Hasil untuk "Forestry"

N. Peluso

Y. Malhi, D. Baldocchi, P. Jarvis

J. Derks, Lukas Giessen, Georg Winkel

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, countries around the globe have implemented a certain degree of lockdown, restricting citizens' freedom of movement and freedom of assembly. This article aims to illustrate the impact that the measures against the spread of COVID-19 have on forest recreation, building on a study in an urban context around Bonn (Germany) that was conducted between April 2019 and February 2020. The quantitative and qualitative data on urban forest visits from that study were supplemented with new census data supported by selected expert interviews. We found that visitor numbers since the inception of COVID-19 measures in March 2020 have more than doubled. Visitor patterns have drastically shifted, from an even distribution throughout the day with small peaks before and after office hours to a culmination in the late afternoon. Lastly, the interviewed forestry professionals have noted that a new set of visitors, i.e. young people, families with children and non-locals, has arrived to the forest. This influx of more and novice visitors poses challenges for forest managers and urban forest policy. It is, however, also a unique opportunity for a substantial engagement of forestry with society at large, that has implications for forest policy, especially in urban areas, possibly beyond the COVID-19 pandemic era.

M. Vítková, J. Müllerová, J. Sádlo et al.

Aditi Sharma, D. R. Bhardwaj, C. L. Thakur et al.

The floristic composition of Sal forests is paramount for biodiversity and environmental resilience. Monitoring species diversity contributes to conservation and sustainable management. Considering this, the present study was undertaken to assess the floristic composition and diversity of Shorea robusta-dominated stands in the Paonta Forest Range of Himachal Pradesh. Sample plots of 0.1 ha were laid out (systematic random sampling) in seven compartments, recording 33 genera with 34 species belonging to 26 families. The results revealed that the flora of compartments catalogued with Lai C28 had the maximum (9) tree species, Kukron C15 and Rajban C10 had the maximum shrub species, and Rajban C6 and Rajban C7 had maximum herb species among all the compartments. S. robusta was the dominant species, with IVI varying between 126.72 and 156.59 in the compartments. The similarity index of trees in compartments ranged from 0.67 to 1.00. Rajban C6 and Rajban C7 had the maximum similarity index. This research focused on documenting the diversity of plants within the Sal Forest of Himachal Pradesh, India, and produced valuable scientific data and a fundamental understanding for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management.

Guohui Zhang, Huanxian Gu, Shengying Song et al.

In October 2024, a large-scale blight was found on tender shoots (young green shoots) of <i>Juniperus formosana</i> in Kaili City, Guizhou Province, China. The pathogen was isolated and purified from the diseased tissues by the tissue isolation technique. Through ITS identification and microscopic examination, the pathogen was determined to be <i>Fusarium avenaceum</i>. This is the first discovery in China that the blight on <i>Juniperus formosana</i> is caused by <i>Fusarium avenaceum.</i>

Shijia Bao, Xi Wang, Jianxiong Zeng et al.

The widespread application of biodegradable microplastics (MPs) in recent years has resulted in a significant increase in their accumulation in the environment, posing potential threats to ecosystems. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the distribution and transformation of biodegradable MPs in crops due to the utilization of wastewater containing MPs for irrigation and plastic films, which have led to a rising concentration of biodegradable MPs in agricultural soils. The present study analyzed the uptake and transformation of polylactic acid (PLA) MPs in maize. Seed germination and hydroponic experiments were conducted over a period of 5 to 20 days, during which the plants were exposed to PLA MPs at concentrations of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg L-1. Low concentrations of PLA MPs (1 mg L-1 and 10 mg L-1) significantly enhanced maize seed germination rate by 52.6%, increased plant shoot height by 16.6% and 16.9%, respectively, as well as elevated aboveground biomass dry weight by 133.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Importantly, depolymerization of PLA MPs was observed in the nutrient solution, resulting in the formation of small-sized PLA MPs (&lt; 2 μm). Interestingly, further transformation occurred within the xylem sap and apoplast fluid (after 12 h) with a transformation rate reaching 13.1% and 27.2%, respectively. The enhanced plant growth could be attributed to the increase in dissolved organic carbon resulting from the depolymerization of PLA MPs. Additionally, the transformation of PLA MPs mediated pH and increase in K+ flux (57.2%, 72 h), leading to acidification of the cell wall and subsequent cell expansion. Our findings provide evidence regarding the fate of PLA MPs in plants and their interactions with plants, thereby enhancing our understanding of the potential impacts associated with biodegradable plastics.

Zhong-Guang Chen, Yu-Ting Dai, Hui Chen et al.

Two new genera, Shupaludina Z.-G. Chen, Y.-T. Dai, H. Chen &amp;amp; X.-P. Wu, gen. nov., and Bapaludina Z.-G. Chen &amp;amp; Y.-S. Guo, gen. nov., and two new species, Shupaludina luzhouensis Z.-G. Chen &amp;amp; Y.-S. Guo, gen. et sp. nov., and Bapaludina dazhouensis Z.-G. Chen &amp;amp; Y.-S. Guo, gen. et sp. nov., of river snails are described from the upper Changjiang River Basin in China based on comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny. The two new genera have similar shell morphology and can be distinguished from other genera of the subfamily by common features such as a small- to medium-sized shell, a blunt apex, inflated whorls, the inner lip of the aperture folded and tightly overlapping the columellar margin, completely covering the umbilicus and forming with growth a crescent-shaped fortification (even in juvenile specimens), and an operculum much smaller than the aperture. They can be distinguished from each other by the presence or absence of keels on the teleoconch, differences in the size of the crescent-shaped fortification, differences in the size of the operculum, and differences in the radula. The discovery increases the known diversity of river snails in the upper Changjiang River.

A. N. Borisov, V. V. Ivanov, S. K. Farber et al.

The assessment of the carbon pool in representative forest stands of the northern, middle, and southern taiga subzones of Central Siberia, located in the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Kraihas, has been conducted. The area of these taiga regions accounts for 87.5% of the total territory of Central Siberia, and they make the main contribution to carbon deposition in this area. The total mass of deposited carbon in the representative stands of the northern taiga is 73970 thousand tons, in the stands of the middle taiga this value is 1257101 thousand tons, and for the southern taiga, it is 2766554 thousand tons. The average mass of deposited carbon for the northern taiga subzone is 13.2 tons per hectare, for the middle taiga it is 44.6 tons per hectare, and for the southern taiga, it is 64.5 tons per hectare. Such differences are due to the zonal characteristics of the natural and climatic conditions in these areas and, consequently, the varying productivity of the forest stands formed in these taiga subzones. The fractional composition of the carbon pool depends on many indicators, primarily on the bonitet (site quality), density, and fullness of the forest stand. For all the considered representative forest stands, the main contribution to carbon deposition comes from the trunks and roots of trees. In the northern taiga, the share of trunks accounts for 49.9% to 66.7% of the deposited carbon, while roots account for 18.1% to 34.8%. For the middle taiga, these values range from 53.8% to 70.4% for trunks and from 13.2% to 33.4% for roots. For the southern taiga, the share of deposited carbon in trunks is from 53.4% to 69.6%, and in roots, it is from 17.7% to 31.9%. The obtained data on the carbon pool of forest stands in the taiga zone of Central Siberia are important for understanding carbon exchange processes in forest ecosystems, as well as for developing effective strategies for the conservation and management of forest areas in the context of climate change.

Zoltán Magyar

"Hunting" has now become a prominent tourism motive and the role of "hunting tourism" in shaping the image of the country and destination has become clear. Hunting tourism can be considered as a form of niche tourism, a form of tourism in an authentic environment, motivated by special interests and therefore only reaching a limited group of consumers.  The number of foreign guest hunters visiting Hungary is steadily increasing, reaching 29,000 in 2022. Foreign hunters visiting our country are involved in the service process developed by the hunters, with the assistance of the service providers. Their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a particular service provider is based on their experience of each service element, but their experience also fundamentally influences and shapes the image of the destination and the country. In addition to the species of game to be hunted, the image characteristics, beliefs and experiences associated with the hunting area are also an important factor in the decision of guests, which is why branding, i.e. communicating the value and uniqueness of the experiences offered in a credible and convincing way, and thus clearly distinguishing themselves from their competitors, has become a priority for players in the hunting tourism sector. The organisation is the only one in the world to have been awarded the "Edmond Blanc" award by the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation on 2 occasions, with 60,000 hectares of land, which currently produces a world record number of fallow deer trophies. The Gúth Forestry welcomes around 500 guest hunters a year, with an average stay of 3 days. The aim of this case study is to show how the 5-step brand pyramid - based on the integration of objective characteristics and guest perceptions - can be used to identify the distinctive character traits that provide the basis for positioning in a hunting area with international appeal.

Melichová Zlatica, Vébrová Dana, Marušák Robert et al.

In this work, we present a study about the application of bi-temporal, large interval aerial laser scans for constructing of tree growth models and estimating site index quality based on the measured increments from the laser scans. We compared two LiDAR scans with 14 years of difference in the national park area, where most areas are unmanaged. We derived the increment curve based on the Chapman-Richard growth formula. We used site index estimates from forest management plans from the national scale as the ground truth (both absolute and relative). We constructed three predictive models for site index estimates from bi-temporal scans, in modalities with and without stand age. Including the stand age improved all models, but even without the age, the models performed relatively well for differentiation between better and worse sites. At this moment, it is not directly possible to estimate age from remotely sensed data, but consistent monitoring, with laser scanning or photogrammetry, undoubtedly detects the harvest or dieback, so in the future, age can be considered as a variable easily estimated from remotely sensed data and so remote sensed material are viable source for understanding of forest growth and production.

Rudra Pratap Deb Nath, Tithi Rani Das, Tonmoy Chandro Das et al.

In Bangladesh, agriculture is a crucial driver for addressing Sustainable Development Goal 1 (no poverty) and 2 (zero hunger), playing a fundamental role in the economy and people&#x2019;s livelihoods. To enhance the sustainability and resilience of the agriculture industry through data-driven insights, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, open data portal, and other organizations consistently collect and publish agricultural data on the Web. Nevertheless, the current datasets encounter various challenges: 1) they are presented in an unsustainable, static, read-only, and aggregated format, 2) they do not conform to the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles, and 3) they do not facilitate interactive analysis and integration with other data sources. In this paper, we present a thorough solution, delineating a systematic procedure for developing BDAKG: a knowledge graph that semantically and multidimensionally integrates Bangladesh agricultural data. BDAKG incorporates multidimensional semantics, is linked with external knowledge graphs, is compatible with OLAP, and adheres to the FAIR principles. Our experimental evaluation centers on evaluating the integration process and assessing the quality of the resultant knowledge graph in terms of completeness, timeliness, FAIRness, OLAP compatibility, correctness, and data-driven analysis. Our federated data analyses recommend a strategic approach focused on decreasing CO2 emissions, fostering economic growth, and promoting sustainable forestry.

Galina Chebotareva, Inna Čábelková, Wadim Strielkowski et al.

Our paper focuses on assessing the role of state funding in supporting wind energy projects with a focus on economic efficiency and risk assessment. In particular, we analyze the new program aimed at supporting Russian renewable energy (RE) projects envisaged for the period from 2024–2035 that involves a reduction in investments in such projects and the introduction of large fines for non-compliance with regulatory requirements for localization and export. These strict rules imposed by the regulatory authorities, as well as the withdrawal by foreign manufacturers of equipment for renewable energy from the domestic energy market, put into doubt the economic feasibility of the participation of sector players in state-supported programs. Our paper assesses the economic justification for the practicality of the Russian energy market to implement renewable energy projects under the influence of negative environmental factors and the reduction of state support programs. We employ a case study of wind energy projects carried out in 2018–2020 as a part of the first sector support program. Our methodology is based on the calculations of the classical indicators of economic efficiency of projects (NPV, IRR, and DPP). Our own approach reveals that these indicators are supplemented by taking into account the cost of specific political, environmental, and economic risks of wind energy projects. Our results reveal that, at the moment, Russian wind energy projects in various scenarios retain a sufficient margin of financial strength and are able to withstand a reduction in the amount of financial support from the state. Our findings allow the formulation of some practical recommendations for reducing the share of governmental support for wind energy projects on the local energy market as a measure of cutting costs and increasing overall economic efficiency.

Machya K. Tsani, Sugeng P. Harianto, Trio Santoso et al.

The development of a tourist attraction must pay attention to the tourists’necessity. To fulfill these needs there are 4 main components that must be fulfilled. This study aims to determine the assessment of tourists to the 4 main components (attraction, amenities, accessibility, and ancillary service) on the natural attractions of the Liwa Botanical Garden. This research was carried out in the Liwa Botanical Garden located in Kubu Perahu Village, Balik Bukit District, Liwa City, West Lampung Regency. Data was collected for 100 tourists by accidental sampling. Data analysis using a likert scale and data scoring. The results showed that of the 4 components of tourist destinations in the KRL object, only the attraction component had adequate value. The three other components (accessibility, safety and ancillary services) are in the sufficient category so that it would be better if there were improvements to the indicators of the 3 other variables such as: addition of public transportation, control of parking areas, addition of food stalls, procurement of lodging for public, improvement of central services information, the addition of public toilets, provided a special place to buy souvenirs, giving pictures of the types of rubbish in the trash, and need to add a communication network spot so that tourists feel more comfortable and enjoy their visit.

Hannes Weinbrenner, Jasmin Breithut, Wiebke Hebermehl et al.

Out of nowhere the COVID-19 pandemic has turned people’s everyday lives upside down. Public places in urban areas were closed. However, leaving the house for recreational and leisure purposes in nature was still allowed in Germany – even during lockdown in March and April of 2020. As a result, urban forests have gained unprecedented importance – not only for recreational activities, but also for maintaining social contacts and coping with psychological stress. With these diverse requirements, many people have appropriated urban forests in new and changed ways. Using the example of the forests around the southern German city of Freiburg, a team of researchers from the Department of Societal Change at the Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA) carried out a mixed-method study to investigate how these appropriation practices are working and to shed some light on the relevance of forests for city residents in these circumstances. In addition to the statistical analysis of an online questionnaire, ethnographic observation data and Instagram posts were analyzed. This methodological triangulation was carried out in order to purposefully combine the strengths of each method while at the same time reducing the intrinsic biases and blind spots. This resulted in a better understanding of the importance of urban forest during this extraordinary period of time. Our results show that urban forests became critically important during the lockdown. Many visitors appropriated the forest with very different motives and for different purposes. For many visitors, the forest provided the same functions during this extraordinary period that public spaces otherwise do. The forest was not only consumed as a natural space, but also constructed by visitors as a social space. We can illustrate how this social meaning was both negotiated and reproduced. To provide an abstraction of our results, we refer to the theory of spatial appropriation as well as to new approaches in sociology of space that conceptualize space as a network of social relations. These results give rise to broader questions for future research projects, recreational forest research, forest and health, and forest planning.

Huanchun HUANG, Hailin YANG, Xin DENG et al.

Background: Urban heat island (UHI) is being intensified with the progress of urbanization. Meanwhile, respiratory diseases caused by high temperature become common. This study explores the influences of UHI on respiratory diseases (J00-J99) and the evolutionary characteristics of the spatial pattern of such influences. Methods: The pattern–process–function and the influencing mechanism of UHI on respiratory diseases were evaluated through landscape pattern indexes from 1992 to 2018 in Tianjin, China. The basis was on data from Landsat TM/OLI/TIRS remote-sensing images, meteorological stations, and mortality of respiratory diseases. Results: The fluctuating influence of UHI on the respiratory diseases in Tianjin has increased from 1992 to 2018, showing a significant phase-based characteristic. During 2011-2018, the influence has soared greatly, and mortality risk has increased by 101%, and the influenced area has reached 349 km². Furthermore, the regional space clustered, and the influenced patches are in irregular shape, and the highly influenced area is enlarged. Moreover, the indexes of the landscape level of the influenced areas all decrease. The patches at all levels are fragmented and distributed discontinuously. Spatially, the influenced areas gradually extend from the urban center to the suburbs. Conclusion: UHI causes a higher mortality of respiratory diseases because it increases daily average air temperature in summer. With respect to landscape pattern, the influenced areas at low level is highly interconnected and relatively concentrated, whereas the influenced area at high level is distributed in clusters. In general, the influenced area is fragmented and discontinuously distributed in urban center.

Shichao Cheng, Anmin Huang, Shennan Wang et al.

The properties of wood can be improved after heat-treatment. There have been many studies dealing with mechanical properties and chemical modifications of heat-treated wood. The purpose of this paper is to provide a new analysis method, to give better insights on the hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin contents of heat-treated wood by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopies. The FT-IR spectra results showed progressive degradation in the carbonyl groups of the glucuronic acid units and degradation of the pyranose of hemicelluloses. These changes were measured as the percentage decrease of crystalline cellulose and the loss of C=O and C=C groups linking together the aromatic skeleton of lignin. The 2D-IR spectra showed the appearance of 5 × 5 peak clusters in the 1000 to 1200 cm-1 region, which could account for the hemicellulose degradation. In addition, changes in the degree of sensitivity at 1627 and 1509 cm-1 coincided with cross-linking reactions among the aromatic units in the lignin molecules.

D. Elfiati, Delvian

A study that was aimed to identify the impact of forest fires on the biological properties of soils was carried out at former forest fire areas in Samosir Regency of North Sumatera. Soil samples were collected from former forest fire areas of 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010. The composite soil samples were collected systematically using diagonal method as much as 5 points in each period of fire. The soil samples were taken at three plots measuring 20 x 20 m 0-20 cm depth. Soil biological properties observed were soil organic C content, total number of microbes, abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate solubilizing microbes, and soil microbial activity. The results showed that organic C content ranged from 0.75 to 2.47% which included criteria for very low to moderate. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores were found belonging to the genus of Glomus and Acaulospora. Spore number increased with the fire period ranging from 45 spores (forest fire in 2014) to 152 spores (forest fire in 2010). The total number of microbes obtained ranged from 53.78 x 107 cfu/mL (forest fire in 2010) to 89.70 x107 cfu/mL (forest fire in 2013). It was found 29 isolates of phosphate solubilizing microbes that consisted of 14 bacterial isolates and 15 fungi isolates with densities ranging from 27.642 x105 cfu/mL (forest fires in 2014) to 97.776 x 105 cfu/ mL (forest fires in 2011). The isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria identified consisted of Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Staphylococcus, and Mycobacterium genus, whereas the isolates of phosphate solubilizing fungi obtained consisted of Aspergillus and Penicillium genus. Soil respiration ranged from 2.14 kg / day (forest fire in 2010) up to 3.71 kg / day (forest fire in 2013). The varied results were greatly influenced by the type or form of the fires and intensity of fires. In the study area the type or form of the fires were canopy fires with low intensity.

Pere Casals, Jordi Camprodon, Antonia Caritat et al.

<p class="Cos"><em>Aim of study: </em>In the Mediterranean region, yew (<em>Taxus baccata</em> L.) usually grows with other tree species in mixed forests. Yew recruitment and juvenile growth may depend on the structure of the forest and the net balance between competition for soil water and nutrients with neighbors and facilitation that these neighbors exert by protecting the plants from direct sun exposure. This study aims, at a regional scale, to analyze the structure of forests containing yew, and, on an individual level, to analyze the effect of the surrounding vegetation structure on the performance of yew juveniles.</p><p class="Cos"><em>Area of study: </em>The structural typologies of yew populations were defined based on field inventories conducted in 55 plots distributed in 14 localities in the North-Eastern (NE) Iberian Peninsula, covering a wide range of yew distribution in the area. In a second step, an analysis of neighboring species' effects on juveniles was conducted based on the data from 103 plots centered in yew juveniles in five localities.<em></em></p><p class="Cos"><em>Main Results: </em>A cluster analysis classified the inventoried stands into four forest structural types: two multi-stratified forests with scattered yew and two yew groves. Multiple regression modeling showed that the δ¹³C measured in last year's leaves positively relates to the basal area of conifer neighbors, but negatively with the cover of the yew crown by other trees.</p><p class="Cos"><em>Research highlights: </em>At a stand-level, the density of recruits and juveniles (625 ± 104 recruits ha^-1, 259 ± 55 juveniles ha^-1) in mixed forests was found to be higher than that on yew dominant stands (181 ± 88 recruits ha^-1 and 57 ± 88 juveniles ha^-1). At an individual-level, the water stress (estimated from leaf δ¹³C) of yew juveniles seems alleviated by the crown cover by neighbors while it increases with the basal area of conifers. Yew conservation should focus on selective felling for the reduction of basal area of neighbors surrounding the target tree, but avoid affecting the canopy cover to contribute to enhanced yew juvenile growth.</p><p class="Cos"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Biodiversity conservation; δ¹³C; forest management; plant-plant interaction; recruitment; <em>Taxus baccata</em>; water use efficiency.</p>

Zhi-yong Bai

This paper proposes an improved score function for the effective ranking order of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs) and an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS method based on the score function to solve multicriteria decision-making problems in which all the preference information provided by decision-makers is expressed as interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy decision matrices where each of the elements is characterized by IVIFS value and the information about criterion weights is known. We apply the proposed score function to calculate the separation measures of each alternative from the positive and negative ideal solutions to determine the relative closeness coefficients. According to the values of the closeness coefficients, the alternatives can be ranked and the most desirable one(s) can be selected in the decision-making process. Finally, two illustrative examples for multicriteria fuzzy decision-making problems of alternatives are used as a demonstration of the applications and the effectiveness of the proposed decision-making method.