Hasil untuk "Anthropology"

J. Ogbu

G. Batho, T. Husén, T. Postlethwaite

Harry F. Wolcott

In this long-anticipated second edition of The Art of Fieldwork, prominent anthropologist Harry F. Wolcott updates his original groundbreaking text, which both challenges and petitions anthropology and its practitioners to draw not only on the traditional precepts of science, but also on the richness of artistry in the collection, interpretation, and expression of fieldwork data. Each of the original chapters have been thoughtfully revised to reflect the past nine years of anthropological development. Combined with a new final chapter, this refreshing text makes an exciting reentry into the ongoing debate of the processes, challenges, and rewards of fieldwork methodology. Researchers in qualitative methods and field methods_and fieldworkers across disciplines_will find this well-crafted, approachable book a thought-provoking read.

Suzanne J. Kessler, W. McKenna

M. Sahlins

Catherine Lutz

P. Friedrich, L. Abu-Lughod

C. Helman

A. Kleinman

J. Steward

R. BliegeBird, EricAlden Smith

A. Escobar

R. Baskerville

T. Ingold

Ethnography has become a term so overused, both in anthropology and in contingent disciplines, that it has lost much of its meaning. I argue that to attribute “ethnographicness” to encounters with those among whom we carry on our research, or more generally to fieldwork, is to undermine both the ontological commitment and the educational purpose of anthropology as a discipline, and of its principal way of working—namely participant observation. It is also to reproduce a pernicious distinction between those with whom we study and learn, respectively within and beyond the academy. Anthropology’s obsession with ethnography, more than anything else, is curtailing its public voice. The way to regain it is through reasserting the value of anthropology as a forward-moving discipline dedicated to healing the rupture between imagination and real life.

G. Salkeld, Andrew S. Mitchell, Suzanne Hill

Anthropology looks at pharmaceuticals as social and cultural phenomena. It is interested in the relationship between human beings and the medicines they produce, sell, prescribe, and consume. This entry describes the history of pharmaceutical anthropology, the “biography” and “social life” of pharmaceuticals, and the most prominent concepts and perspectives in the study of pharmaceuticals, including critical medical anthropology, agency, pharmaceuti-calization, self-medication, commodification, globalization, pharmaceutical symbolism, and resistance toward the use of pharmaceuticals. Three long-lasting debates related to pharmaceuticals are presented: the role of the industry, the placebo effect, and the controversy about the efficacy of traditional/alternative versus biomedical medicines. Lastly, the practical relevance of anthropological research of pharmaceuticals is discussed.

E. Cunha, E. Baccino, L. Martrille et al.

C. Wolff, F. Bade, C. M. Kraan

Abstract Managed retreat, the purposeful relocation of households and assets to reduce flood risk, is gaining recognition as an essential adaptation strategy under intensifying climate change. Although often contested and perceived as socially or politically unacceptable, managed retreat holds potential to enhance the long‐term resilience of at‐risk communities. In Europe, however, it remains comparatively underexplored, with only a handful of European managed retreat cases that have been reported on in the academic literature. Here, we present a data set of European managed retreat cases, based on a multilingual review of academic and gray literature, as well as media articles. We found 44 implemented or planned cases of managed retreat across the continent, spanning 11 countries, ranging from the relocation of individual assets to more than 1,500 households. Through a cross‐case analysis, we identify five key factors that influence the process and outcomes of managed retreat projects: the compensation offered, the timing of the project, the engagement of the affected community, the leadership taken by the government, and the post‐relocation land use. Our analysis demonstrates that, although managed retreat remains less common than engineered protection measures, it is more prevalent in Europe than previously assumed and is already being practiced in varied forms. By uncovering common challenges and enabling conditions, this study offers transferable insights for advancing more anticipatory and strategically designed managed retreat initiatives, both within Europe and beyond.

Kornelia Kaźmierkiewicz, Martyna Chojnacka, Marta Ewelina Lis et al.

Introduction and aim of the study: Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, represent a significant health challenge. Therapies are being sought that could delay the development of these diseases and also mitigate their course. Fulvic acid, which is an organic humic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has attracted increasing interest in the context of treating neurodegenerative diseases. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of fulvic acid on neurodegenerative diseases, mainly Alzheimer's disease, and to determine its therapeutic potential. Materials and methods: The paper is based on an analysis of studies available in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and other scientific databases. Clinical trials, preclinical studies, and review papers on the use of fulvic acid in the context of Alzheimer's disease were searched. Conclusions: Fulvic acid, due to its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective abilities, shows promising potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, especially in terms of slowing down the loss of cognitive function and protecting against neurodegeneration. It is advisable to conduct further studies aimed at a more thorough evaluation of the efficacy and safety of fulvic acid in the context of the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Anshu Kumari, Manish Tiwari, Rahul Mor et al.

Abstract Gender and sustainability are crucial in agriculture, which remains a significant source of global employment. However, urbanization, industrialization, and technological advancements have reshaped the sector, impacting labor dynamics and gender roles. Traditional agricultural labor faces challenges due to low wages, physically demanding tasks, and unfavorable working conditions. Addressing gender disparities and promoting inclusive work environments is essential for achieving sustainability. According to the ILO (International Labour Office) decent work encompasses productivity and equal employment opportunities for both genders. This study aims to review the literature on gender, sustainability and agricultural development using a bibliometric analysis of Scopus-indexed articles. The findings identify five main research domains: gender dynamics and roles, agriculture and climate change, sustainability and development, human and labor dynamics, and environmental and technological aspects. Additionally, four key scientific communities led the research: Gender studies, agricultural economics, environmental management, and rural sociology. Emerging research trends focus on gender roles in sustainable farming, environmental innovation, and labor governance in agriculture. Spain, the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada lead in knowledge production, contributing significantly to these research domains. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to address the complex issues of gender and sustainability in agriculture. It also specifies a target for expectations research, highlighting that the ILO’s definition of appropriate employment can guide efforts to improve gender equity and labor conditions, ultimately supporting sustainable development in the agricultural sector.

Xuejian Li, Huaqiang Du, Guomo Zhou et al.

Vegetation phenology has long been adapted to environmental change and is highly sensitive to climate change. Shifts in phenology also affect feedbacks of vegetation to environmental factors such as topography and climate by influencing spatiotemporal fluctuations in productivity, carbon fixation, and the carbon water cycle. However, there are limited studies which explores the combined effects of the climate and terrain on phenology. Bamboo forests exhibit the outstanding phenological phenomena and play an important role in maintaining global carbon balance in climate change. Therefore, the interaction mechanisms of climate and topography on bamboo forest phenology were analyzed in Zhejiang Province, China during 2001–2017. The partial least squares path model was applied to clarify the interplay between the climate and terrain impacts on phenology under land cover/use change. The results revealed that the average start date of the growing season (SOS) significantly advanced by 0.81 days annually, the end date of the growing season (EOS) was delayed by 0.27 days annually, and the length of the growing season (LOS) increased by 1.08 days annually. There were obvious spatial differences in the partial correlation coefficients between the climate factors and phenological metrics. Although the SOS, EOS and LOS were affected by different climatic factors, precipitation was the dominant factor. Due to the sensitivity of the SOS and EOS to precipitation, a 100 mm increase in regional annual precipitation would cause the average SOS to advance by 0.18 days and the EOS to be delayed by 0.12 days. Regarding the terrain factors affecting climate conditions, there were clear differences in the influences of different altitudes, slopes and aspect gradients on bamboo forest phenology. This study further showed that topographic factors mainly affected the interannual variations in phenological metrics under land cover/use change by affecting precipitation. This study clarified the spatial pattern of bamboo forest phenology and the interactive mechanisms between vegetative phenology and environmental conditions, as this information is crucial in assessing the impact of phenological change on the carbon sequestration potential of bamboo forests.