Hasil untuk "Public law"

داليا أبوزيد

المستخلصهدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى البحث في تأثير الواقع المعزز باستخدام أبعاد (المعلومات- التفاعل- التوافق الواقعي- الابتكار) على الصورة الذهنية للعملاء بأبعاده (البعد المعرفي- البعد الوجداني- البعد السلوكي) في البيئة المصرية أثناء عملية التسوق، وقد بلغ حجم عينة الدراسة 384 مفردة وبلغت الاستمارات الصالحة للتحليل 300 استمارة وتم التحليل باستخدام برنامج التحليل الاحصائي SPSS نسخة 26، وقد توصلت البحث إلى وجود علاقة إيجابية بين الواقع المعزز بجميع أبعاده وبين الصورة الذهنية للعملاء بجميع أبعادها، كما توصلت النتائج إلى وجود تأثير معنوي ذو دلالة إحصائية بين أغلب ابعاد الواقع المعزز(المعلومات- التوافق الواقعي- الابتكار) على الصورة الذهنية للعملاء، ولكن بالنسبة لبُعد التفاعل في الواقع المعزز كان هناك علاقة ارتباط بينه وبين الصورة الذهنية للعملاء ولكن من ناحية التأثير كان سلبي ولكنه غير معنوي.التوصية: بما أن الواقع المعزز له تأثير معنوي قوي على الصورة الذهنية للعملاء، يُوصى بالمزيد من الاستثمار في هذه التقنية لتقوية الانطباع العام لدى العملاء وتطوير الواقع المعزز باعتباره أداة تسويقية استراتيجية.بالنسبة لبُعد التفاعل في علاقة الارتباط يظهر أنه عندما يزيد التفاعل تزيد الصورة الذهنية أيضًا (علاقة طردية)، لكن هذا لا يعني أن التفاعل يُسبب هذا التغيير، فقط أنه يتزامن معه أو يسير في نفس الاتجاه أما في نتائج تحليل الانحدار عندما نضع كل الأبعاد معًا في النموذج، فإن التفاعل لا يضيف تفسيرًا إضافيًا مهمًا للصورة الذهنية مقارنة ببقية الأبعاد والسبب في ذلك قد يكون أن تأثير "التفاعل" يتداخل أو يتغطى بتأثير أبعاد أقوى مثل "الابتكار" و"التوافق الواقعي".

كوثر محمد عبدالحافظ محمد, أکرم إبراهيم

الهدف: يهدف هذا البحث إلى توضيح مدى إمكانية الاستفادة من المهارات والأساليب التي توفرها المحاسبة القضائية في تطوير عملية الفحص الضريبي ببيئة الأعمال المصرية، وذلك في ضوء سعي الدولة المصرية إلى الحد من التهرب الضريبي وزيادة الحصيلة الضريبية مع الأخذ في الحسبان منافع ومحددات التطبيق في بيئة الأعمال المصرية.التصميم والمنهجية: تم الاعتماد على منهجية التحليل الرباعي (SWOT analysis) لتحديد نقاط القوة والضعف في نظام الفحص الضريبي المطبق حالياً، والفرص والتهديدات الكامنة في استخدام المحاسبة القضائية في مجال الفحص الضريبي، كما تم الاعتماد على أسلوب الاستبيان كأداة بحث لاستطلاع آراء الممولين ومراجعي الحسابات ومأموري الضرائب في مدى إمكانية الاستفادة من تطبيق مهارات وأساليب المحاسبة القضائية في تطوير عملية الفحص الضريبي.النتائج: عدم وجود اختلافات دالة إحصائياً بين آراء فئات المستقصى منهم بشأن كل من معوقات التطبيق ودور مهارات المحاسبة القضائية في تطوير عملية الفحص الضريبي، في حين توجد فروق جوهرية بين آراء فئات المستقصى منهم بشأن دور أساليب المحاسبة القضائية في تطوير عملية الفحص الضريبي. وعلى الرغم من تباين ترتيب أهمية مهارات وأساليب المحاسبة القضائية بين فئات الدراسة إلا أنه يوجد اتفاق عام حول أهميتها في تطوير عملية الفحص الضريبي.القيمة المضافة: يعد هذا البحث لبنة جديدة في أدبيات المحاسبة الضريبية والمحاسبة القضائية، حيث يعمل على ربط مهارات وأساليب المحاسبة القضائية بمجال جديد لم تتناوله الدراسات السابقة وهو الفحص الضريبي، كما أن النتائج المتوصل إليها يمكن الاستفادة منها في تطوير منظومة الفحص الضريبي بمصر؛ خاصة في ظل حاجة الدولة إلى زيادة مواردها لتمويل مشاريعها التنموية وفق رؤية 2030، وذلك بالتزامن مع الأزمات التي يمر بها الاقتصاد العالمي .

Rami Ben Rhaiem, Grzegorz Tarsa, Katarzyna Sudelska et al.

Introduction: The development of medicine and information technology in recent decades has undoubtedly contributed to improving public health. Artificial intelligence is a technology that has great potential to revolutionize the functioning of health care around the world. Appropriate use of the development of technology can revolutionize many areas of modern medicine, however, it should not be forgotten that this technology should be subjected to appropriate standardization and legal regulation. Objective: The purpose of this study is to review the available scientific literature in order to systematize the current knowledge on the use of artificial intelligence in the process of diagnosis and treatment. Ethical aspects related to the implementation of AI for use in health care are also analyzed. Results: Artificial intelligence uses deep machine learning algorithms. It is a technology that has been known for a long time, but recently the chances of its widespread use have increased significantly, although scientists still do not fully understand the operation of AI algorithms. Currently, there are attempts to use this technology in many medical fields such as cardiology, diagnostic imaging, gastroenterology, pathomorphology, ultrasound. Artificial intelligence can also be used to improve the functioning of patient service in health care. Summary: The development of artificial intelligence algorithms creates a huge opportunity to improve the quality of diagnostic and treatment processes. The current rapid development of the technology is revolutionizing many branches of medicine, improving treatment outcomes. However, the development of this technology requires the creation of an appropriate law governing AI in medicine.

Richard E. Overill, Jan Collie

Unlike conventional forensics, digital forensics does not at present generally quantify the results of its investigations. It is suggested that digital forensics should aim to catch up with other forensic disciplines by using Bayesian and other numerical methodologies to quantify its investigations’ results. Assessing the plausibility of alternative hypotheses (or propositions, or claims) which explain how recovered digital evidence came to exist on a device could assist both the prosecution and the defence sides in criminal proceedings: helping the prosecution to decide whether to proceed to trial and helping defence lawyers to advise a defendant how to plead. This paper reviews some numerical approaches to the goal of quantifying the relative weights of individual items of digital evidence and the plausibility of hypotheses based on that evidence. The potential advantages enabling the construction of cost-effective digital forensic triage schemas are also outlined.Key points The absence of quantified results from digital forensic investigations, unlike those of conventional forensics, is highlighted. A number of approaches towards quantitative evaluation of the results of digital forensic investigations are reviewed. The significant potential benefits accruing from such approaches are discussed.

Mahmoud Hekmatnia, Zeinab Shabani

The use of the words "Author", "Creator" and "Creation" under the definition of "Work" in Article 1 of the Law on Protection of the Rights of Authors, Writers and Artists (1348) indicates that the existence of the element of creation in works is required in order to protect them. This issue poses a serious challenge to the protection of factual works. Factual works are works that include compilation and narration of facts, photographs, and geographical maps that describe facts or aspects of the world in which we live, e.g.  data and information about the world that are discovered and are not the result of the act of creation. Due to their extensive composition of factual material of the public domain, as well as the requirements for accurate narration of facts in some instances, such as biographies and histories, these works face significant uncertainty in distinguishing between "Fact" and "Factual Expression". The present study by using a descriptive-analytic method in examining the legal status of factual works and a comparative study of achieving originality in different types of these works in American law, due to their different nature, seeks to express the status of this issue in Iranian law and concludes that Iranian law has failed to recognize the distinctive nature of these works.

Alexander A. Huzhalouski

The author analyses the change in state policy, as well as the revival of public initiative in the field of protection of cultural monuments, as a result of the liberalisation of social and political life in Soviet Belarus during the «thaw». Public speeches of cultural figures, scientists, teachers, journalists served as an impetus for the actions of republican and local state bodies, who decided the fate of national heritage objects. The state officials and society representatives efforts undertaken during the period under review resulted with the creation of the Belarusian voluntary society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments (1966), the State inspectorate for the protection of historical, artistic, architectural and archaeological monuments (1967), as well as with the adoption of «On the protection of cultural monuments» law (1969).

Maria Maniadaki, Athanasios Papathanasopoulos, Lilian Mitrou et al.

Using remote sensing technologies to ensure environmental protection responds to the need of protection of a right and a public good and interest. However, the increasing introduction of these technologies has raised new challenges, such as their interference with the rights of privacy and personal data, which are also protected fundamental rights. In this paper the importance of remote sensing technologies as tools for environmental monitoring and environmental law enforcement is analyzed, while legal issues regarding privacy and data protection from their use for environmental purposes are presented. Existing legislation for reconciling emerging conflicts is also examined and major European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law on the issue is approached. Finally, recent developments in Greek legislation and their application perspectives in environmental law are presented as a timely “case study”.

Charlotte Beaucillon

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 387-401 | European Forum Insight of 25 April 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Requests for assistance from certain EU Member States and replies received. - II.1. Italy. - II.2. Spain and France. - III. Available assistance mechanisms and their use in the COVID-19 crisis. - III.1. Ad hoc Assistance. - III.2. The NATO Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre. - III.3. The EU Civil Protection Mechanism. - IV. Lessons learned and further research paths. - IV.1. The lack of public information and the need for transparency of European public action. - IV.2. Realpolitik and the civil-protection autonomy of the Union. - IV.3. The gap between EU citizens' expectations and the Union's competences. | (Abstract) It is of course too early to draw conclusions about the European Union's response to the COVID-19 crisis in its Member States while we are still in the midst of the health crisis. On the other hand, it is already possible to correct the widely shared first impression that European solidarity had been shattered. The available public data systematized in Section II and the analyses in Section III show that European solidarity has been expressed in two ways: First, bilaterally between EU Member States; second, collectively under the recent impetus of the European Commission. To help explain this impression of the absence of a Union, Section IV proposes three paths that should be the subject of further research: public information and the policy of transparency of European public action, the Union's emergency-reaction autonomy in the face of third countries' Realpolitik strategies, and the gap between the expectations of the Union's citizens and its actual competences.

Puneet Pasricha, Dharmaraja Selvamuthu, Guglielmo D’Amico et al.

Abstract This article presents a semi-Markov process based approach to optimally select a portfolio consisting of credit risky bonds. The criteria to optimize the credit portfolio is based on l ∞ -norm risk measure and the proposed optimization model is formulated as a linear programming problem. The input parameters to the optimization model are rate of returns of bonds which are obtained using credit ratings assuming that credit ratings of bonds follow a semi-Markov process. Modeling credit ratings by semi-Markov processes has several advantages over Markov chain models, i.e., it addresses the ageing effect present in the credit rating dynamics. The transition probability matrices generated by semi-Markov process and initial credit ratings are used to generate rate of returns of bonds. The empirical performance of the proposed model is analyzed using the real data. Further, comparison of the proposed approach with the Markov chain approach is performed by obtaining the efficient frontiers for the two models.

María Inés Arévalo Jaramillo

Este artículo se propone analizar la presencia de las mujeres en el Poder Legislativo de Ecuador entre los años 1979 y 2010. Se trabaja con el método cuantitativo, aplicado a una base de datos original construida por quien escribe, en la que se observan variables sociales e institucionales respecto a las mujeres que ingresan a la Asamblea Nacional de Ecuador. Los resultados revelan, por un lado, que la Asamblea Nacional ha tenido el 9% de representación de las mujeres; por el otro, que la mayoría de ellas ha ejercido la representación provincial de las circunscripciones electorales de Guayas y Pichincha. Contrario a lo que ocurre en países como España, Perú y Chile, en los que los partidos de izquierda son los que más incluyen a mujeres en cargos de elección popular, las legisladoras ecuatorianas pertenecen a partidos de derecha, principalmente al Partido Social Cristiano (PSC). Sobre las comisiones legislativas, cerca del 50% de las asambleístas se incorpora a las relacionadas con temas de educación, cultura, salud y derechos de los trabajadores.

Krystyna Wojtczak

In the period researched in this article (1947–1990) the principles of awarding academic degrees were far from stable (or uniform). What is more, difference between individual degrees were of multiple character. In the initial years shortly after the Polish People’s Republic was formed, a lower academic degree was award ed to every higher school graduate. From 1951on this term referred to degrees awarded to science candidates, and as of 1958 to a degree of a doctor. Secondly, the requirements needed to be satisfied in order to qualify for individual degrees differed and were changing. Thirdly, on and off there were instances where ex emptions were made from the generally binding principles governing awarding of academic degrees, especially in the case of a science candidate and a doctor. Those exemptions, or exceptional treatment, was justified by a reference to an exceptional case. Fourthly, lower academic degrees could not always be obtained in every discipline, and the list of the discipline that qualified candidates for a degree was neither closed nor stable. Fifthly, the rights granted to scientific councils of institutions of higher education, and later to scientific councils of units operating within the Polish Academy of Sciences as well, were also changing, mostly to meet the conditions and requirements which those unites were obliged to fulfil. Sixthly, depending on the role and position of other bodies or organs involved in the process (the minister competent for schools of higher education, the Main Council of Higher Education, or the Central Qualifications Committee) their say and role was also changing. For the sake of a certain simplification, it may be stated that solutions adopted as a result of the reforms of 1947 and 1951were comparable, while those implemented in subsequent years, particularly by acts on higher education of 1958, 1982 and 1985 and the act of 1965 on academic degrees and scientific titles as later amended, differed considerably from earlier solutions. The assessment, from a legal point of view, of the conditions of awarding lower academic degrees in the period researched would, however, have been incom- plete if the organisation of doctoral studies as well as the manner of their delivery leading to the preparation and submission of a doctoral dissertation by a degree candidate, had been examined as well. This issue will be the subject of the second part of this article.

Claudia R. Dorado e Marco Quiroz Vitale

Abstract   In this article the authors want to present some projects and researches of the international working group created to carry out a survey on the public image of the administration of justice that digital social media (social media) and social networks connected to them (face book and twitter) and to investigate how this image is perceived by citizens. The Working Group, to which the same authors take part, and which involves the universities of Milan (IT), Cordoba (AR) and San Marcos of Lima (PE) intends to analyse the media at international, national and local level, the digital ones including the cinematographic works disseminated on online platforms, starting from the premise that justice is strongly linked to politics. Key words: Administration of justice, judicial iconography, digital "social media", social networks, politics of law.   Riassunto In questo articolo si intendono presentare alcuni progetti e ricerche del gruppo di lavoro internazionale creato per realizzare una indagine sopra l’immagine pubblica dell’amministrazione della giustizia che costruiscono i mezzi sociali digitali (social media) e le reti sociali connesse agli stessi (face book e twitter) e su come la stessa venga percepita dai cittadini. Il Gruppo di lavoro, di cui gli autori fanno parte, e che coinvolge le università di Milano (IT), di Cordoba (AR) e San Marcos di Lima (PE) intende analizzare i media a livello internazionale, nazionale e locale, quelli digitali comprese le opere cinematografiche diffuse sulle piattaforme on line, partendo dal presupposto che la giustizia sia fortemente vincolata alla politica.     Parole chiave: amministrazione della giustizia, iconografia giudiziaria, “social media” digitali, reti sociali, politica del diritto.

Lindsay Robertson, Kellen Namusisi Nyamurungi, Shannon Gravely et al.

Abstract Background In 2016, Uganda became one of few sub-Saharan African countries to implement comprehensive national smoke-free legislation. Since the World Health Organisation recommends Civil Society Organisation’s (CSO) involvement to support compliance with smoke-free laws, we explored CSOs’ perceptions of law implementation in Kampala, Uganda, and the challenges and opportunities for achieving compliance. Since hospitality workers tend to have the greatest level of exposure to second-hand smoke, we focussed on implementation in respect to hospitality venues (bars/pubs and restaurants). Methods In August 2016, three months after law implementation, we invited key Kampala-based CSOs to participate in face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Interviews probed participants’ perceptions about law implementation, barriers impeding compliance, opportunities to enhance compliance, and the role of CSOs in supporting law implementation. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was conducted using the interview transcripts. Results Fourteen individuals, comprising mainly senior managers from CSOs, participated and reported poor compliance with the smoke-free law in hospitality venues. Respondents noted that contributing factors included low awareness of the law amongst the general public and hospitality staff, limited implementation activities due to scarce resources and lack of coordinated enforcement. Opportunities for improving compliance included capacity building for enforcement agency staff, routine monitoring, rigorous enactment of penalties, and education about the smoke-free law aimed at hospitality venue staff and the general public. Allegations of tobacco industry misinformation were said to have undermined compliance. Civil Society Organisations saw their role as supporting law implementation through education, stakeholder engagement, and evidence-based advocacy. Conclusions This study suggests that the process of smoke-free law implementation in Uganda has not aligned with World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for implementing smoke-free laws, and highlights that low-income countries may need additional support to enable them to effectively plan for policy implementation and resist industry interference.

Elena Quintana-Orive

El artículo estudia algunos términos –como son officium, munus, honor, etc.– utilizados en las fuentes jurídicas y literarias romanas y que se corresponden en grandes líneas con términos propios del derecho administrativo moderno como son función pública, cargo u oficio público o competencia.

Karoline Cristina Milioni, Ariel Behr, Jeferson Luís Lopes Goularte

This paper describes the elaboration process of the Annual Budget Law Proposal in a Federal Higher Education Institution (FHEI) and the internal procedures adopted from the budget ceiling established by the Ministry of Education. It is a descriptive and analytical research based on a qualitative approach. Thus, the study presents the main instruments which guide the budgetary process in the FHEI at issue: the Multi-annual Plan, the Budget Guidelines Law and the Annual Budget Law. Next, the paper shows the Budget Cycle from the budget formulation to the budget control. The main contributions of this research are the disclosure of a budget management style in an FHEI and the working methods adopted for the elaboration of the Annual Budget Law Proposal which aim to fulfill the legal demands and the internal needs.

Jorge Lima, Ana Francisca Kolling

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, epidemiológico e analítico com abordagem qualiquantitativa. O artigo buscou identificar a relação entre cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família e o aumento de ações judiciais de insulinas análogas nas regiões Sul e Nordeste do Brasil. Nos anos 2010, 2011 e 2012, o consumo de insulinas análogas foi crescente tanto na região sul quanto nordeste. A região sul, apesar de ter um SUS organizado, IDH desenvolvido e educação estruturada, apresentou falhas no programa de diabetes. Em contrapartida, a região nordeste possui IDH baixo na maioria dos municípios e educação deficiente, porém, observou-se a necessidade de reorganização dos programas voltados ao atendimento de usuários portadores de doenças crônicas, em especial, a diabetes, nessa região. Entende-se, que o fortalecimento da atenção básica como porta de entrada para o SUS, nas regiões estudadas pode minimizar o problema da judicialização da saúde.

Josefa Cantero Martínez

Konstantinas Jakovlevas-Mateckis

The town is a complicated system the main components of which are the community and its environment. Therefore, town planning and formation of green area should be performed taking into consideration the community’s activities and needs. Favorable conditions must be created for people to live, work, study and rest. Solving these social tasks a great role falls on urban public areas and green areas. The town’s community, municipality and investors have to take an active part in solving this task. Urban green areas have to be formed systematically. In this system we can distinguish three groups of green areas which are very important for the community: a natural frame, green areas for territories of a general use (parks, town gardens, squares, etc), and green areas integrated into territories of various purposes (dwelling, industrial and commercial activities, learning, etc). They have to be planned and formed taking into account the activities and needs of the local community. The author’s analysis shows that there are a lot of gaps in this sphere. In order to eliminate its shortcomings, it is necessary to pass a law regulating urban green areas as soon as possible, and on this basis to prepare rules and normative standards for green area planning, paying a great attention to the social function of green areas. Miesto želdynų problemos ir jų socialinė paskirtis Santrauka Nagrinėjama miesto raida ir želdynų vieta jo struktūroje. Vadovaujantis subalansuotos plėtros koncepcija pagrindžiama miesto želdynų sistemis˘kumo būtinybė ir sistemos socialinis pagrįstumas. Pateikiama nauja miesto želdynų sistemos samprata, nurodoma, kad jos pagrindą sudaro miesto gamtinis karkasas ir dvi miesto želdynų teritorijų grupės: atskirųjų želdynų grupė ir į kitos paskirties žemių teritorijas integruotų želdynų, sistemoje atliekančių antraeilį vaidmenį, grupė. Detaliau nagrinėjami integruoti želdynai gyvenamosiose teritorijose, kuriose jie atlieka labai svarbų socialinį vaidmenį. Reikšminiai žodžiai: socialinė miesto želdynų paskirtis, žmogaus veikla ir poreikiai; miesto želdynų sistema; gamtinis karkasas; atskirieji bendro naudojimo želdynai; integruotieji želdynai; miesto želdynų įstatymas ir normos. First Published Online: 21 May 2013

Jónatan þórmundsson

Islandsk kronik