Large language models (LLMs) have enabled agent-based systems that aim to automate scientific research workflows. Most existing approaches focus on fully autonomous discovery, where AI systems generate research ideas, conduct analyses, and produce manuscripts with minimal human involvement. However, empirical research in economics and the social sciences poses additional constraints: research questions must be grounded in available datasets, identification strategies require careful design, and human judgment remains essential for evaluating economic significance. We introduce HLER (Human-in-the-Loop Economic Research), a multi-agent architecture that supports empirical research automation while preserving critical human oversight. The system orchestrates specialized agents for data auditing, data profiling, hypothesis generation, econometric analysis, manuscript drafting, and automated review. A key design principle is dataset-aware hypothesis generation, where candidate research questions are constrained by dataset structure, variable availability, and distributional diagnostics, reducing infeasible or hallucinated hypotheses. HLER further implements a two-loop architecture: a question quality loop that screens and selects feasible hypotheses, and a research revision loop where automated review triggers re-analysis and manuscript revision. Human decision gates are embedded at key stages, allowing researchers to guide the automated pipeline. Experiments on three empirical datasets show that dataset-aware hypothesis generation produces feasible research questions in 87% of cases (versus 41% under unconstrained generation), while complete empirical manuscripts can be produced at an average API cost of $0.8-$1.5 per run. These results suggest that Human-AI collaborative pipelines may provide a practical path toward scalable empirical research.
This study aims to construct a comprehensive evaluation framework for green economy and new quality productivity, systematically assessing their development levels and spatial differentiation characteristics. Based on multi-attribute comprehensive evaluation theory, indicator systems were developed for green economy (comprising three primary indicators: low-carbon development, ecological benefits, and economic level) and new quality productive forces (comprising three primary indicators: laborers, objects of labor, and means of labor). The Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method was applied to dynamically measure China's provincial administrative units, aiming to overcome limitations of traditional subjective weighting approaches. Empirical results indicate that the national green economy index steadily increased from 0.281 to 0.302 between 2015 and 2022, reflecting positive synergies between economic growth and environmental sustainability. However, both green economic development and new-quality productive forces exhibit pronounced regional gradients. Eastern coastal regions maintain a leading position through synergistic advantages in industrial structure, technological innovation, and institutional efficiency. Central regions face the dual squeeze of industrial relocation and traditional resource dependency, becoming transition troughs in green development. Western regions exhibit a unique pattern of simultaneous potential release and overall lag, possessing strategic buffer space based on ecological carrying capacity. New-type productive forces also exhibit spatial differentiation characterized by higher levels in the east and lower levels in the west. The long-term gap between the national average and the median reveals uneven regional development, reflecting a coexistence of leading heads and long-tail catch-up.
Understanding how green spaces foster sense of place is critical for sustainable urban planning and human well-being, yet no comprehensive synthesis has integrated findings across the fragmented literature spanning multiple disciplines. This systematic review analyzed 497 empirical studies examining green space-place attachment relationships, following PRISMA guidelines across three major databases through June 2025. Beyond documenting the field’s rapid growth—from 10 annual publications pre-2010 to over 50 by 2021—this review reveals critical patterns and gaps with implications for theory and practice. While the term ‘place attachment’ was most frequently used (45% of studies), the field employs diverse terminology often without clear definitional boundaries. Only 18% comprehensively addressed the Person-Process-Place tripartite model, with process dimensions particularly neglected. This theoretical incompleteness limits the understanding of how attachments form and evolve. Geographic analysis exposed severe disparities: 78% of studies originated from high-income countries, with Africa (2.4%) and South America (3.6%) critically underrepresented, raising questions about the applicability of current theories beyond Western contexts. Urban settings dominated (49.5%), potentially overlooking rural and indigenous perspectives essential for comprehensive understanding. Methodologically, studies demonstrated sophistication through strategic deployment of quantitative (60%), qualitative (15%), and mixed methods (25%). Key thematic areas, residence duration, restorative benefits, and pro-environmental behaviors, showed promise, yet environmental justice remained underexplored despite its critical importance. This synthesis advances the field by identifying specific pathways for progress: expanding geographic representation to develop culturally inclusive theories, employing longitudinal designs to capture attachment formation processes, developing validated cross-cultural measures, and centering environmental justice in green space planning. These findings provide essential guidance for creating equitable green spaces that foster meaningful human-nature connections across diverse global contexts.
В условиях постоянного наложения традиционных и нетрадиционных рисков безопасности неустойчивость мирового порядка стала международной проблемой, требующей безотлагательного решения. Как Китай и Россия смотрят на этот вызов и отвечают на него? В статье объединены концепции и исторический опыт, уточнены рамки изучения мирового порядка, а также проанализированы геоэкономические приоритеты Китая и России и новые акценты партнерства двух стран в меняющемся миропорядке. Утверждается, что гегемонистская практика США и Запада, руководствующихся конфликтным представлением о миропорядке, привела к регионализации мировой экономики и повышению важности геоэкономического сотрудничества. В ответ на вызовы Китай и Россия активно корректируют свои геоэкономические приоритеты. В долгосрочной перспективе геоэкономическое сотрудничество между двумя странами будет благополучно развиваться. Это объясняется тем, что в отношениях между Китаем и Россией существует прочная основа, включающая необходимые для этого общее мировоззрение, время, удобное расположение и сплоченность людей. Эти факторы выходят за рамки технических деталей в области финансов и транспорта и играют более важную роль в долгосрочном сотрудничестве. Наши страны должны сделать акцент на полное использование потенциала геоэкономического сотрудничества и демонстрацию его мирового значения, чтобы способствовать глобализации региональной экономики путем многостороннего сотрудничества, улучшить международную систему и реализовать многополярный мировой порядок, который является упорядоченным, справедливым и разумным, демонстрируя равенство всех культур.
This study examines the impact of robotic capital, physical capital, technological change, human capital, and trade globalization on labor income share dynamics in the era of robotic automation. Focusing on China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and the United States – countries responsible for 79.2% of global industrial robotic installations from 2010 to 2023 – our analysis employs key variables such as labor income share, annual industrial robot installations, gross fixed capital formation, researchers in research and development, human capital index, and trade of goods and services. Estimations using Arellano-Bond, Generalized Estimating Equations, Driscoll-Kraay, and Arellano-Froot-Rogers methods reveal a consistent negative association between labor income share and robotic capital. Conversely, a positive relationship is observed with research and development. Notably, the study underscores the consistent negative impact of physical capital accumulation on labor income share across the Arellano-Bond, Driscoll-Kraay, and Arellano-Froot-Rogers methods. Furthermore, globalization, as assessed by the Arellano-Bond, Generalized Estimating Equations, and Driscoll-Kraay methods, is identified as a factor adversely affecting labor income share.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Economics as a science
This paper explores artificial intelligence's potential societal and economic impacts (AI) through generating scenarios that assess how AI may influence various sectors. We categorize and analyze key factors affecting AI's integration and adoption by applying an Impact-Uncertainty Matrix. A proposed methodology involves querying academic databases, identifying emerging trends and topics, and categorizing these into an impact uncertainty framework. The paper identifies critical areas where AI may bring significant change and outlines potential future scenarios based on these insights. This research aims to inform policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers on the strategic planning required to address the challenges and opportunities AI presents
In tenure decisions, the treatment of co-authored papers often raises questions about a candidate's research independence. This study examines the effects of solo versus collaborative authorship in high-profile Economics journals on long-term academic success. Our findings confirms the traditional belief that solo-authored publications significantly enhance long-term research output and citation impact compared to collaborative efforts. However, relative to solo-authored papers, international collaborations have a less negative impact on long-term success than national and institutional collaborations. Temporal trends highlight the increasing importance of diverse and international collaborations. These insights provide actionable guidance for tenure committees on evaluating co-authored work and for researchers on optimizing their publication strategies.
This study examines the economic social and environmental impacts of electric vehicle adoption in Bangladesh using survey data from 57 respondents and secondary research. Findings show strong public perception of electric vehicles as cost effective with ninety three percent agreement and environmentally beneficial with eighty two point five percent agreement. Electric vehicles have potential to reduce fuel imports lower operational costs and create over fifty thousand jobs by 2030. Socially electric vehicles improve mobility for low income groups with seventy five point four percent agreement and increase safety although adoption remains mostly in urban areas. Environmentally electric vehicles could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to thirty percent per kilometre and lower particulate matter levels by twenty to twenty five percent in Dhaka along with a three to five decibel reduction in traffic noise. Main barriers include high purchase costs limited charging infrastructure and low public awareness of policies. Policy recommendations include tax incentives solar powered charging stations and battery recycling regulations. This research concludes that strategic electric vehicle adoption could advance Bangladesh's sustainable transportation economic resilience and public health goals.
Purpose This paper aims to provide insights into the potential of digital technologies-based innovations for more inclusive healthcare by alleviating the affordability, accessibility and availability barriers to utilization of healthcare services. Also, it aims to provide insights into the potential of digital technologies-based innovations for more inclusive services, broadly. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework is inductively developed by analyzing real-world examples of digital technologies-based innovations for more inclusive healthcare through the lenses of economics of information in digital form and certain characteristics of services. Findings Concurrent implementation of digital technologies-based healthcare innovations with innovations and/or modifications in service processes can enable greater inclusivity by alleviating the affordability, accessibility and availability barriers to utilization of healthcare services. Research limitations/implications Issues relating to inequities in healthcare, as a social problem, are the focus of research at multiple levels (e.g. global, national, regional and local) in several academic disciplines. In relation to the scope of the problems and challenges pertaining to providing quality healthcare to the unserved and underserved segments of society, worldwide, the contribution of the proposed framework to practice is modest. However, by highlighting the promise and potential of digital technologies-based innovations as solutions for alleviating barriers to affordability, accessibility and availability of healthcare services during various stages (prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and post-treatment follow-up) with illustrative vignettes and developing a framework, the article offers insights for future research. For instance, in reference to mission-driven social enterprises that operate in the product-market space for inclusive innovations under resource constraints, a resourcefulness-based view of the social enterprise constitutes a potential avenue for theory development and research. Practical implications Given the conceptual nature of the article, the implications for practice are limited to cognitive implications. Action implications (instrumental implications or implications for practice) are outside of the scope of the article. Social implications Innovations that are economically viable, environmentally sustainable and socially impactful is one of the important issues of our times. Originality/value The proposed framework provides insights into the potential of digital technologies-based innovations for more inclusive healthcare by alleviating the affordability, accessibility and availability barriers in the context of emerging and less developed country markets and base of the pyramid segments of society in these markets.
Collaboration is ubiquitous in public policy life, with its presence and profile determined by prevailing governance conditions. Commitments to globalisation and marketisation in the latter part of the 20th century marked the onset of an era defined by collaboration, between and across tiers and spheres of government, with non‐state actors, and through market and network instruments. Current contextual instability poses questions for dominant public policy paradigms and the existing collaborative settlement. This article explores the challenges presented in the current moment and how policymakers and scholars might navigate them. It focuses on how ideas about economics and security shape public policy, illustrating the paradigm‐shifting impact of economism and securitisation. It argues for the replacement of economism and securitisation by sustainability, sovereignty, and justice and demonstrates the latter's engagement with economics and security and their accounting for what have hitherto been ‘subaltern voices’ in public policy. It discusses the implications for collaboration in relation to future collective action problems, more diverse and disconnected ‘publics’, and a more congested and lower trust policy environment. It highlights the need for collaborative plasticity and pluralistic agency. Public policymaking is shaped by dominant ideas about economics and security; ideas that become ‘taken for granted’ in policy practice. The prevailing ideas of economism and securitisation are being challenged by contextual changes, globally, regionally, and nationally. This creates space for new ideas to shape future public policy. Ideas of sustainability, sovereignty, and justice offer an alternative framework for public policymaking. These ideas can engage productively with economics and security, and they are also inclusive of a wider variety of ‘voices’ particularly those previously marginalised. Collaboration will remain integral to the success of public policy. However, it will need to adapt to new circumstances. This will include defining new purposes, reassessing its appropriateness, reshaping collaborative scope, scale, and form, and refining collaborative activities. A paradigmatic shift in public policy that highlights sustainability, sovereignty, and justice will require the active involvement of a plurality of actors enabled to contribute new knowledge and contest the status quo.
The European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are trade partners and believe in rules-based multilateralism. They have developed strong ties despite starting from different starting points and having different standards. The EU is a mature regional cooperation scheme(union) with a highly institutionalized and legalized architecture. At the same time, ASEAN is an intergovernmental association with low institutionalization and legalization in which decisions are made by consensus. After almost fifty years of establishing a diplomatic dialogue between the EU and ASEAN, their cooperation has been of essential importance in maintaining peace and balancing great power rivalries.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Economics as a science
Денис Юрьевич Самыгин, Николай Георгиевич Барышников, Татьяна Андреевна Куликова
В настоящее время перед агропродовольственным сектором ставится качественно новая задача по обеспечению рациональных норм потребления, а значит, необходимо усилить научную обоснованность методологии стратегического планирования аграрного сектора в регионах. Каждый регион с присущими ему стратегическими возможностями способен внести свою лепту в ее решение. Цель исследования — конкретизировать принципы стратегического планирования развития агропродовольственной сферы, позволяющие активизировать использование конкурентных преимуществ регионов в обеспечении физической и экономической доступности продукции. Доказательная база построена на критическом анализе принципов отечественной системы стратегирования, обобщении опыта других экономик мира, статистической группировке и корреляционном анализе базы данных о развитии сельского хозяйства и состоянии его поддержки в разрезе субъектов РФ (2017–2021 гг.). Слабые стороны принципов, принятых в теории и практике планирования, состоят в том, что они ориентируют методологию стратегирования на прогнозирование «от достигнутого уровня развития» и «ресурсные ограничения» при достижении целей. В систему стратегического планирования агропродовольственного сектора предлагается внедрить такие принципы, в основе которых находятся положения о желаемом состоянии и целенаправленности методов на его достижение, достаточности инструментов и ресурсного обеспечения целей, вовлеченности аграрных ресурсов и конкурентных преимуществ товаропроизводителей, приоритет отраслевого развития аграрного сектора над территориальным. В результате научных разработок выделены опорные принципы методологии стратегического планирования сельского хозяйства региона, которые направляют стратегирование, с одной стороны, на описание желаемого состояния физической и экономической доступности продукции, с другой стороны, с одной стороны,на определение оптимального курса действий для перехода к этому желаемому состоянию. Научные результаты работы вписываются в ключевые положения документов стратегического планирования по агропродовольственному сектору.
We present a classroom game that integrates economics and data-science competencies. In the first two parts of the game, participants assume the roles of firms in a procurement market, where they must either adopt competitive behaviors or have the option to engage in collusion. Success in these parts hinges on their comprehension of market dynamics. In the third part of the game, participants transition to the role of competition-authority members. Drawing from recent literature on machine-learning-based cartel detection, they analyze the bids for patterns indicative of collusive (cartel) behavior. In this part of the game, success depends on data-science skills. We offer a detailed discussion on implementing the game, emphasizing considerations for accommodating diverging levels of preexisting knowledge in data science.
The “100 Acres” case study in Badulla district Sri Lanka illustrates the challenges of implementing sanitation projects in culturally sensitive areas. In 2000, the Regional Director of Health Services discovered funds for latrine construction, aimed at reducing open defecation and improving sanitation in the district. Open defecation was recognized as a health risk, leading to diseases like soil-transmitted helminths, diarrhea, and effects on outside health. The initial plan targeted schools, but the apathy of the principal became evident when he indicated that the surrounding open land was sufficient for the sanitary purposes of students, underscoring a lack of buy-in for latrines. Shifting the focus to plantations, where open defecation was more common, the project collaborated with plantation managers to identify needy areas. Although latrines were built and well-maintained, only a small percentage were used as intended. Through interviews, reasons for non-usage included cultural preferences for open, airy spaces and discomfort with enclosed areas. The project then employed a behavioral change strategy, moving through a phased approach to gradually ease residents into using latrines. The community gradually adjusted to the change, starting with open pits and adding incremental structures like partial walls and eventually a roof. This method allowed for a more culturally sensitive approach to sanitation, increasing usage over time. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding community values and involving residents in project design. Behavioral change is a slow process that requires trust and adaptation, especially in projects that alter daily habits. By respecting cultural preferences and implementing phased adoption, the project achieved more sustainable outcomes, demonstrating the necessity of aligning health interventions with local norms for genuine impact.
Once the integrated urban-rural development enters a high-quality development stage, multiple dimensions would be reflected in population, space, economics, society, and environment, which will further advance sustainable development. An integrated urban and rural development have shown different features, rules, and models amid different social systems and in different development stages. Therefore, it's urgent to scientifically measure the integration level of rural and urban areas, revealing the spatial differences, characteristics, and internal mechanism. Targeting the 41 cities within the Yangtze River Delta, this paper evaluates the integrated urban-rural development in this area based on the global principal component analysis, explores its spatial agglomeration and evolution pattern by ESDA method, analyzes the principal factors that result in the spatial differences in integrated urban and rural development in the Yangtze River Delta and their interactive relations by the geographical detector, and discusses the regional differences between those influencing factors by the geographical weighted regression method. The results indicate that (1) the integrated development of the 41 cities is not balanced and there is a great difference between different cities. (2) The integrated development of this area has shown the apparent feature of geographical agglomeration, or in other words, the central cities have become the forces that drive the development of neighboring cities. (3) Since integrated urban-rural development is influenced by economic development, basic infrastructure, government support, and industrial structure, all regions should put forward suggestions for the formulation of policies accordingly based on realities.
Rapid urbanization has exerted unsustainable pressures on the environment, and implementing circular economy (CE) in cities has been seen by policy makers as a potential solution for resource scarcity. Scholars have therefore called for an understanding of the spatial aspects of CE that go beyond urban governance strategies, engendering the recent integration of spatial disciplines, such as urban planning and regional economics, into the study of CE. Using the Netherlands as a case study, this research asks the question, "what determines the locations and scales of closing material loops in a circular economy?”, using both quantitative and qualitative spatial analysis methods, and both present- and future-oriented perspectives. Novel data sources on locations of material stocks and flows were used, including waste statistics and material stock maps. Research results were presented in five chapters, each corresponding to an academic paper. Current locations and scales are identified by analyzing the locations of waste reuse clusters in the Netherlands, and future locations and scales are addressed by identifying the optimal locations and service areas of circular construction hubs in Amsterdam. As an overall conclusion, I identified 5 conceptual and methodological tensions that occur when determining locations and scales for closing material loops: urban manufacturing vs urban mining, clusters vs hubs, spaces vs people vs materials, present vs future, and quantitative vs qualitative.
This paper fundamentally reformulates economic and financial theory to include electronic currencies. The valuation of the electronic currencies will be based on macroeconomic theory and the fundamental equation of monetary policy, not the microeconomic theory of discounted cash flows. The view of electronic currency as a transactional equity associated with tangible assets of a sub-economy will be developed, in contrast to the view of stock as an equity associated mostly with intangible assets of a sub-economy. The view will be developed of the electronic currency management firm as an entity responsible for coordinated monetary (electronic currency supply and value stabilization) and fiscal (investment and operational) policies of a substantial (for liquidity of the electronic currency) sub-economy. The risk model used in the valuations and the decision-making will not be the ubiquitous, yet inappropriate, exponential risk model that leads to discount rates, but will be multi time scale models that capture the true risk. The decision-making will be approached from the perspective of true systems control based on a system response function given by the multi scale risk model and system controllers that utilize the Deep Reinforcement Learning, Generative Pretrained Transformers, and other methods of Generative Artificial Intelligence (genAI). Finally, the sub-economy will be viewed as a nonlinear complex physical system with both stable equilibriums that are associated with short-term exploitation, and unstable equilibriums that need to be stabilized with active nonlinear control based on the multi scale system response functions and genAI.