Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Site Xu MPH, Mu Sun MD

With the rise of feminism, women report experiencing doubt or discrimination in medical settings. This study aims to explore the linguistic mechanisms by which physicians express disbelief toward patients and to investigate gender differences in the use of negative medical descriptions. A content analysis of 285 electronic medical records was conducted to identify 4 linguistic bias features: judging, reporting, quoting, and fudging. Sentiment classification and knowledge graph with ICD-11 were used to determine the prevalence of these features in the medical records, and logistic regression was applied to test gender differences. A total of 2354 descriptions were analyzed, with 64.7% of the patients identified as male. Descriptions of female patients contained fewer judgmental linguistic features but more fudging-related linguistic features compared to male patients (judging: OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.88, p < 0.01; fudging: OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.09-1.75, p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in the use of reporting (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.61-1.47, p = 0.81) and quoting (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.72-1.36, p = 0.96) between male and female patients. This study highlights how physicians may express disbelief toward patients through linguistic biases, particularly through the use of judging and fudging language. Both male and female patients may face different types of systematic bias from physicians, with female patients experiencing more fudging-related language and less judgmental language compared to male patients. These differences point to a potential mechanism through which gender disparities in healthcare quality may arise, underscoring the need for further investigation and action to address these biases.

Sinan Aral, Seth G Benzell, Avinash Collis et al.

We use representative, incentive-compatible online choice experiments involving 19,923 Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and X users in the US to provide the first large-scale, empirical measurement of local network effects in the digital economy. Our analysis reveals social media platform value ranges from $78 to $101 per consumer, per month, on average, and that 20-34% of that value is explained by local network effects. We also find 1) stronger ties are more valuable on Facebook and Instagram, while weaker ties are more valuable on LinkedIn and X; 2) connections known through work are most valuable on LinkedIn and least valuable on Facebook, and people looking for work value LinkedIn significantly more and Facebook significantly less than people not looking for work; 3) men value connections to women on social media significantly more than they value connections to other men, particularly on Instagram, Facebook and X, while women value connections to men and women equally; 4) white consumers value relationships with other white consumers significantly more than they value relationships with non-white consumers on Facebook while, on Instagram, connections to alters eighteen years old or younger are valued significantly more than any other age group-two patterns not seen on any other platforms. Social media platforms individually generate between $53B and $215B in consumer surplus per year in the US alone. These results suggest social media generates significant value, local network effects drive a substantial fraction of that value and that these effects vary across platforms, consumers, and connections.

Kyle Taylor, Pany Sananikhom, Ousavanh Thiengthepvongsa et al.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the association between children's feeding practices and the nutritional status of children 6–23 months in Lao PDR. Method The study is based on the latest Provincial Household Survey 2022 (PHS 2022). The WHO's guidelines were used to define nutritional status. If height‐for‐age (HAZ), weight‐for‐height (WHZ) and weight‐for‐age (WAZ) z‐scores were below −2, children were considered stunted, wasted and underweight, respectively. Minimum meal frequency (MMF) was considered if breastfeeding children consumed soft foods two times per day for infants 6–8 months and three times for children 9–23 months, and that nonbreastfeeding children consumed solid, semisolid, soft foods or milk feeds four times for children aged 6–23 months the previous day. A child was regarded to have a minimum dietary diversity (MDD) if they had consumed foods from at least five of the eight main groups the previous day. Minimum acceptable diet (MAD) was considered if children aged 6–23 months had at least the MMF and the MDD indicators in the previous 24 h. Results There was a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship between MAD and stunting among children aged 6–23 months. Regarding the predictors of MMF, MDD and MAD, the probability of MDD and MAD increased with the child's age, whereas MMF decreased. We found that the higher the mother's education, the probability of their children attaining MDD, MMF and MAD increased. A significant negative relationship was observed among children living in rural areas with MMF, MDD and MAD. Our analysis also found that children who were not currently breastfed were less likely to meet MMF, MDD and MAD compared with children who were currently breastfed. Conclusion Interventions for infant and young child feeding (IYFC) in Lao PDR, with a particular emphasis on rural households, mothers with little to no education, and new parents, should be targeted for future nutrition interventions to increase optimal feeding practices among the children.

José Manuel Morán Faúndes

El creciente interés académico por estudiar a los movimientos “provida/profamilia” en Latinoamérica ha generado diversas etiquetas para conceptualizarlos. Términos como fundamentalismos, neoconservadurismos, antigénero, antiderechos, entre otros, hacen parte de estas múltiples terminologías. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos donde las etiquetas hayan sido debatidas. Ante este relativo vacío, este texto busca discutir las principales categorías propuestas desde la academia latinoamericana. Para ello, se agruparon en tres grandes tipologías: los conceptos negativos o “anti” (antigénero, antiderechos, antiaborto, antifeminismos); los asociados al carácter conservador del movimiento (conservadurismo y neoconservadurismo); y los que resaltan la impronta religiosa del mismo (fundamentalismo, integrismo, neointegrismo y conservadurismo religioso).

Mohamed Lichouri, Khaled Lounnas, Khelil Rafik Ouaras et al.

This study compares Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) features with Sentence Transformers for detecting writers' stances--favorable, opposing, or neutral--towards three significant topics: COVID-19 vaccine, digital transformation, and women empowerment. Through empirical evaluation, we demonstrate that Sentence Transformers outperform TF-IDF features across various experimental setups. Our team, dzStance, participated in a stance detection competition, achieving the 13th position (74.91%) among 15 teams in Women Empowerment, 10th (73.43%) in COVID Vaccine, and 12th (66.97%) in Digital Transformation. Overall, our team's performance ranked 13th (71.77%) among all participants. Notably, our approach achieved promising F1-scores, highlighting its effectiveness in identifying writers' stances on diverse topics. These results underscore the potential of Sentence Transformers to enhance stance detection models for addressing critical societal issues.

Méliné Kasparian

This article explores the link between hospitality and power in two poems by contemporary Chicana writers Pat Mora and Sandra Cisneros, reflecting on how these two poems denounce the complicity of certain discourses and practices of hospitality with oppression and exclusion. Both poems explore the intersection between hospitality, power and inequality, highlighting the power differentials at play beneath relationships of hospitality. Hospitality appears in the two poems as a cover-up for marginalization and exploitation, the exclusion of migrants and post-migrants and the subjugation of women through norms of self-sacrifice. However, the two poems also reclaim hospitality and offer textual forms of generosity and care, or poetic hospitality in the way they welcome in voices, readers, and stories.  

Aishwarya Rohatgi, Sambit Dash

Menstruation is a naturally occurring phenomenon; however, millions of adolescent girls and women, as well as nonbinary persons who bleed every month, are deprived of menstruating safely and respectfully. Those belonging to marginalized sections face the brunt of lack of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities; affordable menstrual supplies; and inequitable distribution of menstrual health education and are victims of period poverty. Their preexisting suffering was further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively affected the mental health of those menstruating. Adolescent girls and women in communities found it persistently challenging to access and afford menstrual products while deprived of menstrual hygiene education. These put them under immense stress and elevated financial liability, predisposing them to period poverty. Interventions addressing period poverty rely on mustering collective community voices and deploying adequate policy tools. All the efforts and solutions must provide social and financial protection nets and psychological aid through mental health support groups. It is core to drive menstrual health equity for all menstruators, irrespective of who they are, what they do, and where they live.

Qi Wan, Ying Ling Yao, XingYu Lv et al.

Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine administration on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in infertile couples in China. Methods: We collected data from the CYART prospective cohort, which included couples undergoing IVF treatment from January 2021 to September 2022 at Sichuan Jinxin Xinan Women & Children's Hospital. Based on whether they received vaccination before ovarian stimulation, the couples were divided into the vaccination group and the non-vaccination group. We compared the laboratory parameters and pregnancy outcomes between the two groups. Findings: After performing propensity score matching (PSM), the analysis demonstrated similar clinical pregnancy rates, biochemical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates between vaccinated and unvaccinated women. No significant disparities were found in terms of embryo development and laboratory parameters among the groups. Moreover, male vaccination had no impact on patient performance or pregnancy outcomes in assisted reproductive technology treatments. Additionally, there were no significant differences observed in the effects of vaccination on embryo development and pregnancy outcomes among couples undergoing ART. Interpretation: The findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination did not have a significant effect on patients undergoing IVF/ICSI with fresh embryo transfer. Therefore, it is recommended that couples should receive COVID-19 vaccination as scheduled to help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ava Polzin, Yasmeen Asali, Sanah Bhimani et al.

This book was created as part of the SIRIUS B VERGE program to orient students to astrophysics as a broad field. The 2023-2024 VERGE program and the printing of this book is funded by the Women and Girls in Astronomy Program via the International Astronomical Union's North American Regional Office of Astronomy for Development and the Heising-Simons Foundation; as a result, this document is written by women in astronomy for girls who are looking to pursue the field. However, given its universal nature, the material covered in this guide is useful for anyone interested in pursuing astrophysics professionally.

Italo Santos, João Felipe Pimentel, Igor Wiese et al.

Social coding platforms such as GitHub have become defacto environments for collaborative programming and open source. When these platforms do not support specific cognitive styles, they create barriers to programming for some populations. Research shows that the cognitive styles typically favored by women are often unsupported, creating barriers to entry for woman newcomers. In this paper, we use the GenderMag method to evaluate GitHub to find cognitive style-specific inclusivity bugs. We redesigned the "buggy" GitHub features through a web browser plugin, which we evaluated through a between-subjects experiment (n=75). Our results indicate that the changes to the interface improve users' performance and self-efficacy, mainly for individuals with cognitive styles more common to women. Our results can inspire designers of social coding platforms and software engineering tools to produce more inclusive development environments.

Oksana Koshulko, Oleksandr Dluhopolskyi

The article presents the results of a theoretical and practical exploration of several forms, categories and types of women’s resistance in Ukraine and abroad against occupation and war in Ukraine starting from 2013-2014. The main objective is to explore and explain this resistance. The primary data for analysis were collected by semi-structured interviews with a variety of Ukrainian women in Kyiv, Prague, and Warsaw between April and June 2019. The interviewees were selected through the purposive sampling method. The secondary data was based on analysis of academic articles, data from national and international organizations, charities as well as information from media discourse on Internet websites. Also, one of the main goals of the research was to discover the impact of women's resistance to changing gender stereotypes, models, and gender inequality in the Ukrainian Army and society.

Lídia dos Santos Ferreira de Freitas, Eliane Gonçalves

Resumo Partindo da observação de que as teorizações sobre o urbano têm ocultado as questões de gênero e a luta histórica das mulheres na e pela cidade, abordamos os ativismos feministas e sua construção de uma agenda pelo direito à cidade – desde propostas de reforma urbana, até contribuições dos novos feminismos. Concluímos que os feminismos lutam sim por direito à cidade, demandando poder sobre o corpo, liberdade de circulação, acesso a serviços e espaços públicos, e cidades que não sejam planejadas apenas para um cidadão homem, branco e proprietário.

Dilton Ribeiro

Resumo O kawaii, um adjetivo japonês que significa “fofo”, é também um movimento estético japonês que existe desde a Era Meiji. Nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, contudo, o kawaii surge com um direcionamento mais plural, quebrando barreiras de gênero, dentro de uma estrutura capitalista focado no consumismo e no incentivo a uma democratização de criações e mídias. Esse ambiente é preponderantemente feminino, já que mulheres são criadoras e consumidoras. Ademais, desse espaço advém um certo preconceito aos homens que aderem à cultura kawaii, denominados de otaku, que podem ser vistos como sem masculinidade. Daí decorre, ainda, visões diversas e controversas sobre sexualidade, relacionamentos e estética. Assim, o kawaii é incoerente. Apesar de incorporar elementos que podem ser interpretados como ofensivos às mulheres e até mesmo ilegais, ele possibilita uma expressão do comportamento e estilos mais femininos, lúdicos, individuais e infantis como um movimento oposto ao que preza por uma masculinidade, seriedade e comprometimento com regras e expectativas sociais.

Pedro Paulo Gomes Pereira

Este texto fue presentado en el Seminario Permanente de Investigación 2020-2, Queer, 30 años: perspectivas latinoamericanas (metodologías, poéticas, fisuras), promovido por el Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de Género del Centro de Estudios Sociológicos de El Colegio de México. Agradezco especialmente a los profesores Rodrigo Parrini, Helena López y Ana María Tepichin Valle. Mantuve la oralidad de la exposición, así como su tono en cierto sentido provocador

Yuliana Jiménez Gaona, María José Rodriguez-Alvarez, Hector Espinó Morató et al.

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women, and the second main cause of death. Breast cancer screening is an efficient method to detect indeterminate breast lesions early. The common approaches of screening for women are tomosynthesis and mammography images. However, the traditional manual diagnosis requires an intense workload by pathologists, who are prone to diagnostic errors. Thus, the aim of this study is to build a deep convolutional neural network method for automatic detection, segmentation, and classification of breast lesions in mammography images. Based on deep learning the Mask-CNN (RoIAlign) method was developed to features selection and extraction; and the classification was carried out by DenseNet architecture. Finally, the precision and accuracy of the model is evaluated by cross validation matrix and AUC curve. To summarize, the findings of this study may provide a helpful to improve the diagnosis and efficiency in the automatic tumor localization through the medical image classification.

Sonia Oreffice, Dario Sansone

We analyze differences in mode of transportation to work by sexual orientation, using the American Community Survey 2008-2019. Individuals in same-sex couples are significantly less likely to drive to work than men and women in different-sex couples. This gap is particularly stark among men: on average, almost 12 percentage point (or 13%) lower likelihood of driving to work for men in same-sex couples. Individuals in same-sex couples are also more likely to use public transport, walk, or bike to work: on average, men and women are 7 and 3 percentage points more likely, respectively, to take public transportation to work than those in different-sex couples. These differences persist after controlling for demographic characteristics, partner's characteristics, location, fertility, and marital status. Additional evidence from the General Social Survey 2008-2018 suggests that these disparities by sexual orientation may be due to lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals caring more for the environment than straight individuals.

Cathy Roche, Dave Lewis, P. J. Wall

It is widely accepted that technology is ubiquitous across the planet and has the potential to solve many of the problems existing in the Global South. Moreover, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) brings with it the potential to address many of the challenges outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in ways which were never before possible. However, there are many questions about how such advanced technologies should be managed and governed, and whether or not the emerging ethical frameworks and standards for AI are dominated by the Global North. This research examines the growing body of documentation on AI ethics to examine whether or not there is equality of participation in the ongoing global discourse. Specifically, it seeks to discover if both countries in the Global South and women are underrepresented in this discourse. Findings indicate a dearth of references to both of these themes in the AI ethics documents, suggesting that the associated ethical implications and risks are being neglected. Without adequate input from both countries in the Global South and from women, such ethical frameworks and standards may be discriminatory with the potential to reinforce marginalisation.

Simon Mauras

Stable matching in a community consisting of $N$ men and $N$ women is a classical combinatorial problem that has been the subject of intense theoretical and empirical study since its introduction in 1962 in a seminal paper by Gale and Shapley. When the input preference profile is generated from a distribution, we study the output distribution of two stable matching procedures: women-proposing-deferred-acceptance and men-proposing-deferred-acceptance. We show that the two procedures are ex-ante equivalent: that is, under certain conditions on the input distribution, their output distributions are identical. In terms of technical contributions, we generalize (to the non-uniform case) an integral formula, due to Knuth and Pittel, which gives the probability that a fixed matching is stable. Using an inclusion-exclusion principle on the set of rotations, we give a new formula which gives the probability that a fixed matching is the women/men-optimal stable matching. We show that those two probabilities are equal with an integration by substitution.

Eduardo Graells-Garrido, Irene Meta, Feliu Serra-Burriel et al.

Urban population grows constantly. By 2050 two thirds of the world population will reside in urban areas. This growth is faster and more complex than the ability of cities to measure and plan for their sustainability. To understand what makes a city inclusive for all, we define a methodology to identify and characterize spatial subdivisions: areas with over- and under-representation of specific population groups, named hot and cold spots respectively. Using aggregated mobile phone data, we apply this methodology to the city of Barcelona to assess the mobility of three groups of people: women, elders, and tourists. We find that, within the three groups, cold spots have a lower diversity of amenities and services than hot spots. Also, cold spots of women and tourists tend to have lower population income. These insights apply to the floating population of Barcelona, thus augmenting the scope of how inclusiveness can be analyzed in the city.

Asma Azizi, Jeremy Dewar, Zhuolin Qu et al.

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most reported sexually transmitted infection in the United States with a major cause of infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease among women. Despite decades of screening women for Ct, rates increase among young African Americans (AA). We create and analyze an agent-based network model to understand the spread of Ct. We calibrate the model parameters to agree with survey data showing Ct prevalence of 12% of the women and 10% of the men in the 15-25 year-old AA in New Orleans, Louisiana. Our model accounts for long-term and casual partnerships. The network captures assortative mixing of individuals by preserving the joint-degree distributions observed in the data. We compare the efficiency of intervention strategies of randomly screening men, partner notification, which includes partner treatment, partner screening, and rescreening for infection. We compare the difference between treating partners of an infected person both with and without testing them. We observe that although increased Ct screening, rescreening and treating most of the partners of infected people will reduce the prevalence, these mitigations alone are not sufficient to control the epidemic. The current practice is to treat the partners of an infected individual, without first testing them for infection. The model predicts that if a sufficient number of the partners of all infected people are tested and treated, then there is a threshold condition where the epidemic can be mitigated. This threshold results from the expanded treatment network created by treating the partners of the infected partners of an individual. Although these conclusions can help design future Ct mitigation studies, we caution the reader that these conclusions are for the mathematical model, not the real world, and are contingent on the validity of the model assumptions.