Eni Budiyati, Mohammad Sofyan Habibburohman, Nur Ahmad Fauzi
et al.
Using methanol, this study examined the hydroxylation process of epoxidized tamanu seed oil (ETSO), with an oxirane number of 3.92 to 4.04 mmol/g, under the catalyzation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The objectives of this study were, first, to synthesize polyol from ETSO, and, second, determine how temperature and catalyst concentration play a role in the hydroxylation process. During the experiment, a second-order reaction kinetic model was used for analysis. The hydroxylation process was conducted in a batch reactor for 4 hours under constant temperatures and stirring speed. During the experiment, the samples were taken every 30 minutes. The oxirane number of ETSO and the concentration of polyols were used to the reaction rates. The optimal conditions were found at a temperature of 65°C, with a methanol-to-epoxide mole ratio of 4:1 and a catalyst concentration of 3%. The pre-exponential factor (A) and the calculated activation energy (Ea) were found to be 59,041.74 g.mmol-1.min-1 and 44.69 kJ/mol, respectively. This research, therefore, has successfully identified the optimal conditions for the synthesis of bio-based polyols from tamanu oil.
The Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s (KRI) 2024 general election focused primarily on political, social, and administrative issues, with little emphasis on the environment. KRI is facing serious environmental problems, yet these did not emerge as major concerns during the election campaign. This paper reviews the key issues raised during the KRI 2024 election by the major parties and establishes that the environment was sidelined. It highlights some environmental problems with a focus on pollution. It argues that the prioritisation of the issues was incorrect, and suggests that raising environmental awareness among the public is important for environmental problems to be tackled in the future.
El Sihkru Tara es un rito festivo binacional que cada año lo realizan conjuntamente las poblaciones miskitas de Nicaragua y Honduras. Hacen esto para celebrar y fortalecer su identidad indígena en un intercambio cultural entre generaciones. También para comunicarse con los espíritus de los ancestros, generar cercanía y solidaridad y analizar las amenazas que como pueblo enfrentan actualmente. La autora de este artículo registra todo esto a través de una crónica iluminada también por el flash de su cámara fotográfica durante los cinco días que duró este evento a finales del año pasado.
Drawing upon social cognitive theory, our study proposes a dual-stage moderated mediation model that utilizes moral disengagement as the mediator and self-serving political will as the moderator to investigate whether, how, and when team-oriented citizenship pressure leads to pro-group unethical behavior. Data were collected through questionnaires from 527 Chinese employees in various industries. Amos and Process macro were used to test the model’s fit and hypotheses, respectively. The results showed that citizenship pressure has a positive effect on pro-group unethical behavior through moral disengagement. Moreover, self-serving political will is a positive moderator in both the first and second stages, as well as in the mediation effect. This study extends the related research field by linking citizenship pressure and political will with moral disengagement and pro-social unethical behavior, responding to some academic calls. When faced with team-oriented citizenship pressure, team members with high self-serving political will may become a sharp edge that stabs at other competing teams. Managers at the team and organizational levels can intervene in different ways depending on their constructive or destructive management goals.
Анастасия Анатольевна Данилова, Екатерина Вячеславовна Забелина, Александра Юрьевна Телицына
et al.
Здоровье людей пенсионного возраста, как объективное, так и субъективное, рассматривается в качестве критерия эффективной поздней социализации. В статье представлены результаты разработки модели факторов субъективного здоровья, а также ее эмпирической верификации применительно к этапу поздней социализации — на выборке пенсионеров, проживающих в г. Челябинске и Челябинской области (Россия) (N=291). В результате теоретического анализа была представлена модель факторов субъективного здоровья в условиях поздней социализации, в которой, как предполагается, биологические, социально-экономические и когнитивно-эмоциональные факторы влияют на формирование субъективного здоровья людей на пенсии. Метод анкетирования применялся для регистрации биологических (пол, хронологический возраст, наличие или отсутствие инвалидности) и социально-экономических показателей (образование, религиозная идентичность, социальное окружение и др.). Для оценки когнитивно-эмоционального фактора были использованы психодиагностические методики, определяющие субъективный возраст и базисные убеждения пенсионеров. Основным методом анализа данных выступил метод моделирования структурными уравнениями. Результаты моделирования показали хорошее соответствие эмпирических данных разработанной модели. Обнаружено, что все три группы факторов вносят вклад в улучшение субъективного здоровья пенсионеров, при этом когнитивно-эмоциональные факторы являются медиаторами, опосредующими влияние биологических и социально-экономических переменных. Результаты исследования актуализируют значимость когнитивно-эмоциональных факторов в процессе поздней социализации личности и обосновывают важность применения когнитивной психотерапии в позднем возрасте при нормальном старении.
Благодарность. Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-28-00421, https://rscf.ru/project/22-28-00421/.
Danga Rallet, Abba Paltahe, Cornelius Tsamo
et al.
In this work, Clay-Biochar composite was synthesized from local Clay and local cotton wood, and applied for removal of glyphosate from aqueous solutions by adsorption. The Clay, Biochar and Clay-Biochar composite were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The adsorption studies of glyphosate were investigated by batch process at laboratory temperature. Adsorption experiments showed that the composite exhibited much better adsorption capability than both Clay and Biochar. The adsorption kinetics of glyphosate obeyed pseudo-second-order model according to their high coefficient R2 = 0.996, 0.995, 0.999 for Clay, Biochar and Clay-Biochar composite, respectively. The equilibrium adsorption data was best described by Langmuir model with R2 values of 0.937, 0.989, and 0.993 and Temkin model with R2 values of 0.982, 0.909, and 0.983, each for Clay, Biochar and Clay-Biochar respectively. Therefore, Clay-Biochar composite could be applied in the remediation of glyphosate in contaminated aqueous media.
Tatiana Reidel, Laís Duarte Corrêa, Maria Luiza Mendo
Este artigo objetiva contextualizar a dimensão da ética profissional no Serviço Social espanhol, com vistas a contribuir com o debate e o avanço de estudos sobre o Serviço Social internacional. Trata-se de um recorte da pesquisa de pós-doutoramento vinculada ao Departamento de Serviço Social da Universidade Complutense de Madri/Espanha, realizada em 2020, intitulada “As Particularidades da Dimensão Ética na Formação e no Trabalho dos Assistentes Sociais na Espanha”, que resulta de estudo documental em 38 Instituições de Ensino Superior espanholas que ofertam Serviço Social. Analisaram-se os Planos de Ensino de 1565 disciplinas: 137 (8,75%) abordavam “ética” ou “deontologia”. Identificou-se que 8 cursos não contêm disciplinas intituladas “ética/deontologia”, mas o conteúdo é abordado em, no mínimo, uma disciplina do curso. Percebe-se o ecletismo das bibliografias e que nem todos os professores da disciplina são Assistentes Sociais, limitando mediações com o exercício profissional.
Aims: To explore the structural characteristics and influential factors of psychological stress of urban residents in Jiangxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic through a survey of psychological stress, personality traits, family function and life satisfaction. Methods: By the convenient sampling, 1422 urban residents from Jiangxi province were assessed with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Scale (EPQ-RSC), Psychological Questionnaires for Emergent Events of Public Health (PQEEPH), Family APGAR Scale (APGAR) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). The relation among personality traits, psychological stress, family function and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed by using the canonical correlation analysis and the serial mediation model. Results: (1) Among the estimated correlation coefficients, the first two pairs were significant (P < 0.001 in each). (2) In the first pair of canonical variables, the loadings of neuroticism and neurasthenia were the higher (0.94, 0.70). (3) Neuroticism and life satisfaction mediated the relationship between family function and neurasthenia (βneuroticism = -0.174; 95%CI:-0.224, -0.134; βlife satisfaction = -0.034, 95%CI:-0.012, -0.062), respectively. In addition, serial mediation analyses indicated that the association of family function and neurasthenia is mediated by neuroticism and life satisfaction in a sequential manner (β = -0.010; 95%CI:-0.020, -0.004). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, neuroticism was closely related to psychological stress of urban residents, especially neurasthenia. In addition, the serial mediating effect of neuroticism and life satisfaction played an important role in the process of family function influencing neurasthenia. These findings contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the influential factors for psychological stress of urban residents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Macro-institutional structures and consumerist culture force and urge people to reproduce unsustainable levels of consumption. A crucial role for sociology, the article argues, is to address theoretically and empirically the intersection between social relations and (over)consumption. The purpose with this article is to address how social relations are involved in both reproducing and challenging consumer culture. This is done by emphasizing the intersection of consumer culture and socially integrating everyday rituals and drawing on literature on both voluntary and involuntary (the pandemic) disruption of consumer practices. The Covid-19 pandemic brings unexpected opportunities to highlight this intersection, as the pandemic offers a window of opportunity for lifestyle change. The review shows there are important lessons about both challenges and opportunities, gained from both voluntary and involuntary disruption of consumer practices.
Albert Eddy Husin, Syamsir Abe Sihombing, Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi
et al.
<p>High-rise building projects expose a high risk due to structural design complexity, large workloads, and long project duration. The complexity of the work includes the design of Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing (MEP), HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems, early warning, watering systems, hydrants, sprinklers, evacuation routes in the form of emergency stairs and fire doors. This research focuses on the application of BIM 5D to estimate and improve the cost performance of MEP work in high-rise hotel buildings. This research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches through in-depth interviews and BIM 5D modelling to achieve the research objective. The results showed influential factors for BIM implementation namely 2D Drawings, BIM 5D implementation, specification and technical plan, operator experiences, BIM 5D models, individual selection model, estimating, calculation process, cost database, and operator education. The findings of this research also show a cost efficiency of 3.56% from the BIM 5D implementation to the high-rise hotel building.</p>
The geriatric minimal service standard (SPM) coverage in Depok has steadily decreased from 37.53% in 2013 to 11.8% in 2018. One factor affecting the problem is a lack of patient participation and the inability of posbindu (integrated service post for older people) cadres to perform their tasks. To increase the coverage of older people visiting posbindu, it is necessary to raise the knowledge and skill levels of posbindu cadres and community health centre staff in Depok. The skills include performing nutritional status assessment (NSA) and screening, early detection of dementia, independence assessment, and elderly nutrition counselling. This is a case-based article focusing on geriatric nutrition training for posbindu cadres and community health service staffs. We undertook training for 35 subjects (22 posbindu cadres and 13 community health centre staff). At the end of the training, the mean score of the elderly nutrition knowledge had increased to 52.5 points. The score before training significantly differed with post-training (p = 0.001). The knowledge of subjects who have the previous training was also significantly different from those who did not have the previous training (p = 0.017). The knowledge of posbindu cadres and community health centre staffs can be improved through elderly nutrition training. Technical assistance and monitoring performed three months after the training measured their ability to perform the geriatric nutrition services. They should be able to demonstrate how to educate older people in the diabetes mellitus nutrition campaign, metabolic syndrome, nutrition-balanced diet, and gout; also, how to conduct predicted height measurements using the knee-height predictor, and how to fill MNA, MMSE, BADL, and IADL instruments. We suggest the geriatric nutrition training program will increase SPM coverage at Depok City.
Communities. Classes. Races, Social sciences (General)
This article is devoted to the analysis of legislation in the field of public-private partnership (PPP). The article substantiates the importance of an effective regulatory and legal framework for the development of PPP in Russia. A negative evaluation of this normative and legal framework from point of view of market participants was revealed. The analysis of the main regulatory and legal framework in the sphere of implementation of public-private partnership projects is carried out. Deficiencies were found in the current drafts of the law on concession and the law on PPP. Recommendations are proposed to eliminate these shortcomings and increase the effectiveness of legislation in the field of public-private partnership.
(Views of Major General S B Asthana,SM,VSM, (Veteran), Questioned by Jiangtao Shi of South China Morning Post on 29 August 2017.Question 1 (SCMP)Are you surprised that the over 70-day military standoff ended all of a sudden just days ahead of PM Narendra Modi’s trip to China for the BRICS summit? The deliberate ambiguity in both sides’ statements seems to indicate that both sides were willing to make some kind of concessions in a bid to end the dispute in a mutually acceptable face-saving manner. What are the main reasons and factors behind the seemingly peaceful solution for China and India respectively? (For China , BRICS and the 19th party congress? For India, domestic political support and economic reform?)Answer 1 by Major General S B AsthanaI am not really surprised that the over 70-day military standoff ended all of a sudden just days ahead of PM Narendra Modi’s trip to China for the BRICS summit. As you have rightly pointed out, both sides (China and India) were looking for an opportunity for a face saving resolution, without appearing to be weak domestically. The likelihood of absence of PM Modi in BRICS Summit, and its resultant political and diplomatic cost, triggered that opportunity. In my opinion, the main reasons behind such a sudden resolution were:-Any escalation beyond the point of standoff as on 28 August could have been cost prohibitive in terms of economical engagement, political and diplomatic cost, human casualties, without any worthwhile gains for both sides. Prolonging it was not in the national interest of either of the country.Success of BRICS is important for all member countries including China. China refusal to talk without precondition of Indian withdrawal and repeated provocative statements was exhibiting its arrogance. This wasn’t going well with global community, besides giving an indirect message to all including BRICS, about its hegemonic intentions and poor diplomatic acumen. Even US and Japan, who were not involved with Doklam, chose to state that both must talk to resolve it. The fact that China did not accept ICA verdict, continued aggressive posturing in South China Sea, violated 2012 Agreement in Doklam Triangle, and was seen as not doing enough to implement UN obligation against North Korea. It was affecting its global image adversely, hence some midcourse correction was needed, which has been done through this adjustment.An India China conflict, besides shattering dreams of economic prosperity of both countries, could have escalated to international dimensions, more so with ongoing problems of North Korea and South China Sea, and turbulence in Af- Pak Region. The fact that both are nuclear states cannot be discounted in strategic calculus of escalation dynamics.Militarily the escalation dynamics was not thought through. If war gamed properly, the escalation would have resulted in stalemate, which would have damaged the image of President Xi Jinping and reduced his chances for getting favourable people in 19th Party Congress in his second term and any possible prospects of his third term.From Indian perspective also, escalation of this standoff wasn’t in its National Interest. India needs China’s market for its growth in future, even if the balance of trade is not in its favour today. Now that India is on ‘Make in India’ path, as fastest growing economy to bring prosperity to its people,it may not like to slow down due to such meaningless disruptions.There was no domestic pressure on Indian Government, as all political parties,Security forces and public were determined to check Chinese encroachment and arrogance, at any cost.Question 2(SCMP)While an “expeditious disengagement” in Doklam brought an end to the border standoff and ease tensions between the two countries, do you think it could fuel nationalist sentiment, mistrust and hostility in both nations and cast a long shadow over the longstanding border dispute between China and India and their relations? What are the immediate and long-term implications of the border standoff on bilateral relations, especially considering the strategic competition and rivalry for dominance in the region between the nuclear-armed Asian giants? Will it have a long-term impact on the regional geopolitical landscape?Answer 2 by Major General S B AsthanaDoklam standoff is neither the first, nor the last, and not even the longest standoff between India and China. Many strategists argue that Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi are strong leaders, leading their nations with patriotic sentiments. The nationalist self-confidence from both sides may ignite a heated rivalry in which bilateral relations could deteriorate, because an “expeditious disengagement” in Doklam is only a temporary answer to the bigger problem of longstanding border dispute between both.Out of 14 countries with which China had border issues, it has resolved with 12 except India and Bhutan. With India, China has been delaying settling the border issue on some pretext or the other, and with Bhutan it has been shifting its claim lines many times. I understand that permanent resolution of Border Dispute is the ultimate solution, which needs to be expedited. It is a complex problem, as both sides read history in a manner that it supports their claims. This was the reason for both countries to have signed various agreements to ensure peace and tranquillity along the borders, which have been reasonably successful, as no bullet has been fired amongst both Forces in last four decades.Even if resolution of boundary is considered to be a complex problem, the demarcation, delineation and defining of Line of Actual Control (LAC), (which is not a mutually accepted line as of now), is an inescapable necessity. This is do-able by cooperative political intent, to be followed by intense diplomatic efforts. This action cannot be postponed further if the two neighbours have to live peacefully in future without further standoffs’. It needs to be understood that with un-demarcated LAC, troops of both sides will patrol as per their own perceptions of LAC; some areas will be common which both sides will patrol to be its own. Every such patrol will be called as intrusion by the other side, hence such face-offs will continue tillit’s demarcated, and the identification of its demarcation is made known to troops manning the borders. The short term impacts of standoffs were the anxiety among people, possible temporary setback to trade, tension on borders, non attendance of important events like BRF/BRICS if not resolved. The long term impact could have been hardening of varying stand on border resolution, aggressive strategic competition, and growth of interest based strategic partnerships to balance each other.Being neighbors, most populated, developing countries and significant trading partners of future, China and India have convergence of interests in many areas.Our economical engagements, mutual cooperation can proceed with strategic divergences, and this has been demonstrated adequately in past.Question3(SCMP)What are messages for other Asian nations caught between the increasing rivalry between China and India? What are the main takeaways for countries like Bhutan , Sri Lanka , Vietnam , Myanmar , Japan , Singapore and Mongolia ?Answer 3 by Major General S B AsthanaI do not subscribe to the idea of growing rivalry between China and India. The extension of economical and strategic space by large growing countries like China and India, to fulfil their genuine needs is natural and may not necessarily be a rivalry. In case some Asian nation is caught between contradictory needs of China and India, in my opinion it should look after its own national interest.The main message which comes out loud and clear from Doklam episode is that in today’s world no country can afford to be arrogant to bully smaller sovereign nation, if the smaller Nation is determined to stand up for its national interest. If Cuba could stand up to US, Bhutan could stand up to China, Vietnam could stand up to China as well as US, then smaller countries should also look after their national interest, without worrying about the size and might of any power, trying to push them or manipulate their genuine strategic choices.In my perception, the DoklamPlateau was presumably chosen by China for road construction to violate 2012 Treaty at this point of time because:-India and Bhutan boycotted Belt and Road Forum (BRF) for International Cooperation, the Doklam ingress could embarrass both the countries simultaneously.Stressing on 1890 Treaty by China takes away the logic of Tibet, as a player in dealing with India, thus a subtle message to Dalai Lama that he is not a stake holder in Tibet.Test the depth of Indo- Bhutanese security relationship.The area being too close to Siliguri Corridor/Chicken’s Neck, India had to be concerned and had to decide whether to intervene or otherwise in India’s own national interest, thereby conveying a message of standing up or not standing up to a challenge from Beijing in future too.As the construction activity was in Bhutanese Territory, a strong Indian reaction was not expected.In case India takes action, China can proclaim itself as an innocent victim and blame India to be an aggressor.China was however surprised by an unexpectedly strong Indian reaction, and then it realized that the point chosen was such, where it had strategic and tactical disadvantages for her in escalating it. China was also surprised that in multiparty democracy like India, all parties are on the same page as far as stand on sovereignty and Doklam Issue was concerned.The end result was that China was extremely disturbed about it, and churning out fresh provocative statements almost on daily basis, launching psychological and propaganda war, war of words, and resorting to every possible means short of war to put pressure on India to withdraw its troops. The Indian side on the other side has been relatively balanced, but firm in its stance, making very few statements, and was globally appreciated for its diplomatic maturity. No one bought the idea of India being an aggressor. India proved that it could physically resist China when its national interest demands so, and it also honors the security arrangement promised to Bhutan by physical action.Chinese efforts to establish bilateral talks with Bhutan, including financial allurement (Purse Diplomacy) did not materialize. India and Bhutan stood by each other and could resist Chinese aggressive activity. Chinese efforts to involve Nepal also resulted in response from their Deputy Prime Minister expressing unwillingness to take sides. Japanese Ambassador in New Delhi also said that there should be no attempt to change status quo on the ground by force.Vietnam has stood up earlier against China as well as US for its national interest. The Doklam episode will encourage countries like, Mongolia (Visit of Dalai Lama), Singapore( trade issues), Srilanka ( Hambantota Port), Myanmar( Dam construction), and Japan( East China Sea/Senkakuislands) to stand up to China for various issues of divergences, and cause others like Philippines, to reconsider their options to give away their strategic choices.China in last few years has been on island grabbing spree using ‘Incremental Encroachment’ as part of ‘Active Defence’ Strategy’, with its economic and military clout, using ‘Purse Diplomacy’ with some countries and ‘Infrastructure Diplomacy’ with others. In some cases the disagreements amongst some countries have become quite pronounced due to unfair deals. Singaporehad a strong interest in ensuring navigation in South China Seas is not restricted. Mongolia displayed the temerity of hosting the Dalai Lama, despite Chinese opposition.The bigger lesson is that no sovereign country should be pushed to take sides, and if it is done aggressively by any stronger power, the nation which is being pushed will be forced to seek security and other interests elsewhere, in terms of various other partnerships.Question 4 (SCMP)With India insisting that China should respect the 2012 understanding on tri-junctions, which specifically said “the tri-junction boundary points between India, China and third countries will be finalised in consultation with the concerned countries,” do you think it will further delay the border talks between China and Bhutan? Does it mean India will have to be directly involved as the third party in Sino-Bhutanese border talks in the future?Answer 4 by Major General S B AsthanaAs per the lay of the ground, the resolution of border dispute of China and Bhutan especially at triangle/ junction points, is closely linked and cannot be done in isolation. At Doklam plateau the location of Tri-junction as per India supported by Bhutan is Batang La, whereas China contends it to be at Gyemochenon Jampheri Ridge, which amounts to an encroachment of 7-8 km. These issues cannot be resolved in isolation. If there is political will to resolve it, then meeting of three delegation will not take any time. The delay is only in making political decision and directing the diplomats to resolve it in time bound manner.Additional PointAlthough there is a contradiction in the manner in which each country has reported it perhaps to amuse their domestic audience, and both sides can claim it to be a diplomatic achievement. It is a welcomed step towards peace and tranquilityalong the borders, hence which side blinked first or had an upper hand is not relevant, although both will claim it. This resolution has ensured that there has been no exchange of bullets, and India and China as responsible nations have been able to resolve their differences peacefully on Doklam Standoff. It also ensured that both the countries found a peaceful solution, with a face-saving gesture to ease tension, without disturbing the core interest of either.
El objetivo fue analizar la dinámica del uso de innovaciones pecuarias y su incidencia en las ganancias del sistema de producción de lechería familiar en el Valle del Mezquital para contribuir con elementos en la toma de decisiones e incentivar la productividad de este sistema. Se aplicó una encuesta a 66 productores de leche seleccionados mediante un muestreo simple aleatorio. Se realizó un análisis de correlación parcial para identificar aquellas variables que tuvieran incidencia con la variable ganancia. Cinco innovaciones incidieron en la mejora de la producción: alimentación con ensilado, inseminación artificial, ordeño mecánico, análisis de calidad e integración a un tanque colectivo. Se definieron tres estratos de productores con la ayuda del procedimiento K-medias de Minitab, el estrato medio resulto con una relación beneficio costo mayor que el bajo y el alto, mientras que las mayores utilidades son del estrato alto. Las variables de escala como tamaño del hato y superficie con alfalfa resultaron tener alta correlación con la ganancia y junto a las variables de innovación en aspectos nutricionales y asistencia técnica con significancia estadística (P<0.05).
This text is part of a broader study whose main objective is to establish an overview about sports videogames in the Spanish context, examining their origin, history and evolution until the current moment. It examines a variety of the most representative sports games created in Spain by different companies since the late 1980s until 2015. The data sample comes from a selection of 10 games, corresponding to the most representative Spanish video game developers. Based on the results obtained we will contribute to the emerging field of sports videogames academic research with this specific analysis of phenomenon in Spain.
<p>ABSTRAK</p> <p> </p> <p>Tujuan penelitian ini antara lain untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya konflik antara nelayan tradisional dengan nelayan modern di Kota Bengkulu serta bagaimana konflik kedua kelompok nelayan tersebut diselesaikan oleh Pemerintah Kota dan Pemerintah Propinsi Bengkulu.</p> <p>Penelitian dilakukan di dua kelurahan, yaitu Kelurahan Pasar Bengkulu yang merupakan kelurahan terbanyak masyarakat nelayan tradisionalnya dan Kelurahan Kandang yang merupakan kelurahan terbanyak kelompok nelayan modernnya, dan konflik yang terjadi sejak tahun 1985 hingga tahun 1999 selalu melibatkan masyarakat nelayan di kedua kelurahan tersebut. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis data dari Strauss-Corbin melalui 3 tahapan analisis yaitu : Kode Pembuka (Open Coding), Kode Analisis (Axial Coding) dan Pemilihan Kode (Selective Coding).</p> <p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyebab terjadinya konflik antara nelayan tradisional dengan nelayan modern disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor : (1) masih beroperasinya alat tangkap trawl (jaring pukat harimau) yang dilarang penggunaannya oleh pemerintah; (2) pelanggaran jalur penangkapan; (3) perbedaan teknologi penangkapan; (4) kurang optimalnya fungsi dan peran kelembagaan atau institusi pemerintah; dan (5) belum tegasnya pelaksanaan hukum dan peraturan perikanan.</p> <p>Konflik yang terjadi antara nelayan tradisional dengan nelayan modern di Kota Bengkulu dapat diselesaikan melalui upaya-upaya : (1) Kapal-kapal trawl dilarang untuk melakukan kegiatan penangkapan ikan di perairan nelayan tradisional (0-3 mil laut), jika memang tetap beroperasi, nelayan tradisional menghendaki adanya kontribusi kepada para nelayan tradisional berupa 5 % dari hasil tangkapan nelayan modern: (2) Penetapan jalur penangkapan yang jelas bagi nelayan tradisional dan bagi nelayan modern, sehingga tidak terjadi lagi pelanggaran jalur penangkapan; (3) Sikap tegas dari Pemerintah Provinsi dan Kota Bengkulu terhadap segala macam pelanggaran yang terjadi; (4) Kemitraan usaha antara nelayan tradisional dengan nelayan modern.</p> <p>Upaya-upaya yang dilakukan Pemerintah Kota maupun Pemerintah Propinsi Bengkulu dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi tersebut adalah melalui upaya-upaya sebagai berikut : (1) Masih bersifat insidentil, dimana pemerintah baru turun tangan jika konflik yang terjadi telah berbentuk benturan fisik seperti : penyerangan kapal-kapal di tengah laut, penyerangan rumah nelayan dan sebagainya, sedang upaya pra konflik terjadi dalam rangka mengantisipasinya belum ada yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah; (2) Pasca konflik terjadi, pemerintah melakukan pengawasan terhadap kegiatan para nelayan terutama nelayan modern, melalui tim yang dibentuk oleh Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan Propvinsi Bengkulu berkoordinasi dengan Polresta dan AL agar tidak ada lagi yang mengoperasikan alat tangkap yang telah dilarang penggunaannya; (3) Memanggil para perwakilan nelayan tradisional dan perwakilan nelayan modern untuk berdamai dan bermusyawarah untuk menyelesaikan konflik yang telah terjadi selama ini; (4) Bantuan kapal motor kepada kelompok nelayan tradisional untuk digunakan sebagai tindakan pengawasan terhadap kegiatan nelayan modern dalam melakukan penangkapan ikan.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Kata kunci: Nelayan, konflik sosial</p>
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Pretende-se refletir sobre os conflitos ambientais gerados pelo racismo ambiental envolvendo o IBAMA
e a as tribos indígenas Pipipã e Kambiwá, em Pernambuco, no processo de implantação do Conselho Gestor da ReBio Serra Negra, bem como na elaboração do Plano de Manejo da referida reserva. Conflitos ambientais são situações em que há confronto de interesses de diversos atores em
torno da gestão do ambiente. Implica na reação dos grupos atingidos que têm consciência dos seus
direitos na utilização e na preservação do ambiente. O trabalho procura responder as seguintes questões: em que medida o IBAMA está considerando as demandas das populações indígenas no processo de implantação do Conselho Gestor da ReBio Serra Negra? Como as ações são definidas? Como se dá a participação da população indígena nas decisões? São consideradas as demandas das populações locais (indígenas)? Como as populações reagiram e alcançaram o direito de interferir no processo de formação e implantação do Conselho gestor da ReBio? A pesquisa é qualitativa e os dados foram levantados a partir de entrevistas com técnicos e lideranças indígenas envolvidas no processo. A pesquisa de campo revelou que a tomada de decisões ambientais reflete os acordos de poder da sociedade predominante e das suas instituições.