Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

Нино Делић

Попис Босне и Херцеговине 1851/52. године, био је први општи попис становништва спроведен у овој османској провинцији у 19. веку. Због политичких неприлика у Босни током прве половине истог столећа, упркос другачијим плановима власти у Цариграду није било могуће организовати сличан попис и раније. Први озбиљнији процес пописивања становништва у Босни и Херцеговини започео је још 1847. године за време Тахир-паше али није установљено колико је исти био успешан нити су познати његови резултати. Нови и успешнији подухват пописивања иницирао је Омер-паша Латас у лето 1850. године. Попис, који је у трајао бар од 1850. све до 1852. године, никада није званично објављен нити су до недавно били познати подаци за микролокалитете. Сходно објављеним оригиналним пописним књигама попис је био свеобухватан што се тиче мушке популације, не изостављајући ниједну старосну групу или верску заједницу. Устаљено мишљење да је на попису евидентирано знатно мање становника него што их је реално било у Босни и Херцеговини не може се објаснити методолошким приступима већ је нужно тражити грешку на другом месту.

هاريوان يوسف ابراهيم , نيبار بديع عبد العزيز

يتناول هذا البحث موقف إيران من الاتحاد العربي الهاشمي لعام 1958، وهو الحدث الذي مثل محاولة فريدة في التاريخ العربي المعاصر لتوحيد القوى الملكية بين العراق والأردن في إطار سياسي مشترك، بهدف مواجهة المد القومي العربي بقيادة الجمهورية العربية المتحدة برئاسة جمال عبد الناصر. تسعى الدراسة إلى تحليل الموقف الإيراني الرسمي وغير الرسمي من هذا الاتحاد، من خلال تتبع ردود الأفعال السياسية والدبلوماسية الإيرانية إزاء هذه الوحدة. وتظهر النتائج أن الموقف الإيراني اتسم بالحذر والترقب، انطلاقاً من إدراك طهران لحساسية موقعها الإقليمي وعلاقاتها المعقدة مع العراق، إذ رأت في أي تغيير في سياسة بغداد الداخلية أو الخارجية احتمالاً لتهديد توازن مصالحها في منطقة الخليج العربي. وبذلك، فإن الموقف الإيراني من الاتحاد لم يكن رفضاً صريحاً ولا تأييداً واضحاً، بل موقفاً وسطاً متوجساً يعكس طبيعة السياسة الإيرانية آنذاك القائمة على التحفظ والحذر في التعاطي مع التحالفات العربية.

German Morong-Reyes, Matthias Gloël

En 1563, y en medio de la discusión sobre la perpetuidad de las encomiendas en el Perú (1560-1570), un parecer fue remitido al presidente del Consejo de Indias, Juan Sarmiento (ca.1518-1564). Tal escrito, titulado Parecer cerca de la perpetuidad y buen gobierno de los indios del Perú y aviso de lo que deben hacer los encomenderos para salvarse –cuya autoría es desconocida– constituye una respuesta teóricamente elaborada, opuesta a los informes y pareceres de factura dominica que promovían el fin de las encomiendas como responsables directas del abuso, explotación y miseria de los indios. En este artículo se analiza este documento considerando su contexto de producción en virtud de ponderar el ejercicio del buen gobierno respecto de la necesidad de mantener los fueros y costumbres de los naturales. La hipótesis central plantea que este texto, junto a un conjunto no menor de textos oficiales, seculares y religiosos, al servicio del buen gobierno y del asentamiento de la policía cristiana en los reinos del Perú, es parte de una discursividad general que en la década de 1560 a 1570 resaltaba positivamente las prácticas de gobernanza incaicas, a la vez que ratificaba  el argumento sobre la inferioridad natural de los indios.

Marisol Saavedra Neyra, Mariela Liliana Huaccha Villavicencio

La corrupción es un fenómeno sociopolítico y económico con una carga cultural y ética que pareciera ser insoslayable, por lo menos en países de Latinoamérica. Está presente en diversas esferas de lo público y lo privado, frecuentemente muta, es oculta, se transforma, deriva, es aceleradamente recurrente, por tanto, representa una amenaza para el Estado de Derecho. Por ello, este estudio basado en metodología cualitativa- documental de valoración hermenéutica, procura reflexionar sobre la lucha para combatir la corrupción aportando constructos teóricos que sirvan de referencia para reformas judiciales que contribuyan a minimizar la concurrencia del fenómeno. Se establecen relaciones causales del debilitamiento del Estado Derecho percibido y real, cuando la recurrencia de la corrupción representa un alto riesgo para la sociedad. Se reflexiona sobre el enfoque en el campo de la diasdoralogía desde una visión holística para implementar reformas judiciales como contribución teórica para minimizar los delitos de corrupción.

María Teresa Plaza, Daniel Pavlovic, Marcos Martinón-Torres

La expansión del Tawantinsuyu en el valle del Aconcagua (Chile central) fue culturalmente mediada y evitando la coerción militar, lo que derivó en distintas formas de aceptación, resistencia y aculturación. En este contexto, son casi inexistentes los estudios que discutan cómo este proceso se manifestó en la tecnología metalúrgica del Período Tardío (ca. 1400-1530 DC). Presentamos los resultados del estudio tecnológico sobre un conjunto de crisoles y moldes encontrados en el valle del Aconcagua y asociados a piezas metálicas hechas en base a cobre, utilizando microscopía óptica, petrografía, SEM-EDS, XRD y FTIR. Nuestros resultados indican que las materias primas utilizadas fueron rocas ígneas obtenidas de depósitos probablemente locales, mezcladas con pequeñas cantidades de arcillas tipo esmectitas-montmorillonitas. En el caso de los moldes, estos además contenían hueso molido como antiplástico. Todas las cerámicas fueron cubiertas con una pasta de hueso puro para mejorar su refractariedad. Las temperaturas de cocción se estimaron entre 800 y 850 °C para los moldes y superior a los 900 °C para los crisoles. La morfología y tecnología utilizada sugieren que una tradición tecnológica originada en el Noroeste Argentino fue introducida al valle del Aconcagua y aceptada por ciertas comunidades locales durante la expansión del Tawantinsuyu.

Pierluigi Terenzi

Il saggio propone una rilettura della storia politica dell’Aquila da metà Trecento a fine Quattrocento, per attribuire il giusto peso a tre attori politici: signori, sovrani, mercanti. Attraverso l’analisi di forme e procedure istituzionali, gruppi e articolazioni sociali e fazioni si rimarca la centralità dei mercanti nel delineare gli assetti politici e la rappresentanza, si illustrano le con- vergenze e le divergenze fra partes e gruppo dirigente, e la sinergia fra quest’ultimo e i signori cittadini. Tale sinergia fu essenziale per il controllo del contado – di cui si esamina il ruolo politico – e per la negoziazione con la monarchia, che permette di considerare quest’ultima come una risorsa per gli aquilani. In conclusione, si riprendono gli aspetti trattati per mettere in luce alcuni elementi della cultura politica aquilana.

B. Vollmer, M. Fossati, A. Boselli et al.

NGC 4330 is one of the Virgo galaxies whose UV emission distributions show a tail structure. An associated tail structure is also observed in the HI and Hα emission distributions. Previous dynamical modeling has shown that the galaxy is approaching the cluster center and is therefore undergoing increasing ram pressure stripping. Recent stellar population fitting of deep optical spectra together with multiband photometry led to the determination of the time when star formation was quenched in the galactic disk. We introduce a new version of the dynamical model that includes not only the dense neutral gas, but also the diffuse ionized gas, and we aim to reproduce the HI, Hα, and UV distributions together with the star formation histories of the outer gas-free parts of the galactic disk. We present the results of 50 simulations with five different Lorentzian temporal ram pressure profiles and five different delays between the simulation onset and peak ram pressure. The delays were introduced to study the influence of galactic structure on the outcome of the simulations. The inclusion of diffuse gas stripping significantly changes the HI, UV, and Hα emission distributions. The simulations with diffuse gas stripping naturally led to vertical low surface density filaments in the downwind region of the galactic disk. These filaments occur less frequently in the simulations without diffuse gas stripping. The simulations with diffuse gas stripping led to better joint fits to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and optical spectra. The HI, near-UV, and Hα morphologies of the model snapshots that best reproduce the SEDs and optical spectra are sufficiently different to permit a selection of best-fit models. We conclude that the inclusion of diffuse gas stripping significantly improves the resemb+lance between the model and observations. Our preferred model yields a time to peak ram pressure of 140 Myr in the future. The spatial coincidence of the radio continuum and diffuse Hα tails suggests that both gas phases are stripped together. We suggest that the star formation in the outer tail is sporadic and low level, and this explains the absence of a significant amount of cosmic ray electrons there. Furthermore, we suggest that the mixed interstellar medium is ionized by collisions with the thermal electrons of the ambient intracluster medium, which confines the filaments.

Onur cCatmabacak, R. Feldmann, D. Angl'es-Alc'azar et al.

The concurrent growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies remains to be fully explored, especially at high redshift. While often understood as a consequence of self-regulation via AGN feedback, it can also be explained by alternative SMBH accretion models. Here, we expand on previous work by studying the growth of SMBHs with the help of a large suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations (MassiveFIRE) that are part of the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. The growth of SMBHs is modelled in post-processingwith different black hole accretionmodels, placements, andmerger treatments, and validated by comparing to on-the-fly calculations. Scaling relations predicted by the gravitational torque driven accretion (GTDA) model agree with observations at low redshiftwithout the need for AGN feedback, in contrast to models in which the accretion rate depends strongly on SMBH mass. At high redshift, we find deviations from the local scaling relations in line with previous theoretical results. In particular, SMBHs are under-massive, presumably due to stellar feedback, but start to grow efficiently once their host galaxies reach M∗ ∼ 1010M . We analyse and explain these findings in the context of a simple analytic model. Finally, we show that the predicted scaling relations depend sensitively on the SMBH location and the efficiency of SMBH merging, particularly in low-mass systems. These findings highlight the relevance of understanding the evolution of SMBH-galaxy scaling relations to predict the rate of gravitational wave signals from SMBH mergers across cosmic history.

Gonzalo Ezequiel Lus Bietti

Karapetian M.K., Leybova N.A., Sharapova S.V.

The body of works on craniological and paleoodontological analyses of the materials from the Bronze Age sites of the Southern Trans-Urals still has not clarified the question of the genesis of the people who lived in this area. This is partly due to fragmentary state of the available materials, so that publication of new data appears highly relevant. This paper deals with the results of craniological and dental analyses of an osteological sample from two kurgans of the Nepljuevski burial ground, excavated between 2015 and 2017 by a Russian-German archaeological expedition. The burial ground is located 300 km south-west of Chelyabinsk city, in Kartalinsky district in the steppes of the Southern Trans-Urals. The recovered materials are dated to the Late Bronze Age and attributed to the Srubnaya-Alakul Culture variant. Materials and methods. Metric description of 5 male and 6 female crania is given. The dental sample comprised remains of 14 children and adolescents and 12 adults. Standard craniometric and paleoodontological protocols were used. Statistical procedures included principal component analysis (PCA) for craniometric traits and correspondence analysis for odontological traits. Results. Generally, the crania show morphology characteristic for the European (Caucasian) groups. The male crania are homogenous in such traits as narrow, vividly protruding nose and a pronounced horizontal profiling. The sample is dominated by individuals with a high facial height. Females and males generally show morphological similarities, but females, on average, have a relatively higher braincase, wider and lower orbits, a relatively wider nose, and slightly less pronounced horizontal profiling. The odontological analysis is in line with the cranoimetric data indicating European ancestry. One of the distinct characteristics of this sample is the presence of «enamel pearls» — a usually rare trait — in 5 out of 12 individuals, which may indicate an increased percentage of biological relatives in it. Conclusion. Overall, the crania from kurgan 1 find analogies among gracilized high-faced forms widespread in Southern Urals and Kazakhstan during the Bronze Age, often linked to the southern ancestry. The attribution of the Nepljuevski sample to the circle of gracile forms is indicated by the results of odontological analysis, which revealed its proximity to the Tripolye culture sample.

A.Kh. Masharipova

The article discusses the issues associated with the settlement of emigrants from Vologda in a new place in the 19th century drawing on the analysis of archival sources, primarily paperwork materials. An extensive group of sources allowed us to trace and analyse the activities of government bodies, as well as identify the causes of emigration and main problems associated with the settlement in a new place. The analysis of archival materials was supplemented by field studies conducted by the Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS in 2005–2008 in the south of the Tyumen Region, where the descendants of the Komi settlers live (Zavodoukovsk, Yurga, Yalutorovsk and Yarkovo Districts). The settlement of Komi family groups from the Vologda Governorate is dated at the first third of the 19th century and is primarily related to the economic situation of the peasants (shortage of land, poor harvest, growing tax arrears). Most of the immigrants from Vologda settled in the Yalutorovsk District of the Tobolsk Governorate, having established compact settlements in Zavodoukovsk, Ivanovo and Pletnevo volosts. Due to a long period of land management works, the first settlers could not get a job for a long time. With the permission given by the Tobolsk State Chamber in 1841, the Komi-Zyryans settled in the lands of the non-indigenous Tatars (Aslaninskaya Volost), who traditionally used these lands in accordance with the cadastres, annually paying yasak (tribute) to the treasury. The culture, everyday life and the lifestyle of the indigenous population and immigrants differed significantly. Land management works caused great discontent among the indigenous population, which led to numerous land disputes. Difficulties and hardships of immigrants were reflected in the archival documents on the allocation of land and forest allotments, their use, as well as appeals to official authorities (complaints, petitions and legal disputes). When resolving the land dispute, local authorities tried to find a compromise and resolve the conflict through the allotment of vacant state lands. However, the Tatars demanded the return of the land given to the Komi settlers. As a result, the land was allocated to the settlers. As the proper conditions for the settlement were not created, in the following years they had to develop new lands, as well as to establish relations with the surrounding population. Later immigrants were settled on the excess land taken from long-term residents, who did not give it to the settlers and oppressed them. A lot of immigrants due to their plight made a decision to move to other governorates.

Barbara Birley

Roman Vindolanda lies on the Stanegate Road to the south of Hadrian's Wall, on the northern frontier of the Romano-British province. It has complex stratigraphy with at least ten layers of occupation dating from around AD 85 to its abandonment in the 5th century, but it is the first five levels from AD 85 to AD 130-139 that have produced some of the most significant organic objects from the Empire, including the Vindolanda writing tablets (Birley 2009). One of the distinctive aspects of the Vindolanda collection is the large number of wooden hair combs found in these levels. Over 160 boxwood hair combs have been unearthed from the site. Resembling modern nit combs, these small objects had the primary function of cleaning and detangling hair, but further examination of the collection allows for the exploration of different aspects of style and function.

Volkova Elizaveta V., Kiryagin Konstantin V., Sitdikov Airat G. et al.

This article presents paleopathological characteristic of skeletal remains of one of the groups of the Bolgar fortified settlement related to the Golden Horde period. The anthropological material was obtained during archaeological excavations in the north-western part of the site in 2013 (excavation CXCI). The authors have analyzed remains of 35 individuals: 16 women, 8 men and 11 children. Our work consisted of two parts: 1) osteoscopy and radiography (with parallel attempts to reconstruct mechanisms behind development of a number of trauma-driven pathologies by forensic methods); 2) osteoscopy of the dentoalveolar system to determine the following pathologies: caries, osteomyelitis of the jaw, dental calculus, parodontopathy, antemortem tooth loss, enamel hypoplasia. The authors have marked out several types of pathological changes that show living and military activity of the studied group. The data we thus obtained allow the researchers us to infer that their diet may have consisted, predominantly, of coarse, viscous food, rich in carbonhydrates, and that they were exposed to very pressing stress factors.

Philippe Racinet, Mathieu Wawrzyniak, Maxime Larratte

Ebrahim Khoshnama, M. Taghipour, R. Sharifian et al.

Sir, A 35-year-old right handed woman brought to the emergency department of Bu-Ali Sina Hospital, Sari, Iran, with sudden seizure, right hemiparesis, and dysarthria. During this acute phase the patient had a significant tremor and was frequently rolling on the floor and screaming. At the time of the first examination, she was found to have facial paresis, Broca's aphasia, and right hemiplegia. About 2.5 years ago she called in a doctor with chief complaint of bloody defecation and tenesmus. A colonoscopy showed decreased vascular pattern and mucosal edema with submucosal hemorrhage. A biopsy was taken from ileum, cecum, and rectum of the patient. Pathologic results verified ulcerative colitis (UC) [Figure 1]. Asacol 800 mg tablets (4.8 g/day) prescribed for her. Treatment is ongoing and the patient does not have any digestive problem. In September 2010 she referred to neurology clinic with paresis in her upper limb. Also she had weight loss, back pain, vertigo, diplopia, blurred vision, and imbalance. At this time the patient had no digestive complaint. The patient was a case of asthma too that was confirmed by spirometry. Spirometery showed reduced forced expiratory volume (FEV)1, FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, and peak expiratory volume (PEF) suggesting of obstructive pattern. Her recent problems started 6 months ago. In the physical examination bilateral radial pulses of the upper limbs and distal pulses of lower limbs were different. In laboratory tests erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 95 (normal limit (NL) = 0–30). She admitted with a diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis (TA) that was verified by color Doppler sonography and angiography. The upper limb had monophasic flow with decreased peak systolic velocity (PSV) in arterial color Doppler sonography. Proximal part of brachial and auxiliary arteries was occluded. Decrease of the lumen due to defuse wall thickness in large arteries especially common carotid and left brachiocephalic arteries were seen. Angiography showed complete obstruction in ascending aorta, right and left subclavian, and both sides of carotid arteries. Four months ago she was brought to our hospital for sudden convulsion with decreased consciousness. Brain MRI showed an ischemic cerebrovascular accident in the occipital part [Figure 2]. She had several experience of convulsions from that time until now. Now he is bedridden for the next stroke. She has a past history of anemia from 2 years ago, but does not have any other risk factors like: Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and positive family history of cardiovascular diseases. On admission she was not febrile in physical examinations. Blood pressure at brachial artery not detected on both right and left sides. Pulse rate of the right hand was 92/min, but the left side was so weak. Right and left dorsalis pedis pulses were well palpable and symmetric. Auscultation of the heart, lung, and also carotid and subclavian arteries were normal. In neurological examinations, she has Broca's aphasia, facial paresis, and right hemiplegia. Babinski reflex was positive in right foot. Sensory evaluations of right side of the body are impaired. Laboratory data were as follows: White blood cell count 14,200/mm3(lymphocytes 25%, monocytes 2%, neutrophil 73%), red blood cell count 436 × 104/mm3, hemoglobin 12.5 g/dl, platelet count 455 × 103/mm3, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 120, and C-reactive protein (CRP) 102.3. Prothrombin time was within normal limit. Immunological evaluations revealed CH50 98 U/ml, C3 181.75 mg/dl, C4 32.4 mg/dl, antinuclear antibody (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) 4.1 U/mL and anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) 9.6 IU/ml. Urine analysis and stool examination were normal. In radiology examinations, chest X-ray was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed occipital infarction as a signal intensity changing at the right occipital lobe and subcortical region with gyral pattern. Finally in the management of patients with TA, some other inflammatory diseases such as UC should be considered and vice versa.[1,2] And also perform more diagnostic evaluations to prevent progression of disease toward cerebral vessel involvement and dangerous complications such as stroke.[3,4] Figure 1 (Low power field) Cecal mucosa reveals surface and glandular epithelium with marked polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) exocytosis resulted to crypt abscess, goblet cell depletion, and reparative changes. The congested lamina propria shows severe lymphocytic, ... Figure 2 Brain computed tomography (CT) scan shows infarction in right occipital lobe

Song-Yun Wang, J. M. N. A. Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al.

In this paper, we present internal surface brightness profiles, using images in the F606W and F814W filter bands observed with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope, for 10 globular clusters (GCs) in the outer halo of M31. Standard King models are fitted to the profiles to derive their structural and dynamical parameters. The results show that, in general, the properties of clusters in M31 and the Milky Way fall in the same regions of parameter spaces. The outer halo GCs of M31 have larger ellipticities than most of the GCs in M31 and the Milky Way. Their large ellipticities may be due to galaxy tides coming from satellite dwarf galaxies of M31 or may be related to the apparently more vigorous accretion or merger history that M31 has experienced. The tight correlation of cluster binding energy Eb with mass Mmod indicates that the “fundamental plane” does exist for clusters, regardless of their host environments, which is consistent with previous studies.

Guojun Peng, Yong-dong Wu, Yang Liu et al.

Gilson Pereira

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar os resultados de um processo, que visou a identificação e observação de fitólitos a partir de fragmentos de carvão, que foram encontrados no sítio Garopaba IV localizado no litoral de Santa Catarina, além de testes com fragmentos de carvão, propondo uma nova abordagem sobre estes importantes achados arqueológicos. Esta análise pode auxiliar a pesquisa arqueológica, pois tendo em vista que a presença de carvão é um traço marcante em sítios arqueológicos, a sua análise poderia ser, não somente com fins antracológicos. Os resultados demonstraram a eficácia na aplicação do método, em que foi possível identificar os fitólitos presentes nos fragmentos de carvão podendo ser uma boa ferramenta na pesquisa arqueológica.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Análise de fitólitos, fragmentos de carvão, Silício.   ABSTRACT: This article aims to present the results of a process, that aimed at the identification and observation of phytoliths through charcoal remains, which were found at the site Garopaba IV, located on the southern coast of Santa Catarina, in addition to tests with fragments of charcoal, proposing a new approach on these archaeological remains. This analyses can support archaeological researches, because, considering that the presence of charcoal is a striking feature in archaeological sites, its analysis could be, not only used for anthracological purposes. The results demonstrated the efficacy of the method, wherein it was possible to identify phytoliths presents in the fragments of charcoal, what could be a good tool in archaeological research.   KEY-WORKS: Analysis of phytoliths, Fragments of charcoal, Silicon.

David Bisson

This article intends to highlight the topic of the transformation of the religious throughout the modern era using two different biases. First of all, by examining how the idea of religion takes root into the context of the “ultramodernity”, which is qualified by the acceleration of the modernity and makes it necessary to reconsider the concept of secularization. Then, we must also try to grasp a new way of understanding the term “spirituality” which would allow us to understand the new means of access to transcendence. Consequently, we will suggest a more precise definition of the spirituality before confronting it with certain sociological realities: “Spiritual Path” and “Holistic Spirituality”. To conclude, we willquestion the concept of “spirituality” according to what Yves Lambert named a “tournant axial”, in other terms: a general reconfiguration of the religious world.

Andrzej Mierzwiński

The paper raises the question of grave opening at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age at bi-ritual burial grounds from the area of the so-called Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup of the Lusatian culture. The author proposes that this phenomenon should be recognized as a ritual action, referring to the structure of the funeral ritual of passage. It would be typical of inhumation burials. The increase in grave opening at the discussed area and period was in connection with migrations of the population