The media industry has undergone a myriad of challenges in recent years and in Ireland the impact of those challenges has been particularly acute in the regional print press. Changes in media consumption patterns, a shift from mainstream and digital media, advances in technology, reduced income from advertising and a decrease in newspaper circulation have all had a significant impact on the regional print press in Ireland. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with five owners and five editors of regional print newspapers. An overall negative view of the future of the industry, from a regional print perspective, was found. Survival is a priority and a lack of resources is a concern, as recruitment of staff—journalists and photojournalists—is limited or non-existent. All participants cited lack of revenue from advertising and struggles to generate any profit from online advertising as major concerns. While all maintained that editorial independence is a priority, in reality, the separation between newsrooms and commercial sections of media organisations has become less pronounced, amid commercial realities which are a source of disquiet.
IntroductionActive reading is essential for students' comprehension and engagement when working with complex academic texts. Although digital textbooks and multimedia resources are increasingly combined with print materials, little is known about how students engage in cross-media active reading using smartphone-based companion applications in authentic learning contexts.MethodsWe conducted a two-part investigation with high school students in India. First, an exploratory survey of 45 students examined their reading preferences and use of supplemental resources. Second, a mixed-methods study with 26 students compared active reading behaviors across two systems: a printed textbook with a smartphone companion app, and an interactive digital textbook. Data sources included video recordings of the reading process, validated self-report instruments for cognitive load and engagement, and students' textual responses to task questions.ResultThe result showed that the phygital system (printed textbook + companion app) was associated with lower cognitive load, higher engagement, and linguistically richer written responses compared to the digital textbook system.DiscussionThese findings suggest that phygital learning environments can enhance academic reading experiences and inform the design of technology-integrated instructional materials.
Chukwuma Anyanwu, Aghogho Lucky Imiti, Chikodi Joy Anyanwu
The Nigerian media have, over the years, moved back and forth via all manners of experience of leadership, from military to democratic, until they finally settled into the present democratic governance. Experience from previous regimes exposed them to the vagaries of power and how to cope with them. These traditional news media, newspapers/magazines, radio, and television, were then the major and authentic news sources for Nigerians. The coming of the internet with its social media handles threw the journalists of these media into confusion as the citizens have taken the reigns of news/information peddling from under them, turning them into agents of confirmation and authenticity of information. Ironically, these traditional media, television, radio, and print, have adjusted to online media streaming, thus liberating themselves from the vagaries of temporal and spatial limitedness. Deploying a survey method (opinion poll, OPL) and relying on a purposive sampling technique, the authors purposively selected WhatsApp group platforms (WGP) as the most suitable of the new/social media with access to all manners of news sources. These were used to interrogate how online media/information/news streaming has taken the audience away from traditional media by being on the ‘spot’ at all hours with their avalanche of “Breaking News”. The findings revealed that audiences currently resort to traditional media to confirm the authenticity of news and information carried online in a sort-of-when-in-doubt-watch-the television manner or listen to radio or read the newspapers/magazines. It concludes that online news streaming has become the coveted bride of present-day information and news seekers, albeit an unreliable one.
Journalism. The periodical press, etc., Communication. Mass media
Peter Vickerman, Melvin D Livingston, April M Young
et al.
Introduction Many rural communities bear a disproportionate share of drug-related harms. Innovative harm reduction service models, such as vending machines or kiosks, can expand access to services that reduce drug-related harms. However, few kiosks operate in the USA, and their implementation, impact and cost-effectiveness have not been adequately evaluated in rural settings. This paper describes the Kentucky Outreach Service Kiosk (KyOSK) Study protocol to test the effectiveness, implementation outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a community-tailored, harm reduction kiosk in reducing HIV, hepatitis C and overdose risk in rural Appalachia.Methods and analysis KyOSK is a community-level, controlled quasi-experimental, non-randomised trial. KyOSK involves two cohorts of people who use drugs, one in an intervention county (n=425) and one in a control county (n=325). People who are 18 years or older, are community-dwelling residents in the target counties and have used drugs to get high in the past 6 months are eligible. The trial compares the effectiveness of a fixed-site, staffed syringe service programme (standard of care) with the standard of care supplemented with a kiosk. The kiosk will contain various harm reduction supplies accessible to participants upon valid code entry, allowing dispensing data to be linked to participant survey data. The kiosk will include a call-back feature that allows participants to select needed services and receive linkage-to-care services from a peer recovery coach. The cohorts complete follow-up surveys every 6 months for 36 months (three preceding kiosk implementation and four post-implementation). The study will test the effectiveness of the kiosk on reducing risk behaviours associated with overdose, HIV and hepatitis C, as well as implementation outcomes and cost-effectiveness.Ethics and dissemination The University of Kentucky Institutional Review Board approved the protocol. Results will be disseminated in academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals, online and print media, and community meetings.Trial registration number NCT05657106.
В роботі наведено результати дослідження сучасного стану технології зі створення кросмедійної рекламної продукції та чинників, що впливають на впізнаваність бренду. Виконано патентний пошук за чотирма тематичними напрямами та визначено тенденції розвитку кросмедійних технологій у галузі креативної реклами. Проаналізовано наповнення та цільову аудиторію кросмедійної рекламної продукції.
На основі проведеного аналізу та патентного пошуку визначено тенденції розвитку технологій, програмного і апаратного забезпечення та дизайну кросмедійних рекламних продуктів. За результатами аналізу можна сказати, що кросмедійна рекламна продукція активно розвивається і впізнаваність бренду для цієї продукції є актуальною та перспективною тематикою.
Патентний аналіз за останні десять років виявив сталий розвиток сучасних технологій, методів та апаратно-програмних засобів для створення кросмедійної рекламної продукції. У динаміці патентування стрімке зростання відзначено у 2018 р., що підтверджується великою кількістю виданих патентів в США, Японії, Польщі, Україні та Німеччині. Найбільш поширеними напрямами патентування є створення кросмедійної продукції, креативної реклами, загалом рекламної продукції та програних продуктів для розробки рекламної продукції.
В роботі представлено авторську класифікацію рекламної продукції за методами розміщеннями і каналами розповсюдження, а також кросмедійних рекламних продуктів за цільовою аудиторією, циклічністю, часом сприйняття інформації та каналами розповсюдження. Проаналізовано процес створення дизайну для кросмедійної рекламної продукції та розроблено причинно-наслідкову діаграму, що систематизує та виокремлює фактори, які впливають на ефективність кросмедійної рекламної продукції. Серед факторів відібрано основні, що впливають на ефективність впізнаваності продукції та при створенні продукту.
Most surviving runic inscriptions from early medieval England were produced in an ecclesiastical context, and the influence of manuscript writing practices on the runic tradition can clearly be discerned. The manuscript record of runes or runica manuscripta that flourished particularly in the context of Anglo-Saxon missionary activity to the Continent has, however, usually been regarded as a late antiquarian development, largely detached from the epigraphical tradition. In this paper, I argue that not only did manuscript practice clearly influence epigraphy, but also that several uses of runes in manuscripts can be considered as extensions of the epigraphical tradition. Some runica manuscripta also seem to evoke pointedly the monumental tradition, including associations with permanence, public display, and memorialisation. Through the case studies of decorative uses of runes, scribal signatures, and textual interventions in runes, I argue that there is a relatively consistent association between the runic script and monumental epigraphy that can be transposed onto the manuscript page for particular effects, which rely on received knowledge of the epigraphical tradition long after the use of runes in monumental contexts had ended.
Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash
“An expert is someone who knows some of the worst mistakes that can be made in his subject, and how to avoid them.”
― Werner Heisenberg
INTRODUCTION
Bioethicists have long debated the question of expertise in clinical ethics and who gets a say in bedside clinical ethics consults.[1] From Seattle’s famous God Committee that decided on the allocation of kidneys, to clinical ethicists at a suburban hospital in Ohio, clinical ethics ‘experts’ have been central to bioethics and its development.[2] However, it is time to question what expertise in clinical ethics means, and if there can ever be such an expert. Does expertise mean proficiency in clinical care or the ethics part of clinical ethics? Should professionals who are not healthcare practitioners be involved in clinical ethics discussions? In this paper, I argue that clinical ethics consults involving non-clinicians should be done away with for two reasons: first, they lack clinical medical experience to properly analyze the ethical issues, and second, moral expertise should give way to medical expertise.
Although clinical ethics consultants might venture into areas of clinical expertise with a bona fide intention of helping patients or surrogates, their judgment is often based on knowledge of ethical theories.[3] However, bioethicists have cautioned against a casuistic method and signaled for clinical ethicists to have clinical experience and medical education.[4] While it is perfectly possible to familiarize oneself with the law and ethics, I argue that it is not possible to appreciate the complexity of certain medical decisions entirely without medical experience.[5] Bedside ethical conundrums are unique and impact every patient differently. Thus, when an ethics consultant or a healthcare practitioner draws on a single bedside dilemma and applies the knowledge gained from it to a different patient or a different dilemma, they may find themselves creating bad rules and ignoring autonomy. As non-clinicians who sit on ethics committees have no bedside clinical experience, their magnitude of transformative experiences (experiences that give the subject knowledge that would otherwise be otherwise unavailable)[6] is limited. The clinicians develop such experiences over time giving care. The ethics committee members do not have a similar way to gain experience. This also speaks to the importance of a phenomenological reading of clinical ethics decisions. Specifically, clinical ethics consultants without sufficient medical expertise may fail to guide patients in the best way possible in making medical decisions. A confined and parochial, or purely philosophical, approach that non-clinicians often use might not be in the best interests of the particular patient. If they were to venture into clinical situations to comment on the ethical aspect, they could step into matters they know little about which might end up causing harm to the patient.
We, as bioethicists, would be doing a disservice to patients if we let non-clinicians claim the moral high ground in the face of medical advice. As Scofield puts it, “(Clinical) Ethics consultation is and can only be what it purports not to be—a moral, if not an ethics, disaster. It has acted unprofessionally because … of its failure to do what a profession worthy of the name would do.”[7]
l. Medical Expertise May Be More Appropriate than Moral Expertise
An idea that a clinical ethics consult should be conducted by clinicians themselves comports with the makeup of clinical ethics committees. They are usually comprised primarily of medical professionals, but increasingly hospitals are attracting more ethics professionals who are not healthcare practitioners. As Hauschildt and De Vires note, “a closer examination suggests that clinical ethicists are likely to be clinicians themselves and that clinical considerations are often the ultimate authority in defining what is, and is not, determined to be ethical.”[8] In cases that are reported to ethics consults, 63 percent show a disagreement between the patient and the doctor about the course of treatments.[9] Those disagreements speak to ethical issues. For example, if a doctor recommends palliative care and patient wants to pursue an aggressive course of treatment, the ethical dilemma is built into the clinical care decision. While we would like to think that ethicists on hospital ethics committees deliberate on philosophical nuances of treatment (or the lack thereof), I argue that clinical ethics consults focus on resolving clinical ambiguities and reaching consensus, which ultimately relies on clinical judgment. An ethics consultant may not be able to appreciate the medical nuances of the situation. Studies conducted have clearly demonstrated that most ethics consults are called in when there is a lack of communication.[10] What would serve the patients, in this case, is perhaps investing the money that is spent in training and employing non-clinician consultants into teaching doctors and nurses how to communicate better.
ll. Authoritarian Ethics Consults
As with healthcare workers delving into ethics advice, in clinical ethics consults, there is a risk that the consultant might adopt an “authoritarian approach”[11] and impose his or her values, priorities, and/or religious convictions on the patients and their families. It is inevitable that in the work of bioethics, the personal meets the professional. Even if they do not mean to impose their values on the patients, there is strong empirical data to suggest that in most clinical ethics consults, patients end up following recommendations of the ethics committees. For example, in a study conducted of 229 clinical ethics consults, approximately 88 percent of the recommendations were followed. Certain types of consults such as initiating a palliative care treatment or proceeding with life-sustaining intervention had a 100 percent compliance rate with the ethics committee’s advice.[12] Additionally, studies have shown that clinicians frame consults in a way that nudges the patients in making decisions that maximize their welfare and is seen as an acceptable form of paternalism.[13] Yet, patients likely do not appreciate paternalistic nudges. In the studies, most questions were about futility or the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Arguably, these questions require clinical expertise and not ethical expertise. A clinician or a nurse may be better suited to help guide the patient’s family because they would be able to comprehend and explain the complexity of the clinical case to the family better. If the idea of a clinical ethics consult is to further patient autonomy, it is failing.
lll. Addressing Counterarguments
Two arguments may challenge a proposal as radical as kicking all the ethics consultants who are not also medical professionals or healthcare practitioners out of clinical ethics consults or committees: first, the argument that a broader variety of professionals should have a say in bioethics; and second, that ethics committee members may relate to patients more effectively than some physicians and other healthcare workers do. Yet, these claims are not strong rebuttals.
As bioethics developed within philosophy, it may have lost sight of the day-to-day ethical issues that arise in the clinic. Komesaroff argues that the task of handling clinical ethics consults is only one that clinicians can handle, and there is a need to separate bioethics from clinical ethics. He suggests that the time is ripe for clinical ethics to be considered through the lens of micro-ethics and established as an area of research distinct from bioethics.[14] I agree and assert that there is a need to distinguish the broader ethical debate from the work of everyday clinical practice, a work where clinicians are best suited to handle the issues, perhaps a subcategory of bioethics. This will involve the need for redefining the relationship between the macro ethical work of bioethics, and the micro ethical work of everyday medical/clinical ethics which happens at the bedside.[15] What is required in a clinical ethics setting, in my opinion, is for the doctor not to frame the issue in terms of bioethical or large philosophical concepts such as autonomy or deontology, but to talk to the patient and more importantly, listen to the patient. A smooth communication structure, if put in place, would help alleviate fear and establish a common ground on which decisions can be reached in clinical settings. That is, I see clinical ethics as also not necessary to the doctor-patient relationship but argue that better communication would help patients make important decisions. The ethics ultimately would belong to the patient, with the clinician providing necessary data that will help guide patient decision making and do no more.
The second issue is relatability. Clinicians are often constrained by their vocabulary and medical expertise and may not be able to break down the complex pathology of a disease to the patients. Thus, some may argue that non-clinicians, not held back by the jargon, would be able to relate to the patient. As I proposed earlier, the money spent hiring and training clinical ethics consultants could be redirected to teaching doctors how to be more effective communicators. That would perhaps further patient autonomy. Nurses may also make effective interlocutors between patients and doctors in cases where the doctor cannot get through to the patient. Nurses are often involved more in the day-to-day dealing with the patient and thus know the patient and their families closely. Secondly, they possess the requisite medical knowledge to help the patients through decision-making processes. Yet the current shortage of nurses also poses issues in this realm. Some doctors and nurses make a point to get to know the patients, their beliefs, and their goals of care and could thus be better at helping patients arrive at decisions by using open jargon-free communication.
CONCLUSION
Much of this paper stems from my experiences as a Master of Bioethics candidate at Harvard Medical School. As a non-clinician who studied clinical ethics for a semester, under excellent guidance, I often found myself turning to friends who had clinical experience with questions about the medical aspects of case discussions. More often than not, the clinical insight that they gave me helped me better understand the choices that were before me as a purported expert in simulations. I have been plagued with the question-- would I be qualified to consult in clinical ethics, after a Master of Bioethics degree at Harvard Medical School? My answer would be an unequivocal NO. While I expect to be highly qualified to weigh in at the policy level and I have been provided the skillset necessary for in-depth philosophical analysis of complex bioethical issues, I have not become, and I suggest others are not as well, a moral expert (if there is such a thing). The hubris of a bioethicist should not get in the way of patient care. I do not mean to say through this paper, that non-clinicians are to be brushed aside is bioethical discussions. Lawyers, ethicists, chaplains, and the diverse set of people that are attracted to the work of bioethics provide an incredibly diverse set of skills, knowledge, and views that the clinicians often miss. They discuss and bring in perspectives from a variety of vantage points which have been instrumental in furthering the debates in bioethics. But as I have argued, they need not populate clinical ethics committees where they are at risk of exerting moral expertise, especially as their ethics position on a case may not be grounded in a deep enough understanding of the medical issues at hand. Instead, they should be used in broad policy-making decisions, framing issues, debating in print and digital media, and on IRBs. Bioethics is “everyone’s business,”[16] but clinical ethics should not be.
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[1] Jan Crosthwaite, ‘In Defence of Ethicists. A Commentary on Christopher Cowley’s Paper’ (2005) 8 Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 281 <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11019-005-0085-6> accessed 11 December 2021, Jukka Varelius, ‘Is Ethical Expertise Possible?’ (2008) 11 Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 127 <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11019-007-9089-8> accessed 11 December 2021, Christopher Cowley, “A New Rejection of Moral Expertise,” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 8, no. 3 (November 2005): 273–79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-005-1588-x.Ana S. Iltis and Lisa M. Rasmussen, “The ‘Ethics’ Expertise in Clinical Ethics Consultation,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 41, no. 4 (August 2016): 363–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhw013.
[2] Albert R. Jonsen, “The God Squad and the Origins of Transplantation Ethics and Policy,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 2 (2007): 238–40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00131.x.
[3] Albert R. Jonsen, “Casuistry as Methodology in Clinical Ethics,” Theoretical Medicine 12, no. 4 (December 1991): 295–307, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00489890.
[4] Matthew A. Butkus, “The Necessity of Clinical Experience in Medical Ethics Expertise,” in Moral Expertise: New Essays from Theoretical and Clinical Bioethics, ed. Jamie Carlin Watson and Laura K. Guidry-Grimes (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018), 227–44, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92759-6_13.
[5] Butkus.
[6] L. A. Paul, “What You Can’t Expect When You’re Expecting,” Res Philosophica 92, no. 2 (2015): 149–70, https://doi.org/10.11612/resphil.2015.92.2.1.
[7] Giles R. Scofield, “What Is Medical Ethics Consultation?” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 1 (2008): 95–118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2008.00241.x.
[8] Katrina Hauschildt and Raymond De Vries, “Reinforcing Medical Authority: Clinical Ethics Consultation and the Resolution of Conflicts in Treatment Decisions,” Sociology of Health & Illness 42, no. 2 (February 2020): 307–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13003.
[9] Katrina Hauschildt and Raymond De Vries, ‘Reinforcing Medical Authority: Clinical Ethics Consultation and the Resolution of Conflicts in Treatment Decisions’ (2020) 42 Sociology of Health & Illness 307 <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13003> accessed 12 December 2021, G DuVal, ‘What Triggers Requests for Ethics Consultations?’ (2001) 27 Journal of Medical Ethics 24 <https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jme.27.suppl_1.i24> accessed 12 December 2021.
[10] Raymond De Vries, “Regarding Bioethics: A Sociology of Morality,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 60, no. 1 (2017): 74–92, https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2017.0020.
[11] H. Tristram Engelhardt, “Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultants: In Search of Professional Status in a Post-Modern World,” HEC Forum: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Hospitals’ Ethical and Legal Issues 23, no. 3 (September 2011): 129–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10730-011-9167-4.
[12] Jessica Richmond Moeller et al., “Functions and Outcomes of a Clinical Medical Ethics Committee: A Review of 100 Consults,” HEC Forum 24, no. 2 (June 2012): 99–114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10730-011-9170-9.
[13] Ajay Aggarwal, Joanna Davies, and Richard Sullivan, “‘Nudge’ in the Clinical Consultation – an Acceptable Form of Medical Paternalism?,” BMC Medical Ethics 15, no. 1 (December 2014): 31, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-15-31.
[14] Paul A. Komesaroff, “From Bioethics to Microethics: Ethical Debate and Clinical Medicine,” in Troubled Bodies, ed. Paul A. Komesaroff (Duke University Press, 1995), 62–86, https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822379782-004.
[15] Robert Sokolowski, Moral Action: A Phenomenological Study (Bloomington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2017).
[16] Amy Gutmann, Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven but Nobody Wants to Die: Bioethics and the Transformation of Health Care in America, First Edition (New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2019).
Олена Володимирівна Коротенко, Тетяна Юріївна Киричок
Інтагліодрук є одним із основних методів захисту цінних паперів та документів сурового обліку, зокрема банкнот. Основною особливістю цього методу є сенсорно-контрольований тактильний ефект, якого досягають шляхом формування різнотовщинних фарбових шарів. Тому якісне фарбоперенесення є надзвичайно важливою складовою якісного друкарського процесу інтагліодруку.
У зв’язку із неповнотою теоретичних нaпрaцювaнь щодо інтагліодруку, зокрема фарбоперенесення, у роботі представлено теоретичний aнaлiз фaрбоперенесення тa формувaння фaрбових шaрiв у процесi інтагліодруку. Розроблено детaльну феноменологiчну модель тa мaтемaтичний опис процесу фaрбоперенесення в інтагліодруцi, що уможливлює передбaчення якостi вiдбиткiв тa дозволяє визнaчaти функцiю зaлежностi кiлькостi фaрби, що переноситься вiд технологiчних пaрaметрiв друкувaння.
Феноменологiчна модель формувaння фaрбових шaрiв у процесi інтагліодруку вiдобрaжaє послiдовнiсть тa взaємозв’язок склaдникiв технологiчного процесу при перенесеннi фaрби вiд фaрбової системи нa зaдруковувaний мaтерiaл та описує основнi фiзичнi мехaнiзми, якi вiдповiдaють зa поведiнку фaрби пiд чaс кожної фaзи її перенесення. Зокрема розглянуто три фaзи процесу інтагліодруку: нaкочувaння фaрби нa друкaрську форму i подaльше стирaння зaйвої фaрби з пробiльних елементiв; перенесення фaрби iз грaвiйовaних елементiв форми нa зaдруковувaний мaтерiaл; висихaння фaрбового шaру.
З метою розумiння динaмiки перенесення фaрби при інтагліодруцi та виявлення взаємозв’язку між кількістю перенесеної друкарської фарби та технологічними параметрами друкування, у роботі здійснено математичний опис процесу фарбоперенесення при інтагліодруці. Зокрема застосовано модель Oldroyd-B, на основі якої визначено вплив неньютонівської складової друкарської фарби інтагліодруку. Завдяки деяким припущенням та апроксимації, на основі рівняння Нав’є-Стокса описано залежність кількості перенесеної фарби від технологічних параметрів друкування, зокрема тиску у друкарському контакті та швидкості друкування.
Atheists are among the most disliked “religious” groups in the United States, but the origins of this aversion remain poorly understood. Because the media are an important source of public attitudes, we analyze coverage of atheism and atheists in American and British newspapers. Using computational text analysis techniques, including sentiment analysis and topic modeling, we show that atheism is portrayed negatively by the print media. Significantly, we show that greater negativity is associated with <i>atheism as a concept</i> than with <i>atheists as individuals</i>. Building on this insight, and challenging arguments that prominent atheist intellectuals attract negative coverage, we also find that coverage of famous atheists is actually more positive than that of atheists or atheism in general. Overall, our findings add a new dimension to scholarship on differences between individual-targeted and group-targeted tolerance in public attitudes, establishing for the first time that media coverage mirrors such differences.
This paper reports on an analysis of 60 print and online articles collected in a metropolitan area in Canada that describe children’s digital engagement through a focus on ‘early literacy’ or ‘digital literacy’. Findings reveal mixed messages about children’s use of digital technology that create competing frames for adults supporting (or not) young children’s digital literacy practices. Digital technology was often characterized as something to limit/control, except in school, where digital literacy was characterized as holding a proper place when controlled by educators. Consistent across media messaging was the promotion of traditional, print-based texts as an essential early literacy practice.
Theory and practice of education, Language and Literature
ABSTRACT This article provides a meta-analysis of the knowledge gap hypothesis literature published between 1966 and 2018. We find the basic assumption of a positive education-knowledge relationship to be supported. This result is robust across different geographical settings of the knowledge topics examined, independent of the country of data collection, and – in line with the belief gap hypothesis – restricted to (politically) uncontested topics. The central assumption of the hypothesis – that an increase of mass media information fosters knowledge divides between those with less and more formal education – was supported. While TV fulfils a role as a knowledge gap maintainer, print media and especially online media use appears to increase knowledge inequalities between groups with discrepant educational attainment.
This paper details the state of intolerance against Muslim women wearing hijab in Turkey. The paper especially focuses on ‘the process of February, 28’ and establishes its significant effects on women with hijab and its development till today. Wearing hijab especially in public space has been the biggest problem in Turkey for the religious people practicing Islam in society. By the change of Turkish political developments and by historical decision on Feb, 9th 2008 and Oct, 1st 2013 which provided hijab liberty, the situation has changed. But in 2019, still in the Islamophobic print media of Turkey signs of covered Islamophobia can be easily seen, especially in the period of elections in March and June which is used as a time for polarization in society, it can be said that Islamophobia is manifested clearly. In this qualitative study 10 Turkish women who experienced ‘the period of 28th February’ and after it were interviewed and the women were reached by snow-ball method. With this study it can be said obviously the period of 28th Feb was a trauma on women with hijab. This trauma brought depression, lack of self-confidence, lack of trust towards people, anxiety, OCD. Some of these women had therapies and medicine. Some overcame with the issue with religious practices like prayers, contemplation and dhikr. These women who had to study university abroad started to seek justice with the motivation of seeking for human rights and in this sense orientation to west started. While it was being expected to see that Islamophobia and hijab ban would isolate the women with hijab from society and that it would work up their isolation more, as opposed to expectations it caused the integration of these banned women with modernization. Islamophobia which effected Turkey deeply provided qualified people to academia, bureaucracy in Turkey in long term.
Світлана Федорівна Гавенко, Володимир Владиславович Бернацек, Марта Тарасівна Лабецька
В роботі досліджено репродукційно-графічні показники друкарських форм виготовлених за технологією CtP популярних марок, які представлені на Українському ринку поліграфічних витратних матеріалів.
В результаті досліджень було побудовано графічні залежності, які дозволяють оцінити якість відтворення кольорового зображення віддрукованого офсетним способом друку при заданих умовах та визначити максимальну відповідність до оригіналу.
У результаті експериментальних досліджень друкованих відбитків з використанням термальних офсетних пластин отримані такі результати кольоропередачі зображень: для блакитної фарби оптична густина зображення є максимально наближеною до кольоропроби у зразка № 2 при усіх досліджуваних лініатурах растру та у зразка № 1 у випадку стохастичного растрування; для пластин № 2 та № 3 не виявлено суттєвої різниці у градаційній передачі пурпурної фарби при регулярному раструванні, оскільки отримано практично однакові показники оптичної густини плашок, контрасту та насиченості зображення, тоді як при стохастичному раструванні показники густини збігаються лише у світлих ділянках; спостерігаються незначні відхилення густини при регулярному раструванні для жовтої фарби та практично ідеальне співпадіння при стохастичному раструванні для трьох комплектів форм; позитивний результат виявлено у досліджуваних пластин при всіх лініатурах растру для чорної фарби, проте починаючи із ділянок півтонів спостерігаються відхилення від кольоропроби при стохастичному раструванні.
Аналіз порівняння тоновідтворення в системі «кольопроба—друкований відбиток» показав незначні, візуально не помітні відхилення. Разом із тим для високохудожніх робіт рекомендується використання стохастичного растрування, яке враховує множину крапок, потрібних для відображення необхідної інтенсивності тону в комірці растра.
Ebrahim Pouryazdian, Ahmad Serayian, M.reza Dehghani
The utilization of tree branches as potential resource of fibers, that can be supply raw materials for pulp and paper industries, additionally, increases the productivity of tree. This research was done in order to compare pulp and paper properties from branch wood and stem wood and feasibility utilization that in pulp and paper industries. Stem and branch wood samples of hornbeam with mean diameter about 15 cm were obtained from Shastkolateh educational forest (Gorgan).The measurement of fibers was done with using Franklin method and light microscopic and chemical compositions were determined according to TAPPI test methods. The Kraft pulps from stem and branch wood were prepared under constant condition include sulfudity 20%, Max temp 170˚C and Liquor to wood ratio 5/1 and variable condition include active alkali 14%, 16% and 18%, and cooking time of 90, 120 and 150 min. Ultimately mechanical properties of Handsheet were measured according TAPPI test method The statistical analysis of results indicated that independent effects of wood, active alkali, and time were significant on pulp yield and Kappa number. Comparing the pulp yield and Kappa number means were showing that yield of stem wood pulp is higher than branch wood and its kappa number is less. Analysis mechanical properties on stem and branch wood Hand sheets showed that mechanical properties of Hand sheet from stem wood are higher than branch wood. There is none meaningful difference between the most mechanical properties hand sheets of stem and branch wood, that produced under cooking condition include sulfudity 20%, active alkali 18% and cooking time 150 min. therefore this condition would suggest for simultaneous cooking branch and stem wood
Юлія Юріївна Віцюк, Тетяна Анатоліївна Роїк, Анатолій Павлович Гавриш
В статті наведені результати теоретико-експериментального дослідження взаємодії алмазно-абразивного бруска та поверхні оброблення підшипників ковзання поліграфічних машин при хонінгуванні. Створені математичні моделі для практичних розрахунків.