Large language models (LLMs) have enabled general-purpose agents to expand into vertical domains such as translation. Accordingly, translation tools are evolving from passive programs into translation agents capable of autonomous planning, memory management, and external resource use. This paper reviews recent studies on translation agents from the perspective of Translation Studies rather than from a purely algorithmic viewpoint. It traces their technological evolution and theoretical mapping, with particular attention to single prompting with retrieval-augmented generation, multi-agent collaboration, and multi-level memory mechanisms. These developments partly simulate and reconstruct the cognitive strategies and collaborative networks of human translators. At the same time, the integration of translation agents into complex workflows reveals persistent problems, including limitations in quality assessment, blurred ethical accountability, and fluctuations in translators’ cognitive load. The paper argues that future research should further examine evaluation mechanisms, ethical norms, and responsibility allocation within human-AI collaborative translation while also strengthening translator prompt literacy, digital resilience, and curriculum reform in translation education. The significance of translation agents lies not in replacing human translators, but in reshaping the translation ecosystem and its collaborative models.
El humanista alcoyano Andreu Sempere justificaba la redacción de su manual de retórica en la inexistencia de tratado alguno, antiguo o reciente, con el que enseñar adecuadamente el arte de la retórica. No obstante, el aprovechamiento de unos y otros es muy importante en su obra. Analizamos la presencia de los autores ‘recientes’ y la deuda de Sempere con ellos a través de la citas textuales y referencias explícitas presentes en su Methodus oratoria. Entre los autores mencionados se cuentan Giovita Rapicius (Ravizza), Luis Estrebeo (Jacques-Louis d’Estrebay), ambos autores muy utilizados en los capítulos sobre el ritmo oratorio, una de las partes más desarrolladas y singulares de la Methodus, Petrus Ramus y Omer Talon, Juan Luis Vives y Julio César Escalígero (Poetices libri VII). En muchos casos, Sempere los menciona para criticarlos y expresar sus diferencias com ellos, en otros, matiza y elogia sus teorías.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
In Inferno’s Cantos 24 and 25 Dante points out the auctoritas of Latin epic poets (Ovid, Lucan), but uses a series of rhetorical figures intended to emphasise his own superiority and the novelty of his poetic enterprise. Dante competes with Ovid (Cadmus’s metamorphosis into a snake in Ov. met. 4. 569-603 = Dante Inf. 25. 103-138) by recycling Ovid’s grammar of description and lowering its high style according to the new poetic objective as he recounts the anti-sublime world of Malebolge. Virgil as a character of Dante’s Commedia also participates in this procedure, since he presents one of his epic creatures, Cacus (the monster slain by Hercules in Aeneid 8), in terms strongly divergent from the high diction adopted by the real Virgil as Aeneid’s author.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature, History of the Greco-Roman World
Luis Unceta Gómez, Florian Freitag, Filippo Carlà-Uhink
et al.
Entrevista a Carmelo Blázquez, fotógrafo especializado en fotografía de desnudo masculino, que trabaja con motivos y modelos procedentes de la Antigüedad grecolatina.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
This article analyzes Tolkien’s narrative of the Battle of Helm’s Deep as a retelling of the Horatius Cocles episode from Livy’s AUC, which contains descriptions of the defenses and the bridge, a rally encouraged by Horatius, his bold stand both with his companions and alone, and the honors paid to him after the battle. Tolkien’s Battle of Helm’s Deep contains the same elements split across two narratives: the defense of the causeway leading to the gates of the Deep by Aragorn, Éomer, and Gimli; and, after the fall of the Deeping wall, Aragorn’s defiant stand alone on the stairway leading to the inner doors of the Hornburg. Aragorn’s double action demonstrates a fulfillment of Livy’s exemplary arc. Tolkien’s knowledge of Macaulay’s “Horatius” provides a possible intermediary that accounts for various additions to the story. However, the larger structure of Tolkien’s narrative as well as the imagery that resonates throughout the text distinctly evoke the vivid descriptions of Livy. While both sets of heroes make brave stands against their enemies, Tolkien’s warriors represent a civilizing force in their efforts to build and restore their defenses while Livy’s Roman heroes destroy the bridge to save their state.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
El presente trabajo analiza el tratamiento de los llamados “monstrous births” en los tratados de obstetricia ingleses redactados a lo largo del siglo XVII. El estudio que proponemos demostrará que se puede distinguir un primer grupo de tratados con descripciones detalladas acompañadas de ilustraciones, propias de baladas y panfletos de carácter popular y con una marcada intención sensacionalista, y un segundo grupo de tratados con un interés genuino por este tipo de malformaciones que revelan la voluntad científica de la literatura médica del momento.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
This article illustrates the importance of teaching Roman numerals, a component of a Latin language programme, as part of a Maths curriculum in a Spanish primary school. The aim is to contextualise the topic with concrete examples, supported by ancient Roman objects such as the milestone. The author discusses the relevance of a more integrated cross-curricular lesson to teach Roman numerals so that students better understand their use and make comparisons between ancient Roman and more modern traditions and culture, and to understand Roman influences on the modern age. Lastly, the author describes a teaching experiment in a Spanish primary school using some ad hoc materials to fulfil the aim of the study. The study outlines the positive results of integrating Roman numerals within the Maths lesson and shows that the students gained a richer and more valuable learning experience as they made reference to the concrete objects.
In this paper, I compare the ways in which three seventeenth-century physi-cians, Rodrigo de Castro, Caspar Bauhin and Jean Riolan, dealt in their works with the anatomical and social problems posed by the hermaphroditic body. I show that early seventeenth-century medical discourses on hermaphrodites have recourse to a diverse synthesis of theories, sources and medical cases and that they are influenced by cultural anxieties over the disruptive power of sexual ambiguity.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Nothing might seem farther apart than the self-enclosed space of a dusty archive and the image of a pilgrim journeying from place to place towards an ever-shifting horizon. And yet, Scott Fitzgerald Johnson tells us, in Late Antiquity pilgrim and archive were not antonyms, but synonyms, if only metaphorically. Both images, according to J., symbolize the way in which knowledge was collected and organized. More specifically, they express that painstaking ‘aesthetics of encyclopaedism’ so characteristic of much of late antique literary production, whereby the world itself was imagined and used as ‘a symbolic container for many types of knowledge’ (p. 1). Literary Territories can be situated within a fast-growing literature on perceptions of space and the geographical imagination in the pre-modern world. While over the past decade the literary territories of classical Greece and Rome have been accurately surveyed (see, for example, Purves 2010; Thalmann 2011; and de Jong 2012, among others) and both western and Byzantine medieval geographical imaginations are being increasingly mapped out (see, for example, Lilley 2013; Angelov et al. 2013; Nielsson and Veikou 2021), Late Antiquity has remained largely uncharted terrain. J.’s book thus brings a welcome and much needed contribution to the burgeoning field of the (pre-modern) spatial humanities. In the words of the author, Literary Territories attempts to build bridges between ‘a familiar Greco-Roman culture’ and ‘the often surprising and exotic worlds of Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages’ (p. 136). This is achieved through the exploration of continuities (and discontinuities) of the geographical/archival metaphor as a way for organizing knowledge in different literary genres—from early geographical writing to pilgrim and hagiographical accounts. Spanning seven centuries of human history (2-9 c. CE), multiple cultures and languages (including Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Syriac), and a geographical area stretching all the way from Europe through modern Iraq, the book nonetheless does much more than providing a literary bridge between
The goal of terminology from its very beginning, and especially that of specialized medical or technical terminology, has been to establish and facilitate professional communication. The development of terminology and its theory is a long and difficult process, from its very beginning scientists of all fields have been trying to work out a unified system for term formation which would apply to all sciences and fields of science. The ‘fathers’ of the contemporary General Terminological Theory (GTT) were the Austrian scholar Wüster and the Russian scholar Lote, both working on terminology of engineering, and their goal was to create an unambiguous terminology which would enhance professional and scientific communication. The issue of internationalization was brought up and was one of the guiding principles in terminology formation. In medical terminology this issue is partly resolved due to the Greek and Latin origins of terms and concepts which are used in most countries throughout the world. Since English borrows most of its terms from Latin and Greek and since it has come to be the international language in the medical field, this has made scientific communication easier. However, these terms refer mainly to anatomical and clinical terms and do not include the new terminological entities which occur due to the constant development of the field. The present article aims at conducting a contrastive linguistic study of the terminology of paediatric dentistry and exploring the differences and similarities in English and Bulgarian languages. The materials used are textbooks from the field of paediatric dentistry used in the education of university students at Medical University-Plovdiv. Terminology discussed encompasses both anatomical and clinical entities and studies the origins, the manner of term formation in both languages and the manner in which English dental medical terminology influences the Bulgarian one. Terminology is classified according to the manner of its formation in the source language- English and the changes which it undergoes in being translated or transliterated into the other language- Bulgarian. The terms are discussed from the point of view of types of word formation such as derivation, compounding, which prevail in the already established terms which derive from Greek and Latin, and the forming of multi-word phrases which prevails nowadays and leads to the use of abbreviations. What is interesting is the use of the latter in contemporary medical literature in Bulgarian and the manner in which nouns, verbs etc. are directly borrowed from English and transliterated. The constant development of new medical terms and their usage in other languages is an ongoing and continuous process and it presents a challenge to the scientists who use it, the translators who work with texts and linguists who are interested in the principles of language development.