Knowledge is a fundamental concept in Islam, and its acquisition, dissemination, and application are deeply rooted in the Quran and the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him). This paper explores the Islamic perspective on knowledge, its sources, and its implications for the development of an epistemological framework. It examines the Quranic verses and Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet) that emphasize the significance of knowledge and its role in shaping human understanding. Furthermore, it delves into how Islamic epistemology, derived from the Quran and the Sunnah, offers a unique approach to knowledge acquisition and its ethical dimensions. This paper touches upon a significant aspect within Islamic thought. This critical paper delves into how knowledge is conceptualized within the Qur'an and the Sunnah, subsequently drawing on Said Nursi's exegesis in the Risale-i Nur collection to outline an Islamic epistemology. Nursi's interpretation serves as a pivotal link between the scriptural foundations of Islam and the construction of a robust framework for understanding knowledge, its acquisition, and application.
The central paradigm is a theoretical framework for research in natural and human sciences. In this methodological approach, the place of epistemology and to some extent ontology in the research process is discussed, but anthropology is not independently considered by methodologists. The purpose of this research is to introduce and evaluate the paradigm-oriented approach in research methodology and outline the position of anthropology in methodology. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The findings indicate that since the research methodology is based on epistemology, and according to Allameh Javadi Amoli's opinion, epistemology is related to anthropology, it is necessary to independently consider humans in the methodology. Science should be paid. Anthropological attention puts important capacities in front of scientific knowledge, and the attitude about the nature of science, the method of knowledge and construction of theory is brought more clearly.
In this article, the subject is considered by the author not as a static object, but as a «project», which is in a state of constant becoming. During the study were obtained the following conclusions: firstly, it was emphasized, that a subject has no predefined essence and that his existence precedes any design or plan. Secondly, it is detected, that a subject constructs its identity not through random circumstances or predefined restrictions of the external world, but through the carried-out choices and own deeds and actions, which manifested in the world. Thirdly, it is installed, that а subject is forced to accept its individual freedom even, if it contradicts his desires or expectations of other people. Fourthly, it is substantiated, that the process of self-identification can be dramatic, as it requires the subject to gap with usual stereotypes and expectations, and also acceptance own individuality and responsibility for its actions. Fifthly, it is accented, that the process of self-identification of a personality involves disclosure and cognition of the essence own «Ego», as a unique and integral structure, which is manifested in the subject’s ability to self-creation, self-fulfillment and self-improvement and in his real possibility to form an image of the future world. Sixthly, it is determined, that absolute freedom for the subject turns into a necessity, which prompts his to responsibility for its existence, choice, actions and deeds. Seventhly, it is allocated, that the subject denies social and moral-religious attitudes to free themselves from external influence, that impede his freedom of choice, which is a reflection of his subjective attitude to any situation. That is in this case we can say that the subject, creating its reality, does not rely on external authority, the existence of which is questionable in the world and is repelled only on subjective choice.
Reseña Jones, Alexander: A Portable Cosmos: Revealing the Antikythera Mechanism, Scientific Wonder of the Ancient World. Oxford University Press. New York, USA. 288 págs.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, Science (General)
Bioethics at the Time of Artificial Intelligence
Against the backdrop of the bioethical question and artificial intelligence, this paper aims to reconstruct the question starting from the ethical-political and social issues that span the twentieth century to reach our days in a way that, in the eye of the philosopher, can only be even more critical and problematic.
Стаття присвячена аналізу зовнішньополітичної стратегії КНР на світовій арені. Мета дослідження – дати комплексний аналіз основних вимірів зовнішньополітичної стратегії КНР на сучасному етапі.
Охарактеризовано геополітичні та геоекономічні чинники становлення стратегії КНР. Було підкреслено, що стрімко змінювана економічна позиція Китаю на світовій арені також впливає на її глобальну політику. Проаналізовано регіональний вимір сучасної зовнішньополітичної поведінки КНР та його вплив на формування загального бачення китайського керівництва ролі країни на міжнародній політичній арені.
У світлі подій, що відбуваються, особливої важливості набуває політика КНР. Очевидно, що ця країна відіграє дуже важливу роль у світовій політиці і згодом ця роль буде все більше зростати. Ряд відомих експертів та аналітиків вже зараховують КНР до економічної супердержави. Деякі експерти навіть вважають, що якщо в перші 30 років здійснення економічних реформ в якості основного імперативу виступала інтеграція Китаю із зовнішнім світом, то протягом наступних трьох десятиліть основний акцент КНР буде вже ставити на формування глобального світопорядку.
Доведено, що головним фокусом активної зовнішньополітичної діяльності КНР з набуття статусу провідної регіональної та глобальної держави залишається економіка.
З’ясовано основні виміри реалізації національних інтересів Пекіна на сучасному етапі. Припущено, що національні інтереси КНР на даному етапі перебувають на стадії трансформації. Деякі науковці говорять про те, що основні інтереси Китаю вже виходять за рамки простого суверенного територіального обмеження.
Зроблено висновок, що надзвичайно амбітні зусилля Китаю під керівництвом Сі Цзіньпіна спрямовані на розширення своєї сфери впливу та контролю на весь світ та щодо становлення глобальної економічної держави.
The Ambiguity of Cyborg. Rethinking the Body and its Prostheses
This paper proposes a critical reflection about the body’s status, starting from Donna Haraway’s theorization on cyborg. Human corporeality is conceived in its relationship with technology, with the aim of remarking the importance of this link in the evolution of our species. The cyborg image rises as a critic against the relations’ naturalization of domination and patriarchy, involved in the history of our culture and society. The Aristotelian distinction between free men and slaves, as a “natural” distinction among persons and technological tools, will be firstly analysed to deconstruct the classical idea of man. After a brief presentation of Haraway’s theory, her concept of cyborg as a hybrid of tools and living-body will be problematized by means of the perspective in philosophy of technology which proposes to rethink the status of technical organs. To sum up, this paper seeks to outline a not-reductionist theory of the body to generate a different comprehension of technological objects in continuity with the biological world.
The prospects of development of modern political theory in the context of filling the new semantic values of concepts of political discourse, political communication and public political representation are considered. The network of newly established democratic institutions, which required firm defenition, practicing public political debate and not distorted political communication defined. With the help of the comparative method, the common and different conceptual views of political debate in interpreting deliberative democracy and the public sphere of politics studied. The content of the concept of the public sphere of politics as a factor of coverage of the transition of democratic public institutions of transformational countries from the state of declarative to a state of sustainable democracy is discussed. Public sphere of politics as mainly unifying concept that determines the possibility of various aspects of joint interpretation of political realities and possibilities of the political participants’ appearance for any topic studied. The subject areas of the concepts of deliberative politics and the public sphere of politics regarding the ways of personal and institutional self-presentation are determined. The specifics of the reflection of political conflict and political decisions within the limits of the values of the public sphere of politics and deliberative democracy are revealed. The features of common approaches to the interpretation of political pluralism and political competition in the semantic structures of the public sphere of politics and deliberative democracy are explored. It emphasizes the flexibility of the concept of the public sphere of politics as a concept that encompasses a large number of events and phenomena of political communication. The possibility of a non-idealist approach to public political presentations on the Internet is substantiated. The political meaning dimensions of political deliberation and political manifestation which differ in explanations background of individual behavior, based on the ancient principle of political pragmatism and defending of selfish interests considered.The explanatory potential of a deliberative policy and the public sphere of politics is singled out. The peculiarities of crossing the subject areas of the public sphere of politics and deliberative democracy in the context of the functioning of modern civil society are established.
Робота присвячена формальному опису процедури і схеми декомпозиції довільних об’єктів: предметів, явищ, організмів, процесів в живій і неживій природі. Наведені і формально описані атрибути схеми декомпозиції: властивість об’єкта; різні види залежностей, що можуть зв’язувати властивості об’єкта; механізм декомпозиції; графічне зображення схеми декомпозиції. Описано різновиди схеми декомпозиції такі як декомпозиція ділення і декомпозиція з включення. Показано різноманіття схем декомпозиції і різноманіття механізмів декомпозиції. Формальний опис розглядається як передумова для аналізу і синтезу складних об’єктів на рівні, що відповідає рівню математичної точності і строгості. Формальне і систематичне визначення процесу декомпозиції може також сприяти синтезу знань і ефективному міждисциплінарному спілкуванню.
Representante da elite industrial, engenheiro civil, construtor e pioneiro na difusão das ideias tayloristas no Brasil, Roberto Simonsen teve relevante papel no processo de modernização do Estado brasileiro na primeira metade do século XX, inclusive com a construção dos quartéis do exército. Analisando o discurso de Simonsen a partir desta empreitada, o presente trabalho visa compreender a aplicação dos princípios tayloristas na construção destas obras militares na década de 1920.
M. S. Shcherbinina, V. V. Pogodina, S. M. Skrynnik
et al.
Relevance. Modern inactivated culture vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) with at least 70% of the population living in the natural foci of the FE give a high epidemiological effect. Unresolved issues are the simplification of the cumbersome vaccination scheme, the optimal number of revaccinations, the protective titer of antibodies against the Siberian subtype of the TBE virus dominant in Russia.Goal of this work is to study the state of postvaccinal immunity in the population of the highly endemic area of the Trans-Urals.Materials and methods. 1381 blood serum of the population vaccinated from 3 to 13 times with vaccines was studied: unconcentrated culture inactivated from strain No. 205 of the TBE virus produced by «Virion», Tomsk, «EnceVir» produced by «Microgen», Tomsk, produced by Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immuneand-Biological Products of Russian.To identify specific antibodies – IgG, IgM, antigen of TBE virus, sets of reagents of ELISA from «Vector-Best» were used. Neutralizing activity of sera was determined by the index of neutralization index with 4 strains of the Siberian subtype of TBE virus.Results. The immune layer among the vaccinated population in 10 districts of the Kurgan region, which differ in epidemiological tension, ranges from 69.9% to 94.6%. The intensity of humoral immunity varied according to IgG titers in ELISA from 1: 100 – 1: 200 to 1: 3200 (rarely 1: 6400). The duration and intensity of immunity depends on the number of vaccinations and the number of missed remote revaccinations. Preservation and intensity of immunity with reliability P = 95%, higher in persons vaccinated 6–10 times compared with the group of vaccinated 3 times. In persons who had 4–8 booster dose of vaccine, the immunity persisted for 15–19–36 years with an IgG titer of not more than 1: 100. The neutralizing activity of the sera of vaccinated individuals with antibody titers from 1:100 to 1: 6400 was studied for the Siberian subtype of BCE. The degree of protection of the vaccinated population against the doses of the virus found in individual mites is determined. From the doses of the virus, 57% of the vaccinated population are most often found in mites, and from the dose of 105– 8%. Recommendations are proposed on the tactics of revaccination of the population, depending on the level of immunity.
Neste artigo buscaremos entender como a questão da raça e da mestiçagem estiveram presentes nos debates do IHGB no século XIX. A partir da análise dos artigos publicados na revista do Instituto, podemos observar que a questão racial era algo bastante sensível dentro do IHGB, uma vez que negros, índios e mestiços, que formavam grande parte da população brasileira, eram objetos de uma série de características negativas conferidas pelas ciências. No entanto, essas mesmas leituras mostraram que os mestiços também foram objetos de visões positivas dentro do IHGB, pois eles neles foram depositados os sucessos da instalação da civilização europeia no Brasil Tropical.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
Causes and Reasons: explicative Models in natural and human Sciences
Starting from Wittgenstein’s distinction between causes and reasons of an action, the paper presents two influential models in the methodology of explanation: the deductive-nomological model elaborated by C. G. Hempel and the model based on Aristotle’s practical syllogism, in G. H. von Wright’s version. The controversy between methodological monism and methodological dualism, which has its roots in the opposition between explaining (Erklären) and understanding (Verstehen), is examined.
O objetivo é criticar os argumentos bioconservadores de Jürgen Habermas contra a eugenia positiva (aperfeiçoamento humano). Em suma, ele sustenta a tese de que a natureza humana seria fundamento das ideias centrais que consubstanciariam a correta compreensão normativa das relações humanas. Assim, para ele, a biotecnociência deveria restringir-se à esfera da eugenia negativa (terapia), apresentando, contudo, argumentos que nos parecem amplamente questionáveis. Anteriormente, todavia, abordamos o debate em torno da noção de pós-humanidade, uma vez que o estágio pós-humano é considerado como uma consequência incontornável das biotécnicas de aperfeiçoamento humano, perfazendo um dos pontos fulcrais da discórdia dos bioconservadores com os transumanistas. Após isto, então, abordamos a perspectiva habermasiana, a fim de mostrar seus problemas.
<p>Retomada de forma dogmática, a tematização<br />platónica da pintura projeta sobre a produção e a contemplação<br />de imagens atributos de irrealidade, irracionalidade e<br />passividade, fazendo do olhar o oposto de conhecer e o oposto<br />de atuar, uma aceitação acrítica das aparências, coisa de<br />crianças. O presente artigo pretende problematizar essa tradição<br />iconoclasta, colocando em causa os seus pressupostos filosóficos<br />e explorando a potência das imagens da arte e do olhar crítico.<br />Dialogando com as obras de Merleau-Ponty, Berger, Damish,<br />Didi-Huberman, Manguel e Rancière, aspira a mostrar que os<br />olhares do pintor e do espectador estão longe de deixar-se<br />reduzir às simplificações platónicas, dando lugar a uma dialética<br />crítica e criativa que desconhece qualquer distinção entre<br />aparência e realidade, entre passividade e atividade, e, em<br />última instância, entre interpretar e transformar o mundo.</p>