China’s own history. In 2002, Dana Robert adopted the concept of ‘globalization’ to the study of the Christian mission, yet remained ‘imperialistic’ and overlooked the consequences of the interplay between globalization and localization. It was in 2012, when Xi Jinping introduced his ‘China dream’, that Chinese scholars began to think more seriously about its implication and the significance of the ‘Sinicization of religion’. Zhuo Xinping, while exploring the concept of the ‘Sinicization of Christianity’, hinted at a new direction, where “China needs the world as the world needs China, …in which Christianity would play an important role” (p. 227). Just as the study of Christianity can help one to understand the development of civilization in the Modern West, the paradigm of the ‘Sinicization of Christianity’ would help provide a better picture of the history of Christianity by seeing it through the interplay between globalization and localization and taking Western Christianity as merely a partial representation of the global Christianity developed in the West. Hence, in this paper, the author attempts to propose it as a new paradigm for the study of the history of Christianity in China today.
Pompilio Campos, Briceida Rodríguez, Mavis González
et al.
Los modelos de negocios requeridos para el desarrollo de las operaciones empresariales, son en muchas ocasiones modelos complejos que demandan de sus gerentes o directores un amplio conocimiento de conceptos y teorías de tipo técnicas que son imprescindibles para lograr los objetivos económicos, financieros y sociales deseados. Para tal fin es importante identificar si las empresas de servicio del distrito de Santiago, poseen elementos de organizaciones inteligentes, y las ventajas que tiene el convertirse en estas, por lo que se propuso como objetivo, determinar la presencia de los elementos de organización inteligente en el desarrollo de las operaciones empresariales de las empresas de servicio en la provincia de Veraguas; para esto, se realizó un acercamiento a la realidad con las diversas organizaciones aplicando una encuesta a 16 empresas de servicio y 100 colaboradores, entre ellas, donde se obtuvo información relevante que permite concluir que; las empresas de servicio como organizaciones tienen una estructura necesaria para poder implementar el concepto de organización inteligente, destacando que los colaboradores están en un momento ideal para lograr los objetivos propuestos.
Sultan II. Abdülhamid döneminde Yıldız Sarayı, devletin karar merkezi haline gelmiş ve Saray ön plana çıkmıştı. Bu dönemde dış dünya ile Saray arasındaki muamelatın tamamı Mabeyn Başkitabeti aracılığıyla idare edilmişti. İşte bu kadar önemli bir makam olan Mabeyn-i Hümayun Başkâtipliğine 1894 yılında Sultan II. Abdülhamid tarafından Tahsin Paşa getirildi. Bu vazifesini 1908 yılına kadar sürdüren Paşa, Meşrutiyet’in yeniden ilanından sonra tutuklandı ve Bekirağa Bölüğüne hapsedildi. 3 Eylül 1908’de Büyükada’ya nakledildi ve burada gözetim altında tutuldu. 31 Mart Vakası’nın ardından 28 Mayıs 1909’da Meclis-i Vükela kararıyla mal ve mülkü haczedildi; rütbe, nişan ve madalyaları iptal edildi, emeklilik hakkından mahrum bırakılarak Sakız Adası’na sürüldü. Adanın Yunanistan tarafından işgali tehlikesi ortaya çıkınca Paşa, 27 Mayıs 1912’de İzmir’e sevk edildi. 11 Şubat 1913’te siyasi suçlulara yönelik genel affın çıkarılmasıyla İstanbul’a dönmesine müsaade edildi. Bu tarihten 1933 yılına kadar İstanbul’da yokluk içerisinde, sürekli borç arar bir vaziyette yaşamını idame ettirdi. Elinde kalan son mülklerini de bu tarihlerde kaybetti. 1930 yılından itibaren hatıralarını Milliyet gazetesinde tefrika halinde yayımladı. Tahsin Paşa, 22 Ocak 1933’te Erenköy’de bulunan köşkünde vefat etti. Cenazesi Eyüp’teki aile kabristanına defnedildi. Bu çalışmada önemli bir devrin tanığı olan ve şu ana kadar hakkında hiçbir akademik çalışma yapılmamış olan Tahsin Paşa’nın Mabeyn başkâtibi olarak Sultan Abdülhamid’in yönetim sistemi içerisindeki yeri ve yüklendiği rol incelenecektir. Ayrıca Meşrutiyet’in ilanından sonra Sultan Abdülhamid’e sadakatini devam ettiren bir devlet adamının ölümüne kadar olan yaşantısı ortaya konulacaktır.
Taha M. Hassanin, Yasser Foaud, Hala Mohamed
et al.
Abstract Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common diseases in modern civilization that originates basically from a disturbance in the structure and function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Liver cirrhosis with or without esophageal varices (EV) may predispose to GERD, and GERD may precipitate rupture of esophageal varices. As variceal bleeding is a serious life-threatening complication of liver cirrhosis, GERD prevalence among cirrhotic patients is continuously subjected to research. We aimed to determine the prevalence of endoscopy-confirmed GERD in patients with liver cirrhosis and its possible risk factors. So, one hundred patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis were consecutively enrolled in this study. They were subjected to history taking {including Reflux Disease Questionnaire}, thorough clinical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and lab investigations and then referred for upper endoscopy to screen for GERD and/or esophageal varices. Results GERD was endoscopically confirmed in 83 patients (83%) and the highest prevalence was in patients with Child B and C. Among 82 patients with esophageal varices, there were 68 patients who had endoscopic GERD (82.9%), and among 62 patients with ascites, there were 56 patients who had endoscopic GERD (90.3%). Conclusion We found a high prevalence of GERD (83%) among patients with liver cirrhosis. The severity of GERD was significantly related to the Child grade, the grade of varices, and the degree of ascites but ascites was the only significant risk factor for GERD development in cirrhotic patients.
Surgery, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology
In Araweté ritual singing, the performance of oporahẽ songs is an exercise in downplaying referential meaning without the actual removal of the sounds of the language. These songs are performed in a way that effectively break words into syllables, which are recombined to form unusual and “meaningless” words. Phrased differently, a good amount of these songs’ “meaning” is not in the things to which they are referring. By looking at the effect of this displacement of syllables in the performance and in the written rendering of the Araweté’s oporahẽ songs, this paper addresses the role of translation in anthropological practice when referential meaning is not easy to access. Following recent approaches in linguistic anthropology, the paper argues that an attention to the materiality of sound and voice in Araweté ritual singing provides a framework for understanding the performance and translation of songs in indigenous Amazonia.
In the present contribution I intend to argue the connection between the paradigmatic employment of the weaving technique within the
Sophist
and the
Cratylus
and the one in the
Statesman
. In the first part I will cast light on Plato’s perfect knowledge of the articulation of weaving as a series of individual procedures, within the
corpus
of his dialogues. In the second part I will try to analyse every passage within the second tetralogy where weaving plays a paradigmatic role and to show the existence of a
fil rouge
focused on showing nature and scope of dialecticts connected to its employment. As a conclusion, I will try to argue that Plato’s choice of weaving as a paradigm for dialectics depends on his conscious re-employment of an archaic paradigm for poetic composition fostering the didactic aim of his philosophic-political theory.
The article provides an overview of the book Anthroponymic System of Old Believers Living in Poland by the Polish researcher M. Ziółkowska-Mówka. This 5-chapter book includes an outline of the history of the Old Believer’ movement and its general features (Chapter 1), a description of the language situation of Old Believers living in Poland (Chapter 2), an analysis of their personal names (Chapter 3), a study of Old Believers’ surnames, Russian and Polish (Chapter 4), present-day unofficial anthroponyms, including historical and modern nicknames (chapter 5). An extensive appendix contains a list of Old Believers’ names (male and female), a list of “additional definitions” used in the 19th century, modern surnames and a list of modern nicknames. The review notes the importance of the collected corpus of Russian names and surnames in Poland and gives high account of the comprehensive analysis of the material (principles of selection of Old Believers’ personal names from documents and oral narratives; phonetic and morphological analysis of names, surnames and nicknames; motivation for nicknames pointing at different characteristics of people and their speech and referring to other anthroponyms). Synchronic and diachronic analysis of Old Believers’ names and surnames reveals a picture of historical and modern language processes against the sociolinguistic background of Old Believers’ interaction with non-Slavic and non-Old Belief communities. Of particular value to the study is the analysis of Polish and German names (which are also involved in Old Believers’ naming in various aspects), as it emphasizes the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural nature of the entire peer-reviewed work.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw Islamic marketing researchers’ attention to the potentials that historical nostalgia has for Islamic marketing research. Design/methodology/approach The paper is conceptual in its approach, drawing on extensive literature review on the origins of nostalgia in general and historical nostalgia in specific. The paper also draws on the Holy Qur’an and Islamic marketing research. Findings The paper shows that the Islamic philosophy for life and death establishes continuity between the history of the believers in the mundane life and their accountability and, hence, prosperity in the transcendent afterlife (the hereafter). This has connotations for Islamic marketing research. Future research directions are, therefore, stipulated. Research limitations/implications The research has implications for Islamic marketing research that draws on Islamic history and civilization. Practical implications The research has practical implications toward Islamic marketing researchers who draw on Islamic history, culture and civilization in designing marketing appeals. Originality/value The paper is the first to draw attention to the potential overlap between historical nostalgia, and therefore nostalgia proneness and Islamic marketing research domains.
It is obvious that Spain and Russia are very different countries. But comparing certain elements of their religious systems, one may observe many correspondences. Miraculous images, in Spain more often statues, in Russia – paintings, are discovered under supernatural circumstances. The Virgin or a saint appears personally and speak about some image that is hidden nearby. Later a church appears, a place of popular worship and a center of pilgrimage. There are many various supplications, first of all prayers for the sick. Material and spiritual offerings are also very different. The faithful always want to bring something back from the shrine. People primarily venerate a particular image. We are encountering the phenomenon of religious syncretism.
There are a few works in scientific writings that contain theoretical and philosophical-legal comprehension of the constitution and the constitutional development. The article includes the analysis and the value of fundamental theoretical deductions contained in the monograph “Constitution and evolution of a society (issues of theory and legal philosophy)” written by S.F. Udartsev (Saint-Petersburg: Universitetskii izdatel'skii konsortsium, 2015. 388 p.). It is dedicated specially to the aforementioned aspects of the constitutional evolution. The work under review observes the search for basis of law in the human history and etymology of a term «constitution». Due to the fruitful using the method of moving from the abstract to the concrete the monograph presents a proved, theoretically multidimensional picture of evolution of the constitution during the stages of development and stagnation of the human civilization. It shows the place of the basic law in mechanisms of economical and political development. The constitution is interpreted as a basis as well as apex of the national legal system that connects it with the international law. The impact of the constitution on the social-political and social-economical life is presented by its regulative activity as well as ideological influence through contemporary forms of political, legal, moral and religious consciousness. The work shows its back influence on the forming and acting constitutions. It marks general tendencies and perspectives of political and legal development and the role of the constitution in this process. Globalization contributes to including of whole countries and peoples into space of the developed civilization and this is accompanied by appearance of supranational, planetary regulative tools. One of the latter shall be planetary law that already has some ideological and legal background in the modern world society.
Osmanlı şehirlerinin kültürel özellikleri kadar, fizikî unsurları da önceki İslam şehirlerinden kendisine miras kalmıştır. İslâm medeniyeti tarihi çalışanlara göre İslâm şehrinin üç temel öğesi vardır: Cami, pazar ve hamam. Türk kültürünün renkli bir parçası olan hamamlar, günümüze kadar fiziki olarak kısmen değişikliğe uğramış olsalar da halen varlıklarını devam ettirmektedirler. Hamamlar, insanların kişisel temizlik ihtiyaçlarını karşılaması yanında toplumsal ilişkilerini de geliştirdiği mekânlardır. Osmanlı dönemi tarih araştırmalarında esnaf grupları ile ilgili birbirinden kıymetli çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Hamamlar hakkında yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde daha çok hamamların mimari ve sanat özellikleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Hamam çalışanları hakkında ise detaylı bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca hamam çalışanları Osmanlı toplumunda, özellikle İstanbul’da, esnaf gruplarının başında gelmekte, yaptıkları işin niteliği sebebi ile sosyal ve ekonomik hayatta oynadıkları rol ayrıca incelenmesi gerekmektedir. İncelemeye konu olan dönemde Eyüp, nüfusu dikkate alındığında hamam yönünden zengin bir yerleşim birimiydi. Çalışmada XVIII. yüzyıl Eyüp kaza merkezi ile çevresinde yer alan hamamlar ve bu hamamlarda çalışanlar ele alınmaktadır. Temel kaynak olarak ise 1735 (h.1147) tarihli ve 1766 (h.1180) tarihli İstanbul hamam defterleri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca Hüseyin Ayvansarayî’nin kaleme almış olduğu Hadîkatü’l-Cevâmi adlı eser ile XVII. yüzyıl İstanbul’u için önemli bilgiler veren Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi de önemlidir. Söz konusu kaynaklardan başka İstanbul hamamları hakkında yapılmış muhtelif çalışmalardan da yeri geldikçe istifade edilmiştir. Kaynaklarda verilen bilgilerden yola çıkılarak Eyüp ve çevresinde yer alan hamamların ve hamam çalışanlarının demografik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir.
This book is a re-introduction to psychology. It focuses on great scholarly thinkers, beginning with Plato, Marcus Aurelius and St Augustine, who gave the field its foundational ideas long before better known 'founders', such as Galton, Fechner, Wundt and Watson, appeared on the scene. Psychology can only achieve its full breadth and potential when we fully appreciate its scholarly legacy. Bruce Alexander and Curtis Shelton also argue that the fundamental contradictions built into psychology's history have never been resolved, and that a truly pragmatic approach, as defined by William James, can produce a 'layered' psychology that will enable psychologists to face the fearsome challenges of the twenty-first century. A History of Psychology in Western Civilization claims that contemporary psychology has overemphasized the methods of physical science and that psychology will need a broader scientific orientation alongside a scholarly focus in order to fully engage the future.
Makale, Türkiye’de biyografisi ve faaliyetleri büyük oranda yanlış yazılan bir Ortaçağ Anadolu Türk sûfîsi, Aybek Baba’yı ele almaktadır. 13. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Amasya’da yaşayan Aybek Baba, Türkiye’de kendi hakkında yazılan eserlerde bir “tekke şeyhi”, “politik bir kişilik” ve “İlhanlı ʿulemâsını İslâm’a döndüren bir mürşîd” olarak, hatta “İlhan Abaka’nın Anadolu’daki bir casusu” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. İddiaya göre İlhan Abaka, bu “casus” sayesinde ez-Zâhir Baybars ile Mu‛în el-DînPervâne arasındaki gizli yazışmaları öğrenmiş ve Pervane’yi idam etmişti. Aybek Baba’nın İlhan Abaka ile iyi bir ilişki tesis ettiği ve onu İslâm’a ısındırdığı da bu şeyh hakkında yazılanlar arasındadır. Mehmed Fuad Köprülü’den başlayarak günümüz tarihçileri, Aybek Baba’nın hayatını ve dinî faaliyetlerini yazarken Hüseyin Hüsâm el-Dîn’in Amâsya Târîhi adlı eserini, ana kaynak olarak kullanmışlardır. Fakat bu eserdeki bilgi, ‛Ikd el-Cumân fî Ta’rîhEhl el-Zamân’ın el yazmasındaki bir harf hatası yüzünden büyük oranda yanlış telif edilmiştir. Dönemin İlhanlı kaynaklarında ismine rastlamadığımız bu sûfî şeyh hakkında yapılan söz konusu yanlışlık, Türkiye’de yazılan metinlerde, tam yüz yıldır tekrar edilegelmiştir. Makalemiz, ilk defa Hüseyin Hüsâm el-Dîn’in Amâsya Târîhi isimli eserinde yapılan ve daha sonra alıntılarla günümüze kadar tekrar eden yanlışlığın, nasıl meydana geldiği üzerinde durmakta; bu yanlışı pekiştiren diğer yanılsamaları ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır.
La llegada de los árabes hilālíes al territorio del actual Marruecos, llamados por los califas almohades, ha generado una gran polémica entre historiadores; su aportación al ejército almohade también es conocida desde hace décadas. Sin embargo, la actuación de estas poblaciones en al-Andalus y su difícil coexistencia con la población local no ha sido objeto de trabajo alguno hasta la fecha. Las noticias aparecidas en una serie de cartas de cancillería nos permiten ofrecer un acercamiento a la presencia de estas poblaciones en el sur de al-Andalus, que resultó de gran importancia en el declive de los almohades y en el desmoronamiento de su poder en la península Ibérica.
The article contains a biography of Aq-Muhammad-oglan – politician and military commander who was active in Kazan and Crimean Khanates in the 1540–1570’s while the members of his family were removed to Moscow in 1551. The biography is based on the documents of Moscow, Kazan and Crimean origin.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization