Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

F. P. Ramsey

E. Farhi, X. Gabaix

This paper develops a theory of optimal taxation with behavioral agents. We use a general framework that encompasses a wide range of biases such as misperceptions and internalities. We revisit the three pillars of optimal taxation: Ramsey (linear commodity taxation to raise revenues and redistribute), Pigou (linear commodity taxation to correct externalities), and Mirrlees (nonlinear income taxation). We show how the canonical optimal tax formulas are modified and lead to novel economic insights. We also show how to incorporate nudges in the optimal taxation framework, and jointly characterize optimal taxes and nudges. (JEL D62, D91, H21)

Zoran Majkic

The interdefinability of the universal concepts of category theory has been introduced by Lawvere. The perfect interdefinability between the objects and arrows of some category, defines the class of Perfectly Symmetric Categories (PSC) where each category can be represented equivalently by its arrows or by its objects only. Such symmetry, differently from the global categorial symmetry ( categorial-symmetry group $CS(\mathbb{Z})$ of all comma-propagation transformations), ia a local internal symmetry inside a given PSC category. Given a PSC category (as a "geometric object") $\textbf{C}$ we can consider its properties (the categorial commutative diagrams) preserved under actions of a particular endofunctor $E$ which transforms any commutative diagram into an invariant "up to isomorphism" diagram. We show that this kind of internal categorial invariance is a phenomena of a local categorial symmetry under an Internal Catergorial Symmetry group $ICS(\mathbb{N})$ of all local enfdofunctorial transformations. Then we establish the relationships between this local internal symmetry and global general symmetry between n-dimensional levels (the comma categories obtained from a PSC category $\textbf{C}$) . We show that if a base category $\textbf{C}$ is a PSC, then all its ne-dimensional levels are PSC as well.

Juan Carlos Carbajal, Ahuva Mualem

We study revenue maximization in a buyer-seller setting where the seller has a single object and the buyer has both a private valuation and a private budget. The presence of private budgets complicates the classic single-product monopoly problem, making optimal mechanisms difficult to analyze. To overcome this, we evaluate the robust performance of approximation mechanisms relative to optimal mechanisms. We work with three measures of performance: the guaranteed fraction of optimal revenue (GFOR) for restricted classes of mechanisms, the maximal value of relaxation (MVR) for relaxed classes, and a revenue non-monotonicity gap for either relaxed or restricted classes. Our analysis reveals sharp contrasts. On the positive side, we show that for distributions with bounded support, simple mechanisms with poly-logarithmic menu size can approximate optimal revenue arbitrarily well, regardless of correlation between valuations and budgets. On the negative side, we establish strong impossibility results: for distributions with unbounded support, or even bounded distributions concentrated in the unit square, no simple mechanism - or indeed any mechanism with a finite or sublinear menu - can guarantee a positive fraction of the optimal revenue. We also demonstrate unbounded revenue gains from certain relaxations when valuations and budgets are negatively correlated, and highlight cases of revenue non-monotonicity. Taken together, our results underscore the fragility of approximation approaches in the presence of private budgets: except for a narrow set of conditions, approximation mechanisms incur large revenue losses, pointing to fundamental limits of simplicity and robustness in mechanism design. Our analysis highlights that approximation results are highly sensitive to details of the design environment.

Alexander Barzykin, Robert Boyce, Eyal Neuman

As the FX markets continue to evolve, many institutions have started offering passive access to their internal liquidity pools. Market makers act as principal and have the opportunity to fill those orders as part of their risk management, or they may choose to adjust pricing to their external OTC franchise to facilitate the matching flow. It is, a priori, unclear how the strategies managing internal liquidity should depend on market condions, the market maker's risk appetite, and the placement algorithms deployed by participating clients. The market maker's actions in the presence of passive orders are relevant not only for their own objectives, but also for those liquidity providers who have certain expectations of the execution speed. In this work, we investigate the optimal multi-objective strategy of a market maker with an option to take liquidity on an internal exchange, and draw important qualitative insights for real-world trading.

Charlotte Stix, Matteo Pistillo, Girish Sastry et al.

The most advanced future AI systems will first be deployed inside the frontier AI companies developing them. According to these companies and independent experts, AI systems may reach or even surpass human intelligence and capabilities by 2030. Internal deployment is, therefore, a key source of benefits and risks from frontier AI systems. Despite this, the governance of the internal deployment of highly advanced frontier AI systems appears absent. This report aims to address this absence by priming a conversation around the governance of internal deployment. It presents a conceptualization of internal deployment, learnings from other sectors, reviews of existing legal frameworks and their applicability, and illustrative examples of the type of scenarios we are most concerned about. Specifically, it discusses the risks correlated to the loss of control via the internal application of a misaligned AI system to the AI research and development pipeline, and unconstrained and undetected power concentration behind closed doors. The report culminates with a small number of targeted recommendations that provide a first blueprint for the governance of internal deployment.

Sara Maestre-Andrés, Stefan Drews, I. Savin et al.

Public acceptability of carbon taxation depends on its revenue use. Which single or mixed revenue use is most appropriate, and which perceptions of policy effectiveness and fairness explain this, remains unclear. It is, moreover, uncertain how people’s prior knowledge about carbon taxation affects policy acceptability. Here we conduct a survey experiment to test how distinct revenue uses, prior knowledge, and information provision about the functioning of carbon taxation affect policy perceptions and acceptability. We show that spending revenues on climate projects maximises acceptability as well as perceived fairness and effectiveness. A mix of different revenue uses is also popular, notably compensating low-income households and funding climate projects. In addition, we find that providing information about carbon taxation increases acceptability for unspecified revenue use and for people with more prior tax knowledge. Furthermore, policy acceptability is more strongly related to perceived fairness than to perceived effectiveness. Public acceptability of carbon taxation is vital for its implementation. Here, the authors show that spending all revenues on climate projects, rather than mixing them, is the most acceptable policy, while information provision only increases acceptability for a carbon tax with unspecified revenues.

Temel Gurdal, Mucahit Aydin, Veysel İnal

Innocent Jooji, Margaret Oyekan, Zekeri Momoh et al.

Purpose: The study seeks to investigate has the FIRS done to improve tax compliance and understand the effects of FIRS reforms had on tax compliance and the fight against corruption in Nigeria's tax system.   Theoretical Framework: This study is situated within the context of Institutional Theory. The Federal Inland Revenue Service is a government institution saddled with the responsibility of collecting government internally generated revenue in Nigeria.   Design/Methodology/Approach: The design of the study is descriptive and historical research design. Data for this study were collected from secondary sources like textbooks, journal articles and internet sources while content analysis was used to analyse the data collected.   Findings: The findings of this study shows that FIRS has ratified a number of international agreements, including the Global Forum on Transparency and agreements to prevent double taxation. Additionally, it has established Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), Exchange of Information, and started the tax amnesty. The FIRS has inter-agency relationships with governmental organisations including the EFCC and ICPC, among others. In addition, the FIRS's efforts have resulted in a surge in annual tax payments; in 2018, it collected N5,320 trillion, the most in its history since the FIRS was founded. Additionally, the FIRS noted a decline in the cost of revenue collection from 2.6% in 2016 to 2.49% in 2017 and 2.14% in 2018.   Conclusion: Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) should expand its campaign to rural areas where there is little to no tax education in order to increase its enlightenment mechanisms on tax compliance. This can be done by having the FIRS educate traditional leaders on tax compliance, who will then inform the populace.

Emmanuel Atagboro, T. Ogiriki

The focus of this study was on the dynamics of permissive and incidental levies as a source of revenue for local government councils in Bayelsa State. The research is descriptive in nature. The government approved eight state councils to make up the population, and data was obtained using the census method. Experts in accounting and taxation validated the study instrument, and the five components were put through a reliability test. SPSS version 26 was used to conduct descriptive and inferential data analysis. The ontology of the studied variables was investigated using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), while Pearson correlation, linear regression, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were adopted to establish the effect and connexion between the revenue generation and mobilisation dynamics. Findings of the inquiry exposed that there is a substantial upshot of mobilisation challenges on revenue generation efforts of the third-tier.The analytical results also showed that all the local government councils have their peculiar variations in terms of mobilisation challenges, the status of permissive and incidental levies. This simply means that LGAs in Nigeria have internal revenue mobilisation challenges that caused the poor service delivery. An analysis of state government income-generating points found that politicians should not employ unqualified revenue task-force personnel in LGAs for any type of post-election reward. States should give over money-generating points that belong to local governments. Training and motivation are critical for the members of both the task force and the tax-officers.

O. Oloyede, Funmilayo Funmilayo

Governance is all about making life favorable and conducive for the citizens, and in achieving this, the government provides in the state some basic social facilities, such as security of lives and properties, and also put in place infrastructures such as good roads, schools and health services. To achieve these, it is mandatory for the government to generate income in-term of revenue, and this is popularly achieved with taxation. Unfortunately, difficulties arising from tax evasion and corruption limit the power of the government of Nigeria to generate sufficient revenue that is needed. The Government with determination of boosting the level of taxation and its compliance in order to be able to execute its tasks for the citizens, has approved electronic taxation as element of its electronic governance creativity in tune of international performance. Research method that was used for this study was qualitative in nature, secondary data was collected at the review of relevant literatures. The study found out that electronic-taxation has been satisfied to be appropriate in use of tax collection and remittance, and has been proven in calculation-error reduction. It also curtails fraud in the tax offices, eliminates challenges that may arise during reconciliation, and limiting leakages in the tax revenue collected. Electronic taxation through electronic-governance has boosted the volume of revenue generation into the cover of the government, and it saves time and cost. This research paper has recommended that tax officials at the local revenue authority, state internal revenue and the federal inland revenue should shift towards e-taxation, give more enlightenment to the taxpayers on the note of adopting electronic taxation instead of manual processing.

Masahito Hasegawa

We argue that operads provide a general framework for dealing with polynomials and combinatory completeness of combinatory algebras, including the classical $\mathbf{SK}$-algebras, linear $\mathbf{BCI}$-algebras, planar $\mathbf{BI}(\_)^\bullet$-algebras as well as the braided $\mathbf{BC^\pm I}$-algebras. We show that every extensional combinatory algebra gives rise to a canonical closed operad, which we shall call the internal operad of the combinatory algebra. The internal operad construction gives a left adjoint to the forgetful functor from closed operads to extensional combinatory algebras. As a by-product, we derive extensionality axioms for the classes of combinatory algebras mentioned above.

Gamze Oz-Yalaman

Abstract Financial inclusion might bring huge amounts of income into the global economy, which creates different opportunities and challenges for countries. As people become more financially included and their incomes grow over time, this might in turn increase their tax contributions to the government. Thus, this paper seeks an answer to the primary question of whether the changes in tax revenue is associated with the change in financial inclusion for countries around the world by using an extensive dataset of 137 countries over the years between 2011 and 2017. For this, the paper uses the Global Findex database and panel data methodology. The empirical findings show that there is a significant and positive relationship between financial inclusion and tax revenues and it is one of determinants of tax revenues. The results are robust in terms of different sources of taxation such as corporate tax revenue, income tax revenue and direct tax revenue. Policy-makers around the world could take advantage of this significant opportunity in order to raise tax revenues by considering ways of increasing financial inclusion.

Pál Bärnkopf, Zoltán Lóránt Nagy, Zoltán Paulovics

An internal or friendly partition of a graph is a partition of the vertex set into two nonempty sets so that every vertex has at least as many neighbours in its own class as in the other one. It has been shown that apart from finitely many counterexamples, every 3, 4 or 6-regular graph has an internal partition. In this note we focus on the $5$-regular case and show that among the subgraphs of minimum degree at least $3$, there are some which have small intersection. We also discuss the existence of internal partitions in some families of Cayley graphs, notably we determine all $5$-regular Abelian Cayley graphs which do not have an internal partition.

Gopika Sharma, Arti Pandey, Michael C. Wigal

For a given graph $G$, a maximum internal spanning tree of $G$ is a spanning tree of $G$ with maximum number of internal vertices. The Maximum Internal Spanning Tree (MIST) problem is to find a maximum internal spanning tree of the given graph. The MIST problem is a generalization of the Hamiltonian path problem. Since the Hamiltonian path problem is NP-hard, even for bipartite and chordal graphs, two important subclasses of graphs, the MIST problem also remains NP-hard for these graph classes. In this paper, we propose linear-time algorithms to compute a maximum internal spanning tree of cographs, block graphs, cactus graphs, chain graphs and bipartite permutation graphs. The optimal path cover problem, which asks to find a path cover of the given graph with maximum number of edges, is also a well studied problem. In this paper, we also study the relationship between the number of internal vertices in maximum internal spanning tree and number of edges in optimal path cover for the special graph classes mentioned above.

V. Andreoni

Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of environmental taxes revenue. While the effects of environmental taxations are well discussed across academic and political debate, less analysis have been specifically devoted to investigate the factors influencing the revenue variations. By using an Index Decomposition Techniques, the present paper separates the contribution of economic factors from the contribution provided by taxation rates and regulations. The data pertain to the period 2004–2016 and 25 European Member States are included in the analysis. Results show that stricter environmental taxation rates and regulations has been the main factor influencing the revenue increase just for 5 of the 25 countries considered in this paper. For the other Member States, economic growth and the role played in the European economic panorama have been the main drivers of variations. By providing a comparative analysis of the factors influencing the environmental taxes revenue of European areas, this paper contributes to identify how regulations and economic factors have influenced the sustainability paths of countries and can be used to support the design of policies across the EU.

Boqiang Lin, Zhijie Jia

The Laffer curve illustrates a theoretical relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue. This paper explores the relationship between tax rate (direct tax on labor income), government revenue and economic performance in a perspective of the Laffer curve by applying Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that the top of China's Laffer curve is about 40%. The government should consider changes in the entire taxation system and not just changes in direct taxes while increasing direct tax rate. If China wants to maximize tax revenues, the direct tax rate should be 35%. We conduct a variety of sensitivity analyses and conclude that the government tax peak is always 5–10% earlier than the apex of the Laffer curve. So, if a country has reached the top of the Laffer curve, this paper strongly recommends that tax cuts will have positive implications for the economy and government revenue.

Minyi Huang, Ray-Kuang Lee, Junde Wu

To effectively realize a $\cal PT$-symmetric system, one can dilate a $\cal PT$-symmetric Hamiltonian to some global Hermitian one and simulate its evolution in the dilated Hermitian system. However, with only a global Hermitian Hamiltonian, how do we know whether it is a dilation and is useful for simulation? To answer this question, we consider the problem of how to extract the internal nonlocality in the Hermitian dilation. We unveil that the internal nonlocality brings nontrivial correlations between the subsystems. By evaluating the correlations with local measurements in three different pictures, the resulting different expectations of the Bell operator reveal the distinction of the internal nonlocality. When the simulated $\cal PT$-symmetric Hamiltonian approaches its exceptional point, such a distinction tends to be most significant. Our results clearly make a difference between the Hermitian dilation and other global Hamiltonians without internal nonlocality. They also provide the figure of merit to test the reliability of the simulation, as well as to verify a $\cal PT$-symmetric (sub)system.

E. Crosbie, D. Schillinger, L. Schmidt

Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages can reduce their consumption, generate revenues, and promote public health.1,2 However, the beverage industry is using a strategy called preemption that poses a serious threat to the ability of localities to levy such taxes. Preemption occurs when a higher level of government (eg, a state) limits the authority of a lower level (eg, a city) to enact new policies. Since the 1980s, the tobacco industry has successfully lobbied policymakers for state preemption of local initiatives restricting tobacco advertising and smoking in public places.3 Lessons learned from experiences with the tobacco industry can inform public health responses to the beverage industry’s advocacy for state preemption of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages.

Kyle Binder, Jonathan Meddaugh

It has been recently shown that, under appropriate hypotheses, the $ω$-limit sets of a dynamical system are characterized by internal chain transitivity. In this paper, we examine generalizations of these ideas in the context of the action of a finitely generated free group or monoid. We give general definitions for several types of limit sets and analogous notions of internal transitivity. We then demonstrate that these limit sets are completely characterized by internal transitivity properties in shifts of finite type and general dynamical systems exhibiting a form of the shadowing property.