Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Paweł Wolski

The article presents, which was his purpose, an analysis of waste management in Poland and the changes occurring over the years. According to Statistics Poland, 121 million tonnes of waste were generated in 2021, of which 11.3% was municipal waste. Waste volume increased to 123 million tonnes in 2023. The main sources of waste, as in previous years, were mining and extraction (61.9%), manufacturing (22.0%), and electricity, gas, steam, and hot water generation and supply (12.7%). Of the total waste generated in 2021, approximately 48% was recovered, 44% was disposed of by landfilling, and 7% by other means. In 2021, 13,674,000 tonnes of municipal waste were generated.  Effective waste management is essential for ensuring the efficient use of natural resources and sustainable economic growth. In Poland, the amount of municipal and packaging waste produced is increasing. Environmental awareness, however, promotes their rational management. Recovery and recycling are becoming increasingly popular methods of waste management, which is particularly noticeable in the case of packaging waste, amounting to 60%. Therefore, adequate waste management is the future of our planet.

Martine Benammar

Projet sans cesse repoussé pendant des décennies, le Grand Stade est finalement édifié dans les années 1990 à Saint-Denis, en support de l’organisation de la Coupe du monde de football 1998, après de longues palabres sur son implantation. Concédé à un consortium de bâtisseurs gestionnaires, l’équipement est d’abord très rentable, notamment grâce à l’apport des deniers publics de l’État. Les années 2010 seront plus difficiles car le modèle trouve ses limites et le stade vieillit. Surtout, aucun club de Ligue 1 n’y a élu domicile. À l’approche des Jeux olympiques de 2024, il retrouve un certain lustre. Sa concession de 30 ans vient à expiration en 2025 et un nouvel exploitant semble être choisi.

Yongmin Yoo, Seungwoo Kim, Jingjiang Liu

Valuing intangible assets under uncertainty remains a critical challenge in the strategic management of technological innovation due to the information asymmetry inherent in high-dimensional technical specifications. Traditional bibliometric indicators, such as citation counts, fail to address this friction in a timely manner due to the systemic latency inherent in data accumulation. To bridge this gap, this study proposes the Economic Reasoning Alignment via Instruction Tuning (ERA-IT) framework. We theoretically conceptualize patent renewal history as a revealed economic preference and leverage it as an objective supervisory signal to align the generative reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) with market realities, a process we term Eco-Semantic Alignment. Using a randomly sampled dataset of 10,000 European Patent Office patents across diverse technological domains, we trained the model not only to predict value tiers but also to reverse-engineer the Economic Chain-of-Thought from unstructured text. Empirical results demonstrate that ERA-IT significantly outperforms both conventional econometric models and zero-shot LLMs in predictive accuracy. More importantly, by generating explicit, logically grounded rationales for valuation, the framework serves as a transparent cognitive scaffold for decision-makers, reducing the opacity of black-box AI in high-stakes intellectual property management.

Cristina Tanasescu, Amelia Bucur, Camelia Oprean-Stan

One of the themes that have been approached more and more within the specialised literature is being represented by economic cycles. The analysis of these is very useful in the long term predictions, in finding solutions for the economic raise and for detecting the economic crisis. At the same time, it is underlined in a lot of scientific and research papers, the importance of the sustainable development in the present and future society. In this paper we intend to bring contributions to the study of the cycles of a sustainable economy and we will analyse it having in mind the purpose of creating the sustainable economy. We will demonstrate the fact that curves that represent graphically all these, are not simple logistics anymore, bi-logistics or multilogistics curves, but curves in plan that are obtained by composing logistics functions with the function of the sustainable development or with the function that shapes the economic component of it mathematically. We will present an interpretation of mathematic models within the frame of the sustainable development.

Elliot Beck, Franziska Eckert, Linus Kühne et al.

We develop a resource-efficient methodology for measuring economic outlook in news text that combines document embeddings with synthetic training data generated by large language models. Applied to 27 million news articles, the resulting indicator significantly improves GDP growth forecast accuracy and captures sentiment shifts weeks before official releases, proving particularly valuable during crises. The indicator outperforms both survey-based benchmarks and traditional dictionary methods and is interpretable, allowing identification of specific drivers of economic sentiment. Our approach addresses key institutional constraints: it performs sentiment classification locally, enabling analyses of proprietary news content without transmission to external services while requiring minimal computational resources compared to direct large language model classification.

Sebastian T. Braun, Jan Stuhler

Despite millions of war widows worldwide, little is known about the economic consequences of being widowed by war. We use life history data from West Germany to show that war widowhood increased women's employment immediately after World War II but led to lower employment rates later in life. War widows, therefore, carried a double burden of employment and childcare while their children were young but left the workforce when their children reached adulthood. We show that the design of compensation policies likely explains this counterintuitive life-cycle pattern and examine potential spillovers to the next generation.

Nicole Immorlica, Brendan Lucier, Aleksandrs Slivkins

Traditionally, AI has been modeled within economics as a technology that impacts payoffs by reducing costs or refining information for human agents. Our position is that, in light of recent advances in generative AI, it is increasingly useful to model AI itself as an economic agent. In our framework, each user is augmented with an AI agent and can consult the AI prior to taking actions in a game. The AI agent and the user have potentially different information and preferences over the communication, which can result in equilibria that are qualitatively different than in settings without AI.

Dario Rossignolo

This study evaluates the impact of direct and indirect taxes, as well as public expenditure on transfers (monetary and in-kind, economic subsidies, healthcare, and education), on income distribution and poverty in Argentina. It utilizes a standard fiscal incidence analysis and combines data from the Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the National Household Expenditure Survey (ENGHo). The findings indicate that fiscal policy has been a powerful instrument in reducing inequality and poverty. However, unusually high levels of public spending could potentially render the programs unsustainable.

Victor Olkhov

We discuss the economic reasons why the predictions of price and return statistical moments in the coming decades, in the best case, will be limited by their averages and volatilities. That limits the accuracy of the forecasts of price and return probabilities by Gaussian distributions. The economic origin of these restrictions lies in the fact that the predictions of the market-based n-th statistical moments of price and return for n=1,2,.., require the description of the economic variables of the n-th order that are determined by sums of the n-th degrees of values or volumes of market trades. The lack of existing models that describe the evolution of the economic variables determined by the sums of the 2nd degrees of market trades results in the fact that even predictions of the volatilities of price and return are very uncertain. One can ignore existing economic barriers that we highlight but cannot overcome or resolve them. The accuracy of predictions of price and return probabilities substantially determines the reliability of asset pricing models and portfolio theories. The restrictions on the accuracy of predictions of price and return statistical moments reduce the reliability and veracity of modern asset pricing and portfolio theories.

Yuan Liao, Xinjie Ma, Andreas Neuhierl et al.

This paper addresses a key question in economic forecasting: does pure noise truly lack predictive power? Economists typically conduct variable selection to eliminate noises from predictors. Yet, we prove a compelling result that in most economic forecasts, the inclusion of noises in predictions yields greater benefits than its exclusion. Furthermore, if the total number of predictors is not sufficiently large, intentionally adding more noises yields superior forecast performance, outperforming benchmark predictors relying on dimension reduction. The intuition lies in economic predictive signals being densely distributed among regression coefficients, maintaining modest forecast bias while diversifying away overall variance, even when a significant proportion of predictors constitute pure noises. One of our empirical demonstrations shows that intentionally adding 300~6,000 pure noises to the Welch and Goyal (2008) dataset achieves a noteworthy 10% out-of-sample R square accuracy in forecasting the annual U.S. equity premium. The performance surpasses the majority of sophisticated machine learning models.

Burger Katharina, Parker Martin

This study examines how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be leveraged to facilitate strategic change towards sustainability involving multiple stakeholders in a pluralistic city environment. By drawing on an exemplary case study of the localisation of the SDGs in Bristol, a medium-sized UK city, we show how the goals can operate as a boundary object. In particular, we identify a pattern in which the discursive localisation of the SDGs moved from problematisation and visioning through strategising and structuring towards embedding and performing. In addition, we elaborate on the three tensions that the SDGs help participants to understand and use productively, that is, across scale, time and different ways of valuing. Our study contributes to research on strategic change in pluralistic settings, such as cities, by offering a nuanced account of the discursive use of the SDGs by organisations involved in a city’s sustainable development. Furthermore, by proposing a framework based on the specific tensions that play an important role in the discursive localisation, our study advances research on the role of city strategising and practice more generally.

Ofelia Pianetto, Hilda Iparraguirre

Se trata de una publicación sobre los resultados del trabajo final de Licenciatura en Historia por la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba de las autoras Hilda Iparraguirre y Ofelia Pianetto. La tesis se tituló “Aportaciones al estudio de la formación de la clase obrera en Córdoba, en el período 1870-1895”, estuvo dirigida por Ceferino Garzón Maceda y fue defendida el 27 de abril de 1967. En este trabajo el objeto de estudio está constituido por el proletariado urbano de Córdoba, analizando las transformaciones que se produjeron a partir de la incipiente industrialización de fines del siglo XIX. Se documenta la paulatina dislocación del grupo social artesanal y su transformación en proletariado urbano, a partir de un examen exhaustivo de las diferentes formas de organización, ideologías y adscripciones políticas, que son interpretadas como parte de un proceso de toma de conciencia de sus intereses. Las fuentes consultadas son: libros, panfletos, estatutos de organizaciones mutuales y sindicales, documentos de la sección Gobierno y Policía del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Córdoba, documentos de la Municipalidad y Consejo Deliberante, fuentes éditas como censos nacionales y municipales, recopilación de leyes y decretos de la provincia y registros estadísticos, diarios y periódicos de la época y archivos privados de distintas asociaciones.

Dimitrios Tsiotas

The study and measurement of economic resilience is ruled by high level of complexity related to the diverse structure, functionality, spatiality, and dynamics describing economic systems. Towards serving the demand of integration, this paper develops a three-dimensional index, capturing engineering, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of economic resilience that are considered separately in the current literature. The proposed index is computed on GDP data of worldwide countries, for the period 1960-2020, concerning 14 crises considered as shocks, and was found well defined in a conceptual context of its components. Its application on real-world data allows introducing a novel classification of countries in terms of economic resilience, and reveals geographical patterns and structural determinants of this attribute. Impressively enough, economic resilience appears positively related to major productivity coefficients, gravitationally driven, and depended on agricultural specialization, with high structural heterogeneity in the low class. Also, the analysis fills the literature gap by shaping the worldwide map of economic resilience, revealing geographical duality and centrifugal patterns in its geographical distribution, a relationship between diachronically good performance in economic resilience and geographical distance from the shocks origin, and a continent differentiation expressed by the specialization of America in engineering resilience, Africa and Asia in ecological and evolutionary resilience, and a relative lag of Europe and Oceania. Finally, the analysis provides insights into the effect of the 2008 on the globe and supports a further research hypothesis that political instability is a main determinant of low economic resilience, addressing avenues of further research.

José M. Gaspar, Minoru Osawa

We develop a two-region economic geography model with vertical innovations that improve the quality of manufactured varieties produced in each region. The chance of innovation depends on the \emph{related variety}, i.e. the importance of interaction between researchers within the same region rather than across different regions. As economic integration increases from a low level, a higher related variety is associated with more agglomerated spatial configurations. However, if the interaction with foreign scientists is relatively more important for innovation, economic activities may (completely) re-disperse after an initial phase of agglomeration due to the increase in the relative importance of a higher chance of innovation in the less industrialized region. This non-monotonic relationship between economic integration and spatial imbalances may exhibit very diverse qualitative properties, not yet described in the literature.

Andrew J. Stier, Sina Sajjadi, Luıs M. A. Bettencourt et al.

Homophily and heterophobia, the tendency for people with similar characteristics to preferentially interact with (or avoid) each other are pervasive in human social networks. Here, we develop an extension of the mathematical theory of urban scaling which describes the effects of homophily and heterophobia on social interactions and resulting economic outputs of cities. Empirical tests of our model show that increased residential racial heterophobia and segregation in U.S. cities are associated with reduced economic outputs and that the strength of this relationship increased throughout the 2010s. Our findings provide the means for the formal incorporation of general homophilic and heterophobic effects into theories of modern urban science and suggest that racial segregation is increasingly and adversely impacting the economic performance and connectivity of urban societies in the U.S.

Dirk Pauly, Michael Schomburg

We show that the de Rham Hilbert complex with mixed boundary conditions on bounded strong Lipschitz domains is closed and compact. The crucial results are compact embeddings which follow by abstract arguments using functional analysis together with particular regular decompositions. Higher Sobolev order results are proved as well.

Carlos Bendicho

This paper proposes the characteristics a techno-economic model for 5G should have considering both mobile network operators perspective and end users needs. It also presents a review and classification of models in the literature based on the characteristics of such theoretical techno-economic reference model. The performed analysis identifies current gaps in the techno-economic modeling literature for 5G architectures and shows it can be enhanced using agile techno-economic models like the Universal Techno-Economic Model (UTEM) created and developed by the author to industrialize assessment of different technological solutions, considering all market players perspectives and applicable to decision-making in multiple domains. This model can be used for an effective and agile 5G techno-economic assessment, including not only network deployment perspective but also customers and end users requirements as well as other stakeholders to select the most adequate 5G architectural solution considering both technical and economic feasibility. UTEM model is currently available for all industry stakeholders under specific license of use.

László Trautmann

„Ugyanígy a megismerhető dolgoknak sem csupán a megismerhetősége származik a Jótól, hanem ezenfelül még a létezésük és a valóságos voltuk is, miközben a Jó nem valóságos létező, hanem messze túlszárnyalja a valóságos létezést méltóságával és erejével.” [Platón Az állam, 509b, ford. Steiger Kornél].

Taras BOYCHUK, Antoniy MOYSEY

In the article the most important events from the history of Chernivtsi State Medical Institute for the period from 1954 to 1974. in a logical sequence are presented. The aim of scientific work is to correct the formation of stereotype regarding the activities of the edu- cational institution in a defined period. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to create a documented review of the acti- ivities of Bukovinian State Medical University in 1954-1974. The methodology of the work is based on the analysis of hist- graphical publications and archival materials. Conclusions. The arti- cle describes that the first post-war decade of the Institute's activities which took place in extremely difficult economic, social, cultural, epidemiological, sanitary and hygienic conditions. The period from 1954 to 1974 had more favorable material, technical, personnel, met- hodological and scientific prerequisites. This state of affairs allowed to strengthen the educational base, living and leisure conditions of students and teachers, improve methodological work, achieve positive results in the scientific field and their implementation in practical medicine. As a result the main socio-political task, which was not finally solved during the first decade, – increasing the percentage of students coming from Chernivtsi and other regions of Western Ukrai- ne to the optimal number necessary for the country's economy in that historical period was achieved. Numerous letters and feedback about the work of the Institute's graduates testified that the doctors who have received the BSMI dip- loma showed themselves as good specialists.

Kenji Itao, Kunihiko Kaneko

Families form the basis of society, and anthropologists have characterised various family systems. This study developed a multi-level evolutionary model of pre-industrial agricultural societies to simulate the evolution of family systems and determine how each of them adapts to environmental conditions and forms a characteristic socio-economic structure. In the model, competing societies evolve, which themselves comprise multiple evolving families that grow through family labour. Each family has two strategy parameters: the time children leave the parental home and the distribution of inheritance among siblings. The evolution of these parameters demonstrates that four basic family systems emerge; families can become either nuclear or extended, and have either an equal or unequal inheritance distribution. Nuclear families emerge where land resources are sufficient, whereas extended families emerge where land resources are limited. Equal inheritance emerges where the amount of wealth required for a family to survive is large, whereas unequal inheritance emerges where the required wealth is small. Analyses on the wealth distribution of families demonstrate a higher level of poverty in extended families, and that the accumulation of wealth is accelerated for unequal inheritance. By comparing wealth distributions in the model with historical data, family systems are associated with characteristic economic structures and modern social ideologies. Empirical data analyses using the cross-cultural ethnographic database verify the theoretical relationship between the environmental conditions, family systems, and socio-economic structures. Theoretical studies by this simple constructive model, as presented here, will integrate the understandings of family systems in evolutionary anthropology, demography, and socioeconomic histories.