Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Esther Luíza de Souza Lemos, José Fernando Siqueira da Silva, Maria Inês Souza Bravo et al.

Resumo: Este texto tem por objetivo trazer algumas provocações em torno do debate do Serviço Social na América Latina e no Caribe, que este ano (2025) completa um século de existência. São reflexões que nos convidam a tecer, brevemente, um balanço sócio-histórico do Serviço Social, pensando passado, presente e apontando desafios para o futuro da profissão e da humanidade, em um cenário acirrado de disputas de projetos societários, a partir do tempo presente.

A. M. Zinin

The article considers the experience of researching the works of fine art in situations of recourse to specialists in the field of forensic portrait examinations when deciding on the attribution of works in cases when art historians do not solve these issues. The study of the physical features of the depicted persons using the method of portrait identification allows to establish the identity of the characters on the painting. The author also demonstrates the specifics of the methodology of such studies.

Giulia Sguazzi, Giulia Fasani, Filippo Renò et al.

Since the biobanks’ inception in 1980, millions of human biological samples have been stored worldwide for medical research or treatment purposes. Today the secondary use of biobanks plays an increasingly important role in research projects because it allows large-scale research starting from professional collections of biospecimens and related clinical data. It would be limiting, in the “-omics” era, to not consider the enormous potential value to law enforcement of these biospecimens, where the availability of high-performance techniques makes it possible to obtain a large amount of data, even within a single session. Therefore, the quality of the sample, in addition to the associated clinical information, becomes of crucial importance to derive scientifically valid information, including for forensic research purposes. Proposing the introduction of the concept of “solidarity”, traditionally applied only to medical and research biobanks, led to public commitment to forensic medicine. Granting the forensic researcher this possibility certainly raises some questions regarding regulatory and ethical aspects of consent, privacy, confidentiality, transparency, and participant/donor trust. Since the debate has not stopped since the origin of biobanks, this review aims to explore the state of the art relating to the use of human biological material in medical biobanks for biomedical and forensic research.

Carla Cristina Garcia, Fabio Mariano da Silva, Marcelo Hailer Sanchez

Resumo: O presente artigo objetiva tratar sobre a forma como o ódio colonial vem sendo historicamente capitaneado pelo capitalismo, perpetuando, a partir do Estado moderno, uma estrutura racial e sexista que alijam pessoas negras, mulheres e LGBT. Ainda que interseccionada, iremos nos deter no ódio direcionado às pessoas transgêneros, sujeitos cujo controle da vida e dos corpos tem revelado ódio como projeto de Estado neoliberal que promove a invisibilidade e o extermínio dessas pessoas.

Esra Dundar Aravacik

Cleveland William Suhs

The Civil Society War involved powerful interests clashing over fundraising policies for 25 years. The United Funds coerced leading health agencies to join their federated campaigns. These health agencies insisted on independent fundraising campaigns to maintain awareness of their causes, volunteers, and funds raised. Through the 1950s and 1960s, the United Funds expanded their focus from social services by entering the health field. An important tactic in this conflict was the development of fundraising permitting regulations across the country. These regulations often included fundraising efficiency ratios, limiting the percentage spent on fundraising divided by the donations received. These fundraising efficiency ratios, along with permitting regulations giving preferential treatment to United Funds resulted in numerous lawsuits. Ultimately, the fundraising regulations were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court based on freedom of speech under the First Amendment and equal representation under the Fourteenth Amendment. While the courts struck down the use of financial ratios, these metrics continue to be used in rating charities. One positive outcome of the conflict was the development of widely used uniform accounting standards. The health agencies drove development of these standards as a way to address a legitimate concern among a barrage of criticisms of their practices influenced by the conflict with the United Funds. The Civil Society War had lasting impacts on three main areas affecting nonprofit policy: fundraising regulation, use of financial ratios in charity evaluation, and uniform accounting standards.

Laura Cater, Juliane Dyroff, Sebastian Köthe

In very different ways the Stanford Prison experiment, Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence, and the intensified media coverage of the prevalence of sexual assault reveal that perpetrators are neither the ‘other’ of a society often perceived to be non-violent, nor are they to be found only at its margins. How can we develop a transgressive concept of perpetration that does not essentialize, stigmatize, or symbolically dehumanize perpetrator figures, but instead allows for perspectives that reflect the appropriate level of complexity? What is needed is a notion that describes perpetration in terms of implicatedness in violence , e.g. as something that can grow out of a victim’s position, or as a capability to carry out violence that can in certain situations develop in “perfectly normal people” . These questions were at the focus of the multidisciplinary conference “Models of Perpetration and Transgression. Borderline Cases in Violence and Trauma Research” (“Tätermodelle und Transgression. Grenzfälle in Gewalt- und Traumaforschung”), organized by Julia B. Köhne and Jan Mollenhauer, held on 19th January 2018 in the Jacob-und-Wilhelm-Grimm-Zentrum at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Talks were given by a wide range of international researchers, each of whom drew on their expertise to call into question crucial elements of how we understand perpetration and perpetratorship. These talks generated a discussion that encompassed the notion of perpetration in its broadest sense, starting with the psychology of victimhood and perpetratorship at the individual level, expanding to media representations that contribute to public discourse on perpetrators, both in terms of smaller-scale acts of violence, e.g. murders, and mass-scale perpetration of political violence, the effects of this discourse, (cultural) historical genealogies and contexts, as well as the traumatic consequences of perpetratorship. The following reflections upon the discussion should serve to inform current research on perpetration in the context of political violence by providing some helpful guidelines for approaching present challenges in this area.

María Cecilia Espasandín

El artículo introduce los análisis de tres pensadoras feministas que abordan la relación entre producción y reproducción, desde la perspectiva del materialismo histórico. La articulación de la perspectiva feminista y la perspectiva marxista en las autoras tratadas posibilita visualizar las relaciones entre clase y género, y aún más significativamente, la intersección de distintas esferas de la vida social. El artículo es fruto de un proceso de investigación teórica en curso. Se estructura en cuatro partes: en las tres primeras, se expone someramente la contribución de cada una de las autoras y al final, se polemiza con algunas de sus interpretaciones a la luz de la lectura lukácsiana del materialismo histórico. El objetivo de la discusión es fortalecer los esfuerzos de articulación entre feminismo y marxismo, confiando en la potencialidad radical de este encuentro en el plano teórico y político.

Janaina Camelo Homerin

O presente artigo chama a atenção para a parcela de responsabilidade do poder legislativo no agravamento do colapso da realidade carcerária no Brasil. Iniciamos com um breve panorama da atuação do legislador em prol do endurecimento da lei penal que resulta na ampliação da porta de entrada para o sistema de justiça criminal. Em seguida, o artigo destaca algumas propostas de alteração legislativa que têm o potencial de desafogar o sistema. No entanto, aponta que fatores estruturantes moldam o funcionamento do sistema de justiça e influenciam a eficácia da legislação penal. O fio condutor dessa análise observa a interação entre os poderes legislativo e judiciário, marcada pela visão de que um bom processo penal é o que resulta em prisão. Conclui-se que mudanças legislativas são necessárias, porém insuficientes para reverter a lógica encarceradora que conduziu à insustentabilidade da política criminal brasileira. Enfrentar a massificação do encarceramento exige a pactuação de uma política pública consistente que inclua, mas não se restrinja, à competência legislativa.

Pablo Polese

Resumo: Reflexão sobre a tática e a estratégia anticapitalista em um contexto de vigência do modelo democrático-popular de gestão dos conflitos sociais. Com base na análise de lutas autônomas recentemente ocorridas no Brasil, conclui-se que a fragmentação constitui uma condição de nosso tempo histórico e, a partir dessa constatação, aventam-se algumas hipóteses de análise acerca do caráter contraditório das soluções postas em prática pela esquerda, em especial depois da revolta popular de junho de 2013.

Rayna Sariyska, Bernd Lachmann, Sebastian Markett et al.

Introduction: In three consecutive studies, we aimed to investigate the relationship between problematic Internet use (PIU), Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and implicit learning abilities, and impulsivity/risk-taking among online video gamers and control participants. Methods: In study 1, male visitors, recruited at the “Gamescom” in Cologne (2013), filled in a short version of the Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT), the Online Gaming Addiction Scale (OGAS), and completed an experimental task to assess implicit learning abilities. In study 2, a group of WoW gamers and control participants completed the same set up, in order to replicate the results of study 1. Study 3 used a modified version of the experiment to measure impulsivity/risk-taking in a group of healthy participants. Results: In study 1, results revealed a significant negative correlation between the s-IAT score and the measure of implicit learning among male Gamescom participants. In study 2, the s-IAT and WoW addiction scores were negatively correlated with implicit learning only in male WoW players, which mirrors the results from study 1. In study 3, the OGAS score was positively correlated with the experimental measure of impulsivity/risk-taking. Conclusion: In the current research project, deficient implicit learning was linked to PIU only in male participants with (a tendency towards) IGD. These findings might help to disentangle some opposing results on this relationship, when considering the gender of participants. Furthermore, higher risk-taking tendencies were associated with IGD among healthy participants, thus, suggesting the potential of risk taking as a predictor of IGD in a non-gamer population.

Mabile Caetano Cazela

Este artigo traz a público a parte expressiva dos resultados da pesquisa para dissertação de mestrado em Serviço Social, intitulada “Princípios éticos fundamentais do Serviço Social brasileiro: um estudo sobre a influência de Carlos Nelson Coutinho”. Na oportunidade, apresenta-se brevemente o objeto de tal pesquisa e seus procedimentos metodológicos, perpassando àquilo que dá substância à temática: por que Coutinho?, uma sumária contextualização sobre a relação entre o filósofo e a profissão no Brasil, bem como a original e inédita sistematização sobre a influência (in)direta deste intelectual brasileiro para a construção e concepção de alguns dos princípios éticos fundamentais presentes no Código de Ética Profissional vigente, a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo – a partir da qual  foi possível reunir a contribuição intelectual de Assistentes Sociais membros da Comissão de Reformulação do Código de Ética sobre o tema anunciado.

Fynbo Lars

AIM - This article explores how young Danish drunk (and drug) drivers relate to the risk of driving under the influence (DUI). DESIGN - The study is based on qualitative interviews with 25 convicted drunk drivers who in 2010 participated in mandatory alcohol and traffic safety courses. The analysis follows Stephen Lyng’s concept of “edgework”, focusing on volitional risk taking and its effect on the acting individual’s self-identity. RESULTS - Drawing on the interviewees’ accounts of being arrested for drunk driving, the analysis discusses three different categories of young drunk drivers. Those in the first category view a DUI arrest as a loss of control and a reminder of the risk of DUI. Those in the second present DUI as a reaction to what they perceive as untenable social demands. Those in the third see loss of control - such as causing a traffic accident - as the ultimate way of claiming control over their lives. CONCLUSION - The study shows that young drunk drivers have different associations with DUI-related risks. The more constrained they feel in relation to society, the more likely it is that they will divorce negative experiences related to DUI such as being arrested or causing a traffic accident.

S. Smirnova

The author uses case studies to illustrate various problems of interaction betweenindividual forensic examiners, forensic science organizations and judges at the stagesof preparation for the appointment of forensic examinations, as well as court hearingsand forensic expert witness testimony in court, and recommends possible solutions.

G. Bocharov, O. Khatunceva

In this paper, an algorithm for solving the question of the presence of a defect colordi!erence repair body elements with respect to the factory this issue and the basicinformation about the device BYK-mac COLOR and software-based, which are used in RFCFS. The practice of using the device in question and conducted with the help of his means of examination, and the virtual absence of call experts to testify in court in sug- gestive explaliations on the study showed the e!ectiveness of using a spectrophotometer BYKmac COLOR.

Yuri Alicia Chávez-Plazas, María Claudia Bohórquez-Bohórquez

El presente artículo retoma los resultados de una investigación cualitativa realizada en 2008 en el municipio de Soacha, Cundinamarca orientada a indagar la experiencia de la maternidad en madres solteras adolecentes en situación de desplazamiento forzado. Las crisis, la reorganización familiar y la pobreza son las situaciones que deben afrontar estas mujeres en los sitios de llegada.

Véronique Bordes

Observing the interactions between a social group : the young people, and spaces : the city and its political organisation, makes it possible to understand the impact of a local policy towards youth on their ways of moving in public space. The strategies developped by each actor contribute to a constant readjustment of relations throughout interactional balance. If, on one side, political decisions oblige the young people to change their practices, on the other side, this adaptation of youth involves changes in policy. Urban space then plays the role of a scene where appearings and disappearings testifies that this balance is being built day after day between the young people and the local authority.

Ulf Stridbeck

NTfK