Hasil untuk "Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations"

Junjun Zhou, Xiaofan Shi, Yanwen Song et al.

ABSTRACT Hard carbon (HC) is a promising anode candidate for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), yet its application is plagued by unstable interfaces and poor long‐term cyclability. Herein, we develop a facile solvent evaporation strategy to synthesize ultrathin Al2O3‐coated biomass‐derived HC (GSC‐Al2O3‐3%). The conformal Al2O3 layer passivates defects and micropores, suppresses side reactions, and promotes the formation of a robust organic–inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interphase. Comprehensive characterizations, including in situ X‐ray diffraction, ex situ Raman spectra, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, solid‐state 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic force microscope modulus mapping, demonstrate that Al2O3 actively participates in SEI reconstruction, enhancing the chemical and mechanical stability. Electrochemical tests reveal that the optimized GSC‐Al2O3‐3% anode delivers 91% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, and possesses excellent wide‐temperature tolerance (149.3 mAh g⁻¹ at −30°C and 286.8 mAh g−1 at 60°C). Mechanistic studies confirm a synergistic Na+ storage process involving “adsorption–intercalation–pore filling,” while density functional theory calculations and electrostatic potential mapping reveal that Al2O3 coating regulates interfacial charge distribution and reduces Na+ migration barriers. A full cell paired with a NaNi0.5Fe0.5MnO4 cathode exhibits a high initial capacity of 395.7 mAh g−1 and outstanding cycling stability (200 cycles). This work provides fundamental mechanistic insights into interfacial engineering of HC and establishes a cost‐effective, scalable route for the next generation high‐performance SIBs.

Wencheng Bao, Eleftheria Kontou

Pengzhen Chen, Cheng Hou, Han Xiao et al.

Robot-assisted gastrointestinal endoscopic surgery (RAGES) has emerged as a critical approach for minimally invasive procedures, including Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, polypectomy, hemostasis, and therapeutic interventions. However, manual manipulation of flexible endoscopes remains technically demanding and limits surgical precision. To enhance surgical efficiency, this paper proposes a joystick-controlled Endoscopic Robotic System (ERS) comprising a Flexible Arm Delivery Device (FDD) and Main Body Driving Device (MDD). Through systematic structural design and validation, the ERS achieves stable four-DOF control: 360° circumferential rotation, 180° bending, 280–330 mm axial delivery, and ±15° rotational compensation. Key innovations include dual-encoder slippage detection in the FDD and a gripper assembly addressing circumferential angle loss through real-time torque sensing. Experimental results confirm compatibility with dual-channel endoscopes without custom modifications. The system demonstrates proof-of-concept for comprehensive endoscopic control while maintaining compact design (<0.2 m² per module) and low manufacturing cost. Although force-sensing capabilities require further refinement, this work establishes a foundation for accessible robotic platforms in gastrointestinal endoscopy, with identified limitations guiding future development toward clinical viability.

ZHENG Xinyu, CHEN Jialin, ZHANG Fei et al.

ObjectivesUrban rivers and lakes often serve as carriers of sewage, with a large amount of sediment enriched with nitrogen and heavy metal elements. The combustion disposal method is clean, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. Studying the combustion kinetics of the sediment is crucial for its disposal and utilization.MethodsThe thermogravimetric analysis method is employed to compare and analyze the single combustion characteristics of the sediment in Dianchi Lake. In order to provide a reference for practical engineering applications, the sediment is co-combusted with coal at mixing ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Using KAS, FWO, and Coats methods, 11 commonly used kinetic mechanism functions and solid-state reaction mechanism functions are selected to fit the activation energy and mechanism functions of each reaction stage.ResultsThe combustion of sediment is divided into four stages. Compared with sludge and coal slurry, it has a lower ignition temperature, making it easier to burn, but a higher burnout temperature, indicating differences in the overall combustion characteristics. When sediment is burned at different heating rates, lower heating rates are more conducive to combustion. Co-combusting sediment with coal shows a synergistic effect, and their interaction has a positive impact on the combustion characteristics. As the mixing ratio increases, the ignition performance improves. However, when the mixing ratio reaches 30%, the combustibility index significantly decreases, indicating that excessive mixing ratio is detrimental to improving the combustion performance of the fuel. The final fitting shows that the reaction mechanisms in the second and third stages of the combustion process are consistent, while the fourth stage is different.ConclusionsSediment can be used as a fuel, burning of sediment and coal can improve the ignition performance of coal and conducive to the stable combustion of coal, but the mixing ratio should not exceed 30%. The research results provide a reference for practical engineering applications.

Guishan Yan, Tiangui Zhang, Xianhang Liu et al.

The force control performance of electro-hydraulic servo pump control system (EHSPCS) is constrained by the nonlinear disturbance, volume servo response delay, hydraulic parameter uncertainty, nonlinear excitation disturbance, etc. Compensating control based on the force-speed-torque three-loop control framework has been a popular method for force control from the perspective of nonlinear system models. However, the performance of traditional control methods (e.g., PID) is limited by multi-loop response delays and nonlinear model time-variation due to system pressure and temperature. This paper proposes a dynamic load torque compensation active disturbance rejection control strategy based on a force-torque double loop control framework. The core is to obtain reference balance torque via ADRC. During force control, the system needs dynamic “excess flow” to compensate for leakage, oil compression, and hydraulic cylinder flow due to load deformation. Guided by “excess flow” compensation, the expected servo motor speed is derived, and the speed error is converted into a dynamic load torque compensation command, which is superimposed with the reference balance torque to achieve high-performance force control. Comparative experiments showed that under 30–100 bar conditions, the strategy reduced steady-state error to 0.094 %, representing a 58.6 % and 77.8 % improvement over traditional ADRC (0.227 %) and PID (0.423 %), respectively. This strategy provides a new path for solving the problem of dynamic flow compensation in the EHSPCS under high-voltage conditions and has significant engineering value for improving the performance of precision force control equipment in fields such as high-end manufacturing.

Milutin G. Jovanović, Mohammadreza Aghakashkooli

This paper presents a novel sensorless vector control approach for wind power applications of brushless doubly fed reluctance generators (BDFRGs), developed to operate entirely independent of machine parameters. The method employs a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) with dynamic inductance ratio estimation to determine rotor speed and position with unmatched accuracy compared to existing MRAS-based solutions, thereby enabling effective and decoupled regulation of both active and reactive power via the grid-connected winding, without reliance on a vulnerable shaft-mounted rotor position sensor. A notable advantage of the proposed control technique is its universal applicability to various BDFRG configurations and ratings, removing the need for pre-identified parameters or cumbersome offline characterisation. The controller’s ability to accurately track maximum power points and effectively reject disturbances across the base speed operating region has been demonstrated through extensive real-time simulations and hardware-in-the-loop testing, using MW-scale wind turbine models and a high-performance dSPACE® system for control development and validation.

Waldemar Skomudek, Jerzy Dzieża, Aleksander Lorenc et al.

Nadrzędnym celem rozwojowym przedsiębiorstw energetycznych funkcjonujących w warunkach konkurencyjnego rynku energii jest dążenie do wzrostu ich wartości poprzez realizację zamierzeń inwestycyjnych o charakterze rozwojowym, ekonomicznie efektywnych i gwarantujących bezpieczeństwo pracy systemu elektroenergetycznego. Przyjęcie takiej perspektywy przesądza o tym, że w ciągu najbliższej dekady powinny być realizowane głównie zamierzenia o dużym stopniu innowacyjności, usprawniające niemal wszystkie procesy biznesowe. Oznacza to również, że podejmowanie decyzji inwestycyjnych powinno bazować na gruntownej i rzetelnej ocenie ich opłacalności i efektywności, a także uwzględniać zmianę wartości pieniądza w czasie, ryzyko traktowane jako obiektywnie istniejąca możliwość niepowodzenia w realizacji zamierzonych celów inwestycyjnych oraz realny okres trwania inwestycji. Dla tak określonego obszaru zagadnień w artykule zaprezentowano informacje z zakresu wyznaczania efektywności energetycznych projektów inwestycyjnych, określania optymalnych modeli ich finansowania, kształtowania przychodu regulowanego operatorów sieci elektroenergetycznych oraz monitorowania uzyskanych rezultatów w odniesieniu do poniesionych nakładów inwestycyjnych, zastosowania innowacyjnych metod modelowania agentowego i teorii grafów, a także metody analizy wielowymiarowej oraz metody teorii gier stosowane do wyceny energetycznych projektów inwestycyjnych.

Peter Skands

The theory talks at Moriond QCD and High-Energy Interactions 2025 covered the full range of scales from BSM, top, Higgs, EW, and hard QCD physics, through resummation, factorisation, and PDFs, to hadronic, heavy-ion, nonperturbative, and lattice QCD. A few talks also touched on methodologies. We here summarise main points of most of these contributions.

Hannah Bossi, Yi Chen, Yu-Chen Chen et al.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a remarkably rich theory exhibiting numerous emergent degrees of freedom, from flux tubes to hadrons. Their description in terms of the underlying quarks and gluons of the QCD Lagrangian remains a central challenge of modern physics. Colliders offer a unique opportunity to probe these phenomena experimentally: high energy partons produced from the QCD vacuum excite these emergent degrees, imprinting their dynamics in correlations in asymptotic energy flux. Decoding these correlations requires measurements with exceptional angular resolution, beyond that achieved in previous measurements. Recent progress has enabled precision calculations of energy flux on charged particles alone, allowing data-theory comparisons for measurements using high resolution tracking detectors. In this Letter, we resurrect thirty-year-old data from the ALEPH tracker, and perform a high angular resolution measurement of the two-point correlation of energy flux, probing QCD over three orders of magnitude in scale in a single measurement. Our measurement unveils for the first time the full spectrum of the correlator, including light-ray quasi-particle states, flux-tube excitations, and their transitions into confined hadrons. We compare our measurement with record precision theoretical predictions, achieving percent level agreement, and revealing interesting new phenomena in the confinement transitions. More broadly, we highlight the immense potential of this newly unlocked archival data set, the so called "recycling frontier", and emphasize synergies with ongoing and future collider experiments.

Zhe Yu, Xue Hu, Qin Wang

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly increased demand on both transportation and power systems, posing challenges to their stable operation. To support the growing need for EV charging, both fixed charging stations (FCSs) and mobile charging stations (MCSs) have been introduced, serving as key interfaces between the power grid and traffic network. Recognizing the importance of collaborative planning across these sectors, this paper presents a two-stage joint planning model for FCSs and MCSs, utilizing an improved alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. The primary goal of the proposed model is to transform the potential negative impacts of large-scale EV integration into positive outcomes, thereby enhancing social welfare through collaboration among multiple stakeholders. In the first stage, we develop a framework for evaluating FCS locations, incorporating assessments of EV hosting capacity and voltage stability. The second stage introduces a joint planning model for FCSs and MCSs, aiming to minimize the overall social costs of the EV charging system while maintaining a reliable power supply. To solve the planning problem, we employ a combination of mixed-integer linear programming, queueing theory, and sequential quadratic programming. The improved ADMM algorithm couples the siting and sizing decisions consistently by introducing coupling constraints, and supports a distributed optimization framework that coordinates the interests of EV users, MCS operators, and distribution system operators. Additionally, a flexible capacity planning strategy that accounts for the multi-period development potential of EVCS is proposed to reduce both the complexity and the investment required for FCS construction. Finally, a case study with comparative experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed models and solution methods.

Adrian Odenweller, Falko Ueckerdt, Johannes Hampp et al.

The rapid expansion of low-cost renewable electricity combined with end-use electrification in transport, industry, and buildings offers a promising path to deep decarbonisation. However, aligning variable supply with demand requires strategies for daily and seasonal balancing. Existing models either lack the wide scope required for long-term transition pathways or the spatio-temporal detail to capture power system variability and flexibility. Here, we combine the complementary strengths of REMIND, a long-term integrated assessment model, and PyPSA-Eur, an hourly energy system model, through a bi-directional, price-based and iterative soft coupling. REMIND provides pathway variables such as sectoral electricity demand, installed capacities, and costs to PyPSA-Eur, which returns optimised operational variables such as capacity factors, storage requirements, and relative prices. After sufficient convergence, this integrated approach jointly optimises long-term investment and short-term operation. We demonstrate the coupling for two Germany-focused scenarios, with and without demand-side flexibility, reaching climate neutrality by 2045. Our results confirm that a sector-coupled energy system with nearly 100\% renewable electricity is technically possible and economically viable. Power system flexibility influences long-term pathways through price differentiation: supply-side market values vary by generation technology, while demand-side prices vary by end-use sector. Flexible electrolysers and smart-charging electric vehicles benefit from below-average prices, whereas less flexible heat pumps face almost twice the average price due to winter peak loads. Without demand-side flexibility, electricity prices increase across all end-users, though battery deployment partially compensates. Our approach therefore fully integrates power system dynamics into multi-decadal energy transition pathways.

Marco Stein Muzio

In this review we motivate ultrahigh energy neutrino searches and their connection to ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We give an overview of neutrino production mechanisms and their potential sources. Several model-independent benchmarks of the ultrahigh energy neutrino flux are discussed. Finally, a brief discussion of approaches for model-dependent neutrino flux predictions are given, highlighting a few examples from the literature.

Dongyang Xia, Lixing Yang, Yahan Lu et al.

Problem definition: Motivated by global electrification targets and the advent of electric modular autonomous units (E-MAUs), this paper addresses a robust charging station location and routing-scheduling problem (E-RCRSP) in an inter-modal transit system, presenting a novel solution to traditional electric bus scheduling. The system integrates regular bus services, offering full-line or sectional coverage, and short-turning services. Considering the fast-charging technology with quick top-ups, we jointly optimize charging station locations and capacities, fleet sizing, as well as routing-scheduling for E-MAUs under demand uncertainty. E-MAUs can couple flexibly at different locations, and their routing-scheduling decisions include sequences of services, as well as charging times and locations. Methodology: The E-RCRSP is formulated as a path-based robust optimization model, incorporating the polyhedral uncertainty set. We develop a double-decomposition algorithm that combines column-and-constraint generation and column generation armed with a tailored label-correcting approach. To improve computational efficiency and scalability, we propose a novel method that introduces super travel arcs and network downsizing methodologies. Results: Computational results from real-life instances, based on operational data of advanced NExT E-MAUs with cutting-edge batteries provided by our industry partner, indicate that charging at both depots and en-route fast-charging stations is necessary during operations. Moreover, our algorithm effectively scales to large-scale operational cases involving entire-day operations, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art methods. Comparisons with fixed-composition buses under the same fleet investment suggest that our methods are able to achieve substantial reductions in passengers' costs by flexibly scheduling units.

Huawei Hu, Junjie Di, Zirui Lang et al.

Seda Hatice Gökler

Aslinur Colak, Nilgun Fescioglu-Unver

Christian Rehtanz, Andreas Ulbig, Rajkumar Palaniappan et al.

In the ongoing transition towards distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and the concurrent transformation of critical energy infrastructures, the efficient coordination of load, storage, and generation flexibilities while avoiding grid congestion is crucial. To orchestrate the growing myriad of distributed devices, digital solutions based on scalable information and communication technologies (ICT) that go far beyond the existing state-of-the-art, are the key enablers.To open a new avenue towards robust and resilient power and energy systems, this paper proposes the concepts of holarchies and holonic structures as underlying design principles for grid automation and coordination of flexibilities in power and energy systems. We argue that the holonic concept and its theoretic underpinning enables designing and building future resilient power systems that can cope with the otherwise overwhelming complexities of the energy transition. Our long-term vision is that the proposed holonic concept encompasses already existing trends in power and energy systems, i.e. decentralization, digitalization as well as observability and controllability improvements, into one holistic framework, whereby holistic integration is likewise pun and serious ambition. Beyond the existing holonic approach in general and partly for limited power system applications so far, our design proposal encompasses ICT infrastructures and the data domain into a consistent novel architectural approach.Holonic structures, or holarchies, extend and build upon the recursiveness and self-similarity of autonomous sub-structures, i.e. holons, of a system. It is a system-of-systems approach and, thus, conceptionally, very different from existing and well-known multi-agent system approaches. In essence, holonic concepts allow for the formalisation of hierarchical system relations regarding physics, information, and data using a part-whole architecture. Hence, they are well-suited for the conceptualisation of automation functionality across all dimensions of the cyber-physical domain of energy infrastructures and potentially also beyond.This paper investigates holonic structures from different novel perspectives, such as control and automation, system modeling and digital twins, as well as the corresponding ICT-infrastructure and data requirements. Three case studies are drawn upon as examples to illustrate how holonic concepts and approaches are already emerging in power and energy systems operation.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Onofre Morfín, Diego Delgado, Alan Campos et al.

Wind systems are sustainable and economical options for producing electrical energy. These systems efficiently manage the power flow by maximizing wind power and consuming reactive power from the grid. In addition, wind systems must maintain operation despite utility grid electrical failure; hence, their control system must not collapse. This study proposes a fault-tolerant converter controller to ensure the efficient operation of wind system converters. The central concept behind this is that when there is an imbalance in the utility grid voltage due to a fault nearby or far away, positive and negative sequence voltages are created in the time domain. Then, two parallel controllers operate to allow the wind system to continue operating despite the failure. One controller utilizes positive sequence voltages as inputs to regulate the generator’s electromagnetic torque. This helps in maximizing the amount of wind energy. The second controller uses negative sequence voltages as inputs, which helps to cancel out the produced torque in the opposite direction, thereby preventing generator overload. Finally, the controllers proposed in this article are validated through simulations, and the results are presented.

FU Hongjun, ZHU Shaoxuan, WANG Buhua et al.

With the expansion of power grid scale and the increase of power components, the maintenance methods of power system become more and more complex. It is difficult to evaluate the low-frequency oscillation risk of power grid under massive maintenance only by traditional methods. To solve this problem, a risk prediction method of low-frequency oscillation in maintenance power network based on long short term memory (LSTM) neural network was proposed. Firstly, the unified coding method of power system maintenance mode was proposed, so that the computer can quickly and accurately identify the operation state of power grid under various maintenance modes. Then, based on the historical data measured in real time by phasor measurement unit (PMU), the number of low-frequency oscillation of power grid under different maintenance modes was predicted by using LSTM neural network, so as to evaluate the risk of low-frequency oscillation of power grid under maintenance. Finally, a regional power grid in central China was taken as an example to verify the accuracy and rapidity of the proposed method.

Jennie Angela Jose Shirley, Harini Manivelan, Prashant Khare et al.

Abstract The demand for electric power has consistently been on the rise, owing to urbanisation and technological improvements. On the generation side, renewable sources have been favoured over their polluting, exhaustible, non‐renewable counterparts. These changes in the power system have necessitated a system for maintaining the supply‐demand balance, to maintain system stability. A complex power system is also more prone to blackouts and grid failure. Islanding helps in provision of supply to consumers in a microgrid, reducing the possibility of a blackout. Depending on the power demand and generation, loads need to be shed or restored to mitigate power imbalances. A wide area distribution management system (WADMS) is proposed to dynamically shed and restore loads in the islanded mode, with the aid of micro phasor measurement units (µPMUs). A priority and consumer‐based load shedding and restoration (PCLS) algorithm is proposed in the WADMS that preferentially sheds or restores loads based on their assigned load priority indices and number of consumers. The algorithm has been tested on a modified IEEE 13 bus system, incorporated with a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, diesel generators (DGs) and an energy storage system (ESS) in MATLAB Simulink.