Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

Małgorzata Renigier-Biłozor, Peter Ache, Thomas Dimopoulos et al.

The authors analyse Automated Valuation Models (AVMs) integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), positioning them as pivotal in creating a fair, sustainable, and interconnected urban real estate sector. As urbanisation advances, AVMs powered by AI are increasingly central to property valuation, offering data-driven insights that transform traditional appraisal methods. Unlike conventional inspections, AI-enabled AVMs process large datasets for property value estimation, aligning them with urban planning needs. This study highlights AVMs' potential to advance urban real estate practices while addressing challenges in ethics, transparency, and governance. By focusing on the synergy between technology and valuation, AVMs emerge as key in developing adaptive urban planning. Additionally, the paper proposes an ethical framework for AI use in urban contexts, ensuring alignment with professional standards and public trust, serving as a roadmap for practitioners and policymakers in integrating AI responsibly into urban property valuation.

Umer Javeid, Muhammad Tariq Majeed, Munazza Akhtar et al.

This study investigates the complex interrelations between Digital Financial Inclusion, Human Capital, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in South Asian countries from 2005 to 2023. We applied second-generation unit root analysis and panel co-integration test of Westerlund, designed especially for cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity, by subjecting them to rigorous testing of these data irregularities. The Westerlund test results confirm significant long-term co-integration, but findings suggest a mixed character of stationarity. The empirical results indicate that a 1% incline in human capital leads to a 1.81% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, a one-unit increase in digital financial inclusion is associated with a 0.33-unit increase in greenhouse gas emissions. This study addresses a neglected area of existing research through regional analysis and utilises approaches to handle cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Policymakers are encouraged to integrate findings from this study into climate action strategies, emphasising the importance of promoting digital financial inclusion to support human capital development while addressing environmental impacts.

Anna Kuczuk, Janusz Pospolita, Iwona Kłosok-Bazan

One of the important metter of environmental care is effective sewage treatment. Centralised sewage treatment with high efficiency dominates in Poland. However, highly dispersed properties often require the use of other alternative solutions. The aim of the paper is to compare the impact of two sewage treatment methods on the environment: conventional (PWWTP) and plant-pond (PPST). To assess the operation of both treatment plants and their environmental impact, emergy calculation and emergy indicators such as ELR, EYR, and ESI were used. It was found that the PPST treatment plant burdens the environment less. The current operation of the conventional treatment plant absorbs over 87% of the total emergy, while in the case of the biological treatment plant it is 0.40%. ELR for PPST was 5.58, while for PWWTP it was as much as 1809.09. The efficiency of sewage treatment in both treatment plants is similar. BOD5 reduction was 87.5% for PPST and 96.7% for PWWTP. For both treatment plants, an attempt was made to identify other environmental benefits, such as the generation and use of by-products, the possibility of using treated sewage for irrigation purposes or creating a biodiversity site. An attempt was made to quantify some of the additional benefits.

Cuong Le Van, Ngoc-Sang Pham, Thi Kim Cuong Pham et al.

This paper explores the interplay between transfer policies, R\&D, corruption, and economic development using a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and a government. The government collects taxes, redistributes fiscal revenues, and undertakes public investment (in R\&D, infrastructure, etc.). Corruption is modeled as a fraction of tax revenues that is siphoned off and removed from the economy. We first establish the existence of a political-economic equilibrium. Then, using an analytically tractable framework with two private agents, we examine the effects of corruption and evaluate the impact of various policies, including redistribution and innovation-led strategies.

Yaoxuan Zeng, Malte F. Jansen

Ocean heat transport on icy moons shapes the ice shell topography, a primary observable of these moons. Two key processes control the heat transport: baroclinic instability driven by surface buoyancy contrasts and convective instability driven by heating from the core. However, global ocean simulations cannot accurately resolve convection under realistic icy moon conditions and instead often use Earth-based convective parameterizations, which capture only vertical convective mixing and cannot represent rotation-aligned slantwise convection on icy moons. We use high-resolution convection-resolving simulations to investigate ocean heat transport by slantwise convection in a parameter regime relevant to icy moons, isolated from baroclinic instability. Total heat transport follows the Coriolis-Inertial-Archimedean scaling with an added latitude dependence. The vertical transport increases with latitude, and the meridional transport is poleward. These results indicate that slantwise convection redistributes heat toward the poles, favoring a poleward-thinning ice shell, qualitatively consistent with Enceladus's observed ice thickness distribution.

Ke Yang, ChengXiang Zhai

The rapid rise of AI-based autonomous agents is transforming human society and economic systems, as these entities increasingly exhibit human-like or superhuman intelligence. From excelling at complex games like Go to tackling diverse general-purpose tasks with large language and multimodal models, AI agents are evolving from specialized tools into dynamic participants in social and economic ecosystems. Their autonomy and decision-making capabilities are poised to impact industries, professions, and human lives profoundly, raising critical questions about their integration into economic activities, potential ethical concerns, and the balance between their utility and safety. To address these challenges, this paper presents ten principles of AI agent economics, offering a framework to understand how AI agents make decisions, influence social interactions, and participate in the broader economy. Drawing on economics, decision theory, and ethics, we explore fundamental questions, such as whether AI agents might evolve from tools into independent entities, their impact on labor markets, and the ethical safeguards needed to align them with human values. These principles build on existing economic theories while accounting for the unique traits of AI agents, providing a roadmap for their responsible integration into human systems. Beyond theoretical insights, this paper highlights the urgency of future research into AI trustworthiness, ethical guidelines, and regulatory oversight. As we enter a transformative era, this work serves as both a guide and a call to action, ensuring AI agents contribute positively to human progress while addressing risks tied to their unprecedented capabilities.

Davit Gondauri

The article examines the impact of 16 key parameters of the Georgian economy on economic inequality, using the Perelman model and Ricci flow mathematical methods. The study aims to conduct a deep analysis of the impact of socio-economic challenges and technological progress on the dynamics of the Gini coefficient. The article examines the following parameters: income distribution, productivity (GDP per hour), unemployment rate, investment rate, inflation rate, migration (net negative), education level, social mobility, trade infrastructure, capital flows, innovative activities, access to healthcare, fiscal policy (budget deficit), international trade (turnover relative to GDP), social protection programs, and technological access. The results of the study confirm that technological innovations and social protection programs have a positive impact on reducing inequality. Productivity growth, improving the quality of education, and strengthening R&D investments increase the possibility of inclusive development. Sensitivity analysis shows that social mobility and infrastructure are important factors that affect economic stability. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by high R^2 values (80-90%) and the statistical reliability of the Z-statistic (<0.05). The study uses Ricci flow methods, which allow for a geometric analysis of the transformation of economic parameters in time and space. Recommendations include the strategic introduction of technological progress, the expansion of social protection programs, improving the quality of education, and encouraging international trade, which will contribute to economic sustainability and reduce inequality. The article highlights multifaceted approaches that combine technological innovation and responses to socio-economic challenges to ensure sustainable and inclusive economic development.

Marta Kusterka-Jefmańska, Ewa Roszkowska, Bartłomiej Jefmański

The paper aims to measure and assess changes regarding the SQoL experienced by the residents of selected European cities over time. An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Synthetic Measure (IFSM) was applied to measure the SQoL. The measure allows taking into account the element of uncertainty expressed in the lack or refusal to answer. The analysis uses the results of studies on the SQoL conducted by the European Commission in the selected European cities. The method of constructing a pattern object proposed in the article allowed for assessing changes in the SQoL level of European city residents over time. The analysis showed that the subjective quality of life of the residents of European cities is systematically increasing during the period 2006-2019. However, we still observe large differences in the level of this phenomenon among the cities. The results of the research can be used to formulate assumptions or modify urban policies in EU cities to improve the quality of life of citizens.

Marcin Stanuch, Krzysztof Adam Firlej

One of the key elements in the development of countries is energy stability particularly related to ensuring, among other things, continuity of power supply. The European Commission is trying to protect the security of energy supply by introducing internal conditions regarding the share of RES in everyday life. The aim of this article is to forecast the share of RES in electricity production for all the EU member states. The study covers the years 1985-2021, the research is based on two models: the autoregressive (AR) model and the Holt-Winters model, whereas the prediction values were determined for the period 2022-2030. The prediction values showed that Denmark, as the only one of the community countries, may turn out to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity production from RES already at the turn of 2026-2027. In the case of Poland, there is a high probability that the projected RES share for 2030 will not be met. Potentially, for most EU countries, the energy produced from RES will satisfy at least 50% of electricity demand by 2030. A projection of the chances of meeting the commitments presented in the National Energy and Climate Plans regarding the share of renewable energy sources in electricity production in the EU member states in 2030 indicates that they will not be met in most EU economies.

Piotr Adamik

The development of cogeneration is an element of the transformation of the Polish heating sector. Consequently, the state applies various subsidy mechanisms. One of them is the cogeneration bonus, which is designed to stimulate investment in high-efficiency cogeneration. It consists in subsidizing the generated electricity to entities that won the cogeneration bonus auction and then made investments in new cogeneration engines. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of the cogeneration bonus. The thesis assumes that the cogeneration bonus, despite its supportive nature, is not used by investors. This is evidenced by the low level of contracting of subsidies available in individual auctions. To achieve the objective of the study, the ratio of the volume of contracted subsidies in the cogeneration bonus auctions to the volume available for contracting in individual auctions was analyzed. The author has analyzed: the results of the auction for cogeneration bonus, sector reports, CO2 emission price, types of fuel as well as aggregated financial data of Polish heat plants. The research has an implication character, confirming lack of adequacy of cogeneration bonus to financial situation of potential investors.

Isaiah Andrews, Drew Fudenberg, Lihua Lei et al.

Economists often estimate models using data from a particular domain, e.g. estimating risk preferences in a particular subject pool or for a specific class of lotteries. Whether a model's predictions extrapolate well across domains depends on whether the estimated model has captured generalizable structure. We provide a tractable formulation for this "out-of-domain" prediction problem and define the transfer error of a model based on how well it performs on data from a new domain. We derive finite-sample forecast intervals that are guaranteed to cover realized transfer errors with a user-selected probability when domains are iid, and use these intervals to compare the transferability of economic models and black box algorithms for predicting certainty equivalents. We find that in this application, the black box algorithms we consider outperform standard economic models when estimated and tested on data from the same domain, but the economic models generalize across domains better than the black-box algorithms do.

Richard S. J. Tol

Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change do agree on the sign but differ an order of magnitude in effect size. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the effect is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impact of climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. The social cost of carbon shows a similar pattern to the total impact estimates, but with more emphasis on the impacts of moderate warming in the near and medium term.

Patrizio Bifulco, Jochen Glück, Oliver Krebs et al.

This paper characterizes equilibrium properties of a broad class of economic models that allow multiple heterogeneous agents to interact in heterogeneous manners across several markets. Our key contribution is a new theorem providing sufficient conditions for uniqueness and stability of equilibria in this class of models. To illustrate the applicability of our theorem, we characterize the general equilibrium properties of two commonly used quantitative trade models. Specifically, our analysis provides a first proof of uniqueness and stability of the equilibrium in multi-country trade models featuring (i) multiple sectors, or (ii) heterogeneity across countries in terms of their labor cost shares. These examples also provide a practical toolkit for future research on how our theorem can be applied to establish uniqueness and stability of equilibria in a broad set of economic models.

Dariusz Pieńkowski

: A conceptual framework to design sustainable pension policy is offered to tackle the interplays between different determinants from the perspective of economic policy and the concept of sustainable development. The investigation of the main socio-economic determinants presented in the literature resulted in the designing of a holistic conceptual framework, which is designed to support decision-makers and researchers who need to understand the determinants of specific policy programmes and their long-term socio-economic consequences. As a result, it helps to determine and design a sustainable pension policy. The sustainable framework emphasises the ideological background for the economic debates, historical paths plotted in the path-dependence 4S framework and the key arguments for and against the funded and unfunded pension schemes. The sustainable conceptual framework emphasises the multiple objectives of pension policy, resource flows and the capital formation debate in economics, as well as the global perspective of capital flows.

Elvira Mata i Enrich

Fa poc més de trenta-tres anys que la revista Drassana va iniciar la seva trajectòria. Un començament que li hem d’agrair especialment a Joan Alemany, aleshores director del Pla de remodelació de les Drassanes Reials i el Museu Marítim de Barcelona. Vaig tenir la sort de viure i compartir amb la gent que formàvem part del museu en aquell temps la il·lusió d’aquest projecte engrescador, i us puc assegurar que ho vam viure de manera entusiasta. Els darrers anys, la revista Drassana ha fet passos molt importants, de manera que avui és una publicació científica.

I. Martin-de-Santos

Macroeconomic data on the Spanish economy during the Second Republic is not accurate, the interpretation of historical events from the figures obtained is divergent and misleading. Hasty laws were enacted in attempts to resolve social problems arising mainly from deep economic inequalities, but they were often nothing more than declarations of good intentions. Spain suffered in the aftermath of the international economic downturn as it began to be felt at the end of the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera. Economic policy was developed under the Constitution,but, despite the differences between the first and second biennium, there was a tendency to maintain the guidelines from the previous stage and in general, sometimes unfairly, it aimed at least to avoid the destabilization of the financial system. Nonetheless, it ultimately failed to achieve its goals, mainly because of the frequent changes of government mediated by a social crisis of greater significance that had relegated economic issues into the background.

Nicolau López Espinasa

Els manuals de mercaderia eren fonamentals en el procés formatiu dels mercaders a l'edat mitjana, tant pel que fa a les tècniques i habilitats pròpies de l'ofici com a les pautes de comportament. Aquest article estudia un d’aquests llibres, veritables compendis de la pràctica comercial de l’època. Aquest treball de màster va ser el guanyador del III Premi Antoni de Capmany.

Philip Jan Cerepak

This paper examines the role of colonial science institutions in imagining and developing the Coconut Zone, an area of intense coconut production that extends from the small Pacific island chains encompassing the Caroline and the Marshall Islands, all the way to northern Papua, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Southern India. Through an examination of European colonial science institutions, as well as the Philippine Bureau of Science, and Agriculture, this paper establishes the intimate connection between western consumers and tropical producers. Here, within the agricultural institutions, we are able to see the burgeoning demand for copra production and a formation of a distinct Coconut Zone. This paper builds upon Sydney Mintz’s theoretical articulation of sugar production to situate copra, the dried meat of the coconut, in conversation with other global, colonial commodities.

J. G. Donohue, B. J. Florio, A. C. Fowler

We analyse a model of the phosphorus cycle in the ocean given by Slomp and Van Cappellen (2007, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-155-2007). This model contains four distinct oceanic basins and includes relevant parts of the water, carbon and oxygen cycles. We show that the model can essentially be solved analytically, and its behaviour completely understood without recourse to numerical methods. In particular, we show that, in the model, the carbon and phosphorus concentrations in the different ocean reservoirs are all slaved to the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus in the deep ocean, which relaxes to an equilibrium on a time scale of 180,000 y, and we show that the deep ocean is either oxic or anoxic, depending on a critical parameter which we can determine explicitly. Finally, we examine how the value of this critical parameter depends on the physical parameters contained in the model. The presented methodology is based on tools from applied mathematics and can be used to reduce the complexity of other large, biogeochemical models.

Burin Gumjudpai

We consider demand-side economy. Using Caratheodory's approach, we define empirical existence of equation of state (EoS) and coordinates. We found new insights of thermodynamics EoS, the {\it effect structure}. Rules are proposed as criteria in promoting and classifying an empirical law to EoS status. Four laws of thermodynamics are given for economics. We proposed a method to model the EoS with econometrics. Consumer surplus in economics can not be considered as utility. Concepts such as total wealth, generalized utility and generalized surplus are introduced. EoS provides solid foundation in statistical mechanics modelling of economics and finance.