Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Luis Enrique García-Santamaría, Eduardo Fernández-Echeverría, Gregorio Fernández-Lambert et al.

<i>Background:</i> This study examines the competitive dynamics of the artisanal wooden furniture industry in Misantla, Veracruz, Mexico, a predominantly informal productive system characterized by family-managed production units and strong territorial embeddedness. <i>Methods:</i> A mixed-methods research design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 187 family-managed production units (86 woodworking units and 101 workshops) using a structured questionnaire based on five-level Likert scales assessing external efficiency, collective efficiency, and innovation. Statistical analyses included descriptive measures and chi-square tests to examine associations between competitiveness and collective strategies, while qualitative validation and thematic interpretation based on expert assessments were used to contextualize sectoral practices and structural constraints. <i>Results:</i> The findings indicate a low overall competitiveness score (1.92/5), associated with informal practices, limited technical training, and weak supply chain integration. Despite these constraints, the sector maintains a strong cultural identity and contributes to its local economy. <i>Conclusions:</i> Artisanal supply chains can achieve functional levels of logistics performance through internal coordination dynamics. Strengthening collaboration mechanisms is a viable strategy for improving logistics performance in artisanal manufacturing systems in emerging economies. These findings provide empirical evidence to support the design of collaborative strategies that integrate traditional craftsmanship with modern supply chain practices in artisanal micro-industries.

Hazim Haddad, Luay Jum’a, Ziad Alkalha et al.

<i>Background:</i> In an increasingly volatile global business environment, supply chain resilience has become a strategic imperative, particularly for firms operating in developing economies. Guided by Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), this study examines how AI-powered tools foster an innovation culture comprising communication, creativity, and learning, and how these dimensions enhance supply chain resilience measured through flexibility, efficiency, and velocity. <i>Methods:</i> A quantitative research design was employed using survey data collected from 270 supply chain and operations managers in Jordanian manufacturing firms. Twelve direct hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. <i>Results:</i> The findings indicate that AI-powered tools significantly influence communication, creativity, and learning. Communication and creativity positively affect all three dimensions of supply chain resilience. Learning significantly improves efficiency but shows no significant effect on flexibility or velocity, indicating that learning is mainly utilized for process improvement rather than rapid adaptation. <i>Conclusions:</i> The study demonstrates that AI adoption alone is insufficient to build resilient supply chains unless supported by innovation-oriented cultural capabilities. The findings extend DCT by clarifying the differentiated role of learning in resilience building and provide actionable guidance for managers seeking to align AI investments with cultural development in resource-constrained manufacturing contexts and long-term competitive advantage.

Ali Al Kalbani, Hakan Gultekin, Nasr Al Hinai

<i>Background</i>: Natural disasters can trigger hazardous material (Hazmat) releases and damage valuable assets, increasing human, environmental, and economic losses. Effective pre-disaster relocation planning is therefore critical but operationally challenging. <i>Methods</i>: This study develops a mixed-integer programming model for the pre-disaster relocation of Hazmat and valuable assets (HVAs). The model jointly optimizes safe-location activation, fleet allocation, and trip scheduling within a limited warning period, subject to vehicle availability, storage and capacity limits. The objective minimizes total cost, including facility activation, transportation, and penalties for unrelocated inventories. The model is solved using the Gurobi Optimizer. A base scenario and sensitivity analyses on fleet size and safe-location capacity are conducted using data from a cyclone-prone region in Oman. <i>Results</i>: In the base scenario, 73.4% of HVAs are relocated by activating 10 safe locations. Sensitivity analysis shows rapid gains at small fleet sizes, followed by diminishing returns beyond a threshold. Over 95% of HVAs are relocated by doubling safe-location capacities with 80 vehicles or tripling capacities with 65 vehicles. <i>Conclusions</i>: Total vehicle capacity, time-window, and safe-location capacity constraints become binding at different thresholds, highlighting the need for balanced investments. The proposed model provides an analytics-driven decision-support tool for risk-aware, time-bounded disaster relocation planning.

Bader Alaydi, Siew-Imm Ng, Xin-Jean Lim

The authors would like to make the following corrections to the published paper [...]

Davor Mance, Dora Šekimić, Borna Debelić

<i>Background</i>: Recent global disruptions have exposed the vulnerability of international supply chains, prompting a shift toward regionalization to enhance economic resilience. As a European Union (EU) member, Croatia has an opportunity to strengthen its integration into EU regional value chains (RVCs), fostering economic stability and competitiveness. This study examines Croatia’s integration into EU RVCs and its economic impact. <i>Methods</i>: Using panel data from the UNCTAD–Eora database (2000–2019), this study applies panel data quantile regression (PDQR) to analyse Croatia’s trade relationships with EU Member States. Unlike traditional regression models, PDQR captures variations in trade dynamics across different levels of economic activity, providing a more detailed understanding of Croatia’s trade resilience. <i>Results</i>: The findings show that Croatia’s trade integration strengthens at higher economic quantiles (τ = 0.75–0.85), reflecting its ability to scale exports during economic expansions. Lower quantiles (τ = 0.05–0.25) display stable but less dynamic trade patterns, suggesting a need for targeted policy interventions to enhance supply chain resilience. Strong trade linkages with Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, and Italy highlight Croatia’s comparative advantage in high-value trade sectors. <i>Conclusions</i>: Croatia’s integration into EU RVCs supports economic resilience and competitiveness. These findings provide insights for policymakers to optimize trade participation and mitigate vulnerabilities. By demonstrating the benefits of quantile-based trade analysis, this study advances the discourse on regional economic integration.

Pooria Bagher Niakan, Mehdi Keramatpour, Behrouz Afshar-Nadjafi et al.

<i>Background</i>: The blood supply chain (BSC) is crucial for providing safe and sufficient blood, but it faces numerous challenges and needs to be robust and resilient. This study provides a comprehensive model for managing and optimizing the BSC in real-world scenarios, including emergency and routine circumstances and with consideration of health equity concepts. <i>Method</i>: Classic time-series models are applied to predict future supply chain circumstances, addressing uncertainty in blood demand and the need for timely supply. A structured framework and medical preferences are prioritized to optimize distribution, minimize blood shortages, minimize wastage due to expiry, and maximize blood freshness. Genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used to solve mathematical models quickly and efficiently, ensuring reliable operation. <i>Result</i>: The model’s outcomes can effectively meet the daily needs of the BSC and assist decision-makers managing blood inventory and distribution, improving robustness and resilience. <i>Conclusions</i>: Utilizing weights allows for the effective management of each objective function to convert the model into a single-objective mixed-integer linear programming (SO-MILP) based on unique conditions, enabling the system to self-adjust for optimal performance, boosting the sustainability of the blood supply chain, and promoting the principle of health equity under diverse real-world settings.

Azim Aghababaei Taghanaki, Rouhoddin Kordalivand

The discussion of civil liability arising from algorithmic losses - which is mostly investigated as civil liability of artificial intelligence or liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence is nascent /aborning in the legal literature. Thinking algorithms require a special civil liability system in case of losses due to the unique characteristics of self-learning, randomness, unpredictability and autonomy. The general theory of Opposability can be a guide in such new cases, too. However, having a transparent and pragmatic criterion and standard to compare the harmful algorithm with similar cases to determine its normal operation is associated with challenges. Determining the scope of the concept of reasonable algorithms, in terms of their unknown nature and inherent complexities, needs to be investigated. By examining the existing obstacles, this research pursues the re-examination of reasonable algorithms with a mixture criterion: A standard that creates incentives for technological and innovative spaces, compensates for the damage, improves the safety level of algorithms and realises the appropriate flexibility to face new generations of technology. Rereading the Opposability theory (causality customary) in the field of algorithms with conventional and reasonable efficiency, as well as adapting this general theory in dealing with the losses arising from the use of thinking algorithms, is the main result of ​​the authors' efforts in this article.

Kabashkin Igor, Perekrestov Vladimir

The concept of Aviation Technical Support as a Service (ATSaaS) has emerged as a new and innovative approach in the aviation industry, aiming to provide comprehensive technical support services to small airlines. The paper explores the development and implementation of this model, combining state-of-the-art digitalization methods and advanced technologies to address the unique challenges faced by small airlines. The research focuses on the customization and scalability of the service model, considering the diverse needs and requirements of small airlines in terms of aircraft maintenance and technical operations. By leveraging advanced digitalization methods, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics, the model aims to optimize decision-making processes, enhance operational efficiency, and improve overall safety and reliability. The article highlights the research novelty in terms of integrating advanced digitalization methods, developing a customizable and scalable service model, and optimizing performance metrics. It explores the practical significance of the ATSaaS model by providing guidance for small airlines to access high-quality technical support services, make informed decisions, and achieve business growth and profitability. Through a comprehensive literature review, the article examines the existing models of aviation technical support services and identifies the gaps that the ATSaaS model aims to address. The study also emphasizes the importance of collaboration between the service provider and the airline, promoting a collaborative ecosystem that fosters effective communication, information sharing, and mutual benefits.

Mehrnoosh Abouzari, Mohammad Reza Barzegar, Zahra Naderi

he issue of delegating the authority to kill humans to artificial intelligence in wartime is one of the most challenging emerging disciplines, as it raises numerous legal issues. This is the first time that legal knowledge has encountered a phenomenon that, despite being created by humans, is independent of humans in thinking and decision-making, and it may be possible after multiple stages that even the creator of the system cannot comprehend or control its operation. Therefore, this article discusses the obstacles that the International Criminal Court must overcome to apply direct criminal responsibility and the doctrine of commander's responsibility in cases where artificial intelligence weapons have led to the killing of civilians and war crimes, as well as the steps that should be taken to overcome these obstacles. Following a documentary approach and a descriptive-analytical analysis, this article concludes that the current provisions of the statute regarding artificial intelligence need to be revised due to the emergence of a concept called the gap in responsibility, which is caused by the unique nature of artificial intelligence. To adapt to the new conditions, the international community must require manufacturers to provide maximum transparency and prohibit producing certain types of artificial intelligence. Regarding the possible killings caused by the use of artificial intelligence weapons with the ability to self-learning after production, the court statute must explicitly and exclusively specify the rules of criminal responsibility so that the existence of AI weapons does not lead to impunity.

Jamal Alnsour, Abdullah Radwan Arabeyyat, Khalil Al-Hyari et al.

<i>Background</i>: The global concern for the environment and sustainable development goals has led to a growing focus on the increasing activities of city logistics. This research study aims to evaluate the current state of city logistics within the framework of sustainable development and analyze the key factors that impact the efficient management of city logistics in Jordan. <i>Methods</i>: To achieve these research objectives, a quantitative approach utilizing a survey questionnaire was employed. The findings emphasize a significant disparity between current practices in city logistics and desired outcomes, indicating an urgent need for improvement in cost reduction, enhancement of quality of life, and promotion of sustainability. <i>Results</i>: The results reveal that the performance of urban authorities in managing city logistics is influenced by various factors, including regulatory inefficiencies, suboptimal human resource performance, deficiencies in information systems, and challenges related to coordination amongst stakeholders. <i>Conclusions</i>: Consequently, this paper puts forth actionable recommendations for improving city logistics management, which involve amending existing regulations, implementing comprehensive training programs for employees, strengthening infrastructure for information systems, and fostering robust communication channels between urban authorities and stakeholders.

Akash Kalra, Munshi Naser Ibne Afzal

Purpose – For many global firms and corporate oligopolies, transfer pricing is essential. The transfer pricing literature as it is currently written is succinctly summarized in this study. The authors offer a thorough analysis of transfer pricing research in this study. This review sheds light on the top researchers, approaches, conclusions, theoretical and empirical gaps, and upcoming issues of transfer pricing research over the previous nine years through a methodical analysis of 29 research publications from the Scopus database (2014–2022). To help graduate students pursue further degrees in this area, such as a master's, thesis or PhD, this study will highlight five research issues. Design/methodology/approach – This essay looks at five significant areas of tax avoidance and transfer pricing research. Some of these issues include determining the impact of transfer pricing regulations on various types of multinational corporations, assessing the effectiveness of transfer pricing regulations in preventing tax evasion, examining various policy options and determining the impact of transfer pricing on other economic outcomes using a systematic literature review. Findings – The findings of this review demonstrate the need for transfer pricing research to look more closely at transfer pricing as a tool for business in addition to compliance and tax management. Originality/value – This analysis concludes with future directions for transfer pricing research.

Ieva Meidute-Kavaliauskiene, Amir Karbassi Yazdi, Amir Mehdiabadi

<i>Background:</i> This research aims to prioritize the blood supply hub for coping barriers of implementation blockchain (BC) in supply chain management (SCM). Nowadays, blood supply is a crucial matter that plays an essential role in people’s lives. Hence, tracing the supply of blood is very substantial. One of the ways for the SCM of blood supply is a blockchain system. It shows how all traces of the SCM stream can flow from raw material to receiving blood into end users. However, there are many barriers to the implementation of blockchain. None of the companies can design improvement projects to resolve these barriers because of a lack of rare resources, such as human resources (HR), budget, information, etc. <i>Methods:</i> Barriers are first extracted from previous studies and interviews with experts in this study. Then, these barriers are customized for this case study by the Delphi method. Then, these blood supply hubs are ranked by measurement alternatives and ranking according to the compromise solution (MARCOS) method. Since this method needs primary weight, the best–worst method (BWM) is applied to obtain this weight. <i>R</i><i>esult</i>: Results have pointed out that business owners’ unwillingness was the highest priority among the nine barriers. <i>Conclusions:</i> Additionally, implementing blockchain for SCM of blood supply requires paying more attention to business owners’ unwillingness barriers and resolving them. Furthermore, hub 4 is faced with many problems in tackling barriers to implementing SCM blockchain.

Doaa Naeem, Amr Eltawil, Junichi Iijima et al.

<i>Background</i>: The key performance index for the container terminals is the vessel berthing time which is highly affected by the scheduling of the different handling equipment. Proper integrated scheduling of the handling equipment is crucial, especially in automated container terminals, where all the handling equipment is automated and must be coordinated to avoid interference. One of the most challenging problems both scholars and terminal operators face is introducing a proper scheduling plan for different equipment, considering the buffer capacity of dual-trolley quay cranes (QCs) and the limited storage locations of import containers. <i>Methods</i>: A mathematical model is proposed to integrate the scheduling of automated yard cranes and automated guided vehicles (AGVs), considering the limited buffer capacity beneath dual-trolley QCs and the storage allocation of import containers. <i>Results</i>: different instances were solved to evaluate the proposed model’s performance and investigate the impact of using dual-trolley QCs instead of single-trolley QCs, and the impact of using different buffer capacities. <i>Conclusions</i>: The results show that the model provides detailed scheduling and assigning plans for the YCs and AGVs besides allocating import containers. Additionally, the dual-trolley QCs can significantly decrease the completion time and increase AGVs’ utilization compared to the single-trolley QCs.

Grzegorz Dobrowolski

Rodrigo Pironti, Mariana Keppen

O lançamento do metaverso gerou as mais diversas reações, desde as mais positivas – relacionadas à celebração dessa grande conquista tecnológica – até mais negativas – ligadas à preocupação do distanciamento do “real”. Porém, um ponto é incontroverso: estamos diante de uma nova realidade à qual o Direito e seus operadores precisarão se adaptar e dar respostas. O presente artigo, portanto, tem como objetivo abordar alguns desses desafios, primeiramente de forma mais geral e, então, mais especificamente em relação à doutrina do Compliance e da Proteção de Dados. Mais do que trazer respostas, este artigo busca trazer provocações e, de alguma forma, contribuir a esta complexa e ainda pouco explorada discussão.

Ahmet Anil Sezer, Anna Fredriksson

Multiple deliveries and long turnaround times on construction sites harm the environment and disturb on-site productivity and safety. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the transport patterns of construction material deliveries, including turnaround times. In order to investigate the number of transports and turnaround times, transport data for 13 Swedish construction sites, which were collected with the help of booking systems, were used. By comparing data from the cases, several patterns were observed: (i) very few projects receive deliveries at weekends, (ii) almost all projects receive 50% of their daily deliveries before 09:00, (iii) long goods, standard euro pallets and lightweight goods (less than 500 kg) are the most common deliveries, (iv) trucks and delivery vans are the most common vehicles used and (v) goods to be handled by crane and lightweight goods generate the longest turnaround time/delivery. This is one of the rare studies revealing current practice and issues associated with material deliveries, which is a necessary first step to increase efficiency of construction logistics. This study shows that it is possible to influence these issues, as some projects performed better than others regarding turnaround times and transport.

Ashley Wygal, Douglas Voss, Michael B. Hargis et al.

Trucking companies play a critical role in the U.S. economy but face many challenges. The trucking industry’s greatest challenge may be the persistent driver turnover problem. Trucking companies regularly report turnover rates exceeding 100%. Each driver costs between $2200–$21,000 to replace and new drivers often impact carrier customer service and safety performance. The purpose of this article is to qualitatively explore the challenges drivers face with hopes of uncovering unique methods to improve job satisfaction and ameliorate turnover and retention issues. Results indicate that driver job satisfaction is related to compensation, management quality, equipment quality, home time, and wait time. Proactive managerial actions in the form of pre-planning loads are proposed as a method for carriers to resolve many driver concerns and possibly provide carriers with a competitive advantage in driver retention.

Fatemeh Ghanad, Elham Sharif

Protecting the privacy of individuals has always been considered a global principle by international institutions and has been stipulated in many international documents. Nowadays, lawmakers have considered personal data more than ever due to the fast pace of the technology and consequently the availability of personal data in cyberspace, their ease of transfer, and the convenience of their processing. The EU has been a frontrunner and, as a comprehensive alternative to the EU Data Protection Act, set out the International Document of General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) in April 2016, which was approved and implemented by the European Parliament on May 25, 2018. This article aims to demonstrate the scope of personal data and its protection in the General Data Protection Regulations as an international document and Iran's legal system. It further recommends some improvements in cyberspace infrastructures and regulations and the necessity of better designating regulatory bodies to protect individual privacy better

Andrés Rosales Segura

La interinstitucionalidad es una forma distinta de entender la cooperación, representa la actividad conjunta entre instituciones, tanto estatales como internacionales, tomando como base los objetivos de integración y cooperación regional latinoamericanos, es decir situar la interinstitucionalidad desde el punto en donde se difumina la política exterior y la política interna. Este tema se ubica precisamente en esta disyuntiva de fronteras internas y externas, dejando de lado los temores de las injerencias o discusiones soberanas, y centrándose más en temas conjuntos, a través de estructuras democráticas y permanentes en el tiempo. Ello parece ser más práctico que las tradicionales decisiones unilaterales o de la situación particular del momento, incentivada por razones políticas o económicas en la mayoría de los casos.

Techane Bosona, Girma Gebresenbet

The utilization of agricultural prunings as renewable energy sources requires effective and efficient logistics systems. The objective of this paper was to map out logistics activities along the agricultural pruning-to-energy (PtE) value chains. It describes the logistics performances based on the existing and potential pruning biomass supply chains focusing on prunings from fruit tree, vineyards, olive groove, and up-rooted tree branches. A logistics audit analysis approach has been used for detailed assessment of logistics performances. The analysis was based mainly on primary data gathered using a structured data survey format targeting the existing and potential PtE initiatives in Spain, Germany, Denmark, France, and Poland. The analysis considered the major stages of the chain, such as pruning, harvesting, processing (e.g., baling and chipping), storage, transport, and the linkage between the different stages. The paper identified the constraints along the logistics chain and recommended appropriate interventions to promote the marketing of agricultural pruning focusing on the supply of quality bales and chips for renewable energy production, and to increase the sustainability of renewable energy generation from PtE initiatives. The study has indicated that there are economic, social, and environmental benefits of PtE initiatives, as well as opportunities to increase the implementation and sustainability of the system.