La planificación financiera constituye un componente clave en la gestión de las microempresas comerciales, especialmente para facilitar el acceso a fuentes de financiamiento externo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la planificación financiera y el financiamiento externo en microempresas comerciales. La investigación fue de tipo aplicada, con enfoque cuantitativo y diseño no experimental de corte transversal y alcance correlacional. Se trabajó con una muestra de 132 comerciantes, a quienes se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado validado por expertos. Los resultados descriptivos evidenciaron que el 43,2% de los comerciantes presentó un nivel eficiente de planificación financiera y el 64,4% alcanzó un nivel medio de financiamiento externo. El análisis inferencial mediante el coeficiente Rho de Spearman mostró una correlación positiva alta entre la planificación financiera y el financiamiento externo (ρ = 0,658; p < 0,001). Asimismo, las dimensiones registro de ventas y gastos (ρ = 0,434), evaluación del capital de trabajo (ρ = 0,510) y estrategias de ahorro y reinversión (ρ = 0,444) presentaron correlaciones positivas moderadas y significativas. Se concluye que una adecuada planificación financiera se asocia con mejores condiciones de acceso al financiamiento externo, fortaleciendo la competitividad y sostenibilidad de las microempresas comerciales.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
This study examines Nigeria’s National Information Technology Development Agency Code of Practice for Interactive Computer Service Platforms as one of Africa’s first push towards digital and social media co-regulation. Already established as a regulatory practice in Europe, co-regulation emphasises the need to impose duties of care on platforms and hold them, instead of users, accountable for safe online experiences. It is markedly different from the prior (and existing) regulatory paradigm in Nigeria, which is based on direct user regulation. By analysing the Code of Practice, therefore, this study considers what Nigeria’s radical turn towards co-regulation means for digital policy and social media regulation in relation to standards, information-gathering, and enforcement. It further sheds light on what co-regulation entails for digital regulatory practice in the wider African context, particularly in terms of the balance of power realities between Global North platforms and Global South countries.
Information technology, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Ehsan Ehteshamnejad, Mehdi Pakzad Bonab, Mehdi Ramezani
AbstractThe use of new financial methods in the higher education sector is one of the main concerns of science and technology researchers due to the ever-increasing limitations of the public budget and the existence of various types of university divisions based on functional changes.Introduction: Many financing methods for universities have been introduced and many studies have been done on them, while many of the traditional financing methods are responsive to the needs of universities today. Identifying and presenting a proposed model for allocating financial credits to universities is a necessity. As a knowledge enterprise, the university follows the activities of production, distribution, transformation and promotion of knowledge. A desirable model for financing the financial activities of public universities is a model that firstly includes all the mentioned activities, secondly, it creates three efficiency, quality and justice in universities, and thirdly, it develops universities for development. Raise their own quality and quantity. (Entezari, 2018:17). Financing universities is one of the important challenges of the higher education system. The dual financing makes university managers to simultaneously implement reports on maintaining and improving the academic level of the university, along with increasing the amount of wealth creation. This importance can be easily seen by delving into the financing methods of the world's top universities that have achieved such success (Ahmadi & Norozi, 2015:47). Financing and management of important financial resources is the factor of survival of universities and higher education institutions. The consequences of this recession in academic fields will be heavy in a way that will change attention in national and transnational dimensions (Keshavarzade & Ghasemi, 2017:94). The main purpose of this research is to provide financial services for higher education in Iran through the examination of experiences What are the methods (framework, model or students) of selected global higher education financial services? What is the proper financing of the country's higher education inspired by global trade? Does the diversity of disciplines require different methods and financial disciplines or not? What are the policy suggestions for successful implementation determined for Iran's conditions? Among the questions that are searched according to the results of this research, they are answered.Materials and Methods In this research, both the documentary research method (books, articles, authoritative magazines, etc.) in English and Farsi, and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to implement the KAP model. In the comparative study, an initial model for the financing of higher education in Iran is presented, and then to auxiliary tools and using the theme analysis method, and processing related to semi-structured questionnaires in NVIVO software, the optimal range. A proposal for financial services for higher education in Iran is presented. The target population of this research is 30 people of the higher education complex in Iran, which was randomly selected from among the experts, managers and expert experts who have the opinion and possess this collection. This research was conducted in Iran (spatial domain), between December 2021 and June 2022 (temporal domain) with the participation of higher education financing (thematic domain). Discussion and Results: The results of the surveys showed that despite the difference in the common methods of providing financial resources in public and private universities, the common methods of providing financial resources in the country's universities include political combing, payment based on the quality of the student's quality based on or based on predetermined specific programs and functions, while in other countries they use the general methods of government support, tuition fees, donors and other sources. Although each of these general methods have more detailed components for others. ConclusionUsing the methods of changing the structure of higher education and reviewing the way of allocating basic budgets, special budgets for specific priorities and policies in higher education, allocating incentive budgets, benevolent recruitments through giving incentives. Taxes for benefactors as well as social contracts between the government and the people can improve and upgrade the financial resources of universities. Now that it is possible to make this path smoother with the lens of tax exemptions for revenue-generating contracts of universities.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
The importance of public management, especially in transitional systems or emergency situations, the problem of institutional adaptability to the realities of management has a priority basis. Of course, the development of a management approach in public administration should not be considered as a panacea, it also has quite fundamental limitations arising from the remaining rather serious differences between management in public and commercial organizations and the criteria for evaluating their performance. Thus, in public institutions, such a criterion, along with efficiency and effectiveness, is social justice, which has a valuable nature that goes beyond management.
In addition, there is one fundamental difference related to the huge impact of politics on public administration, without taking into account public management turns into only a rather narrow set of management technologies, the application of which can have rather limited consequences. Traditional management was built only on the principles of bureaucracy, while modern management is oriented towards adaptive systems that can create innovations in response to today's challenges.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
AbstractThe opioid epidemic is an ongoing public health crisis. In North Carolina, overdose deaths due to illicit opioid overdose have sharply increased over the last 5–7 years. Buprenorphine is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved medication for treatment of opioid use disorder and is obtained by prescription. Prior to January 2023, providers had to obtain a waiver and were limited in the number of patients that they could prescribe buprenorphine. Thus, identifying counties where increasing buprenorphine would yield the greatest overall reduction in overdose death can help policymakers target certain geographical regions to inform an effective public health response. We propose a Bayesian spatio-temporal model that relates yearly, county-level changes in illicit opioid overdose death rates to changes in buprenorphine prescriptions. We use our model to forecast the statewide count and rate of illicit opioid overdose deaths in future years, and we use nonlinear constrained optimization to identify the optimal buprenorphine increase in each county under a set of constraints on available resources. Our model estimates a negative relationship between death rate and increasing buprenorphine after accounting for other covariates, and our identified optimal single-year allocation strategy is estimated to reduce opioid overdose deaths by over 5%. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Probabilities. Mathematical statistics
Ubirajara José Picanço de Miranda Junior, M. Novaes, Henrique Batista Araújo Santos
et al.
Background Among the processes to be experienced by any organization during its establishment is the formation of an organizational identity. This process can be understood as the activity and event through which an organization becomes unique in the mind of its members. An organizational identity leads to an identification and both are directly associated with the success of an institution. This study is about a public higher education institution in health in its early years, with distinctive characteristics in the country where it is situated. In spite of having been successful in the graduation of its students it has fragile institutional bases, lack of autonomy and internal problems common to other institutions of this type. Thus, this study was conducted to understand how this institution defined itself among its own members, the elements of its identity and what justified its relative success despite its weaknesses. Methods A mixed-method approach was used to evaluate how a representative portion of this organization identifies with it. For the qualitative study two focus groups were conducted with transcripts submitted to content analysis proposed by Bardin, culminating in results from which a Likert scale-based questionnaire was elaborated and applied to 297 subjects. Results There were six central elements of the organizational identity made evident by the focus groups: political / ideological conflict; active teaching and learning methodologies; location / separation of campuses; time of existence; teaching career; political-administrative transformations. The quantitative analysis revealed in more detail the general impressions raised in the focus groups. Most results were able to demonstrate distinct identifications of the same identity with its exposed weaknesses. Conclusions Lack of autonomy, administrative and structural shortcomings and ideological or political conflicts presented themselves as problems capable of destabilizing the identity of a public higher education institution. On the other hand, one way to combat such problems is through the development of the institution itself, particularly by becoming more active and useful to the community and seeking in a common interest to the higher administration agencies.
The application of the principles of good governance is not only limited to ministries and government agencies or central and regional government levels. The application of good governance needs to be extended to non-governmental social institutions such as children's social welfare institutions. Sejati Orphanage of Muhammadiyah Rappang is one of the social welfare institutions of children in South Sulawesi, founded by H. ismail Ambo Mariama since 1950 as a form of social concern for the massacre known as the 40,000 victims in December 1949 in South Sulawesi. This research aims to determine the level of participation and application of the principles of good governance in the orphanage. This research uses quantitative descriptive method by describing the two variables using the Likert scale and examining the relationship between the two variables using linear regression analysis. Samples is 30 was taken from 150 populations. The results show that the level of participation and application of the principles of good governance are included in the excellent category. While the level of participation influences 42.2 percent of the application of the principles of good governance. This shows that the application of the principles of good governance in social institutions is easier compared to other institutions.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
In response to questions regarding the policies of the United States government and its relation to the International Criminal Court (ICC), and specifically the topic “Accountability in the Current War on Terrorism,” a discussion will be offered to magnify issues that are not readily available to the general public and are often overlooked by those within the debate itself. A differentiation between external and internal factors affecting military policies will be made, with a focus on the effectiveness of the internal policies. In pursuit of this goal, a synopsis of the present political and social climate will be shared, followed by a hypothetical proposal to allow the reader to engage the imagination to focus on the main arguments offered. Once the reader has been “strategically” deployed into this “hypothetical alternative world,” it should be possible to set aside any pre-conceived ideas regarding the “Global War on Terror,” the United States Government, its enemies, and its allies. The goal is to enable the reader to “step into the boots” of a ground soldier in combat and realize the environment in which a member of the United States armed forces operates while deployed to a conflict. The requirements placed upon the lawful combatant and their impact on the ability of the United States military to prosecute a war within Law of Warfare (LOW) guidelines, as well as the possible consequences for criminal deviance facing a non-compliant soldier, will be considered. Finally, the potential institutional and national implications of criminal behavior and punishment inside the military will be reviewed. The arena of discourse on political, legal, and moral challenges facing the United States and its allies in the current conflict does not suffer from a lack of commentators working to achieve success in influencing the actions of the U.S. government. This is as it should be in an open society, and it is even more important during a period of war. In the commentary surrounding the current “War on Terror,” one of the common complaints about the Bush administration concerns its unwillingness to submit to “international review” of its conduct. Since approximately 3,000 people were
<p>The connection that links patterns of philanthropic behavior with the organization of state delivery of welfare and the development of civil society has been theorized recently. Off this line of thought we refer to the Esping-Andersen’s well-known welfare regimes: Liberal, Conservative and Social-Democratic (1990), respectively, more recently, to the philanthropic regimes elaborated by Pennerstorfer and Neumeyr (2017): Liberal, Social-Democratic, Corporatist, Mediterranean and Eastern European regimes. In order to test the taxonomy of the non-profit regimes developed by the aforementioned authors, we employed the more recent data of the 2010 74.1 Eurobarometer. In our approach we classified the 29 countries and territories using the hierarchical clustering technique and identified three main classes of countries, named by us, regimes of philanthropic practices: Regime 1 (Great Givers), Regime 2 (Direct Givers) and Regime 3 (NGO Donors and Volunteers). A comparison of our classification with the one proposed by Pennerstorfer and Neumeyr shows similarities as well as the limits of the original taxonomy which can be partly overcome due to the larger and more variate pool of cases. Interpretations of the results in comparison with Esping’s welfare regimes or to the alternative models of Crowding-out and Crowding-in of NGOs by state are also provided.</p>
Political institutions and public administration (General)
The general articulation of the issue andits connection with the important research and practice tasks . Analysis of the current development of information and communication, the effectiveness of communication policy in Ukraine, the level of public trust in public institutions, some reforms and social changes, the position of the state in the world competitive rankings, demands and expectations demonstrates the institutional failure of public authorities to such of varied activities. Therefore, appropriateness of this study determined an effective methodological tool for solving the problem - the restoration / formation of trust as an important strategic nonmaterial resource. The analysis of the recent publications regarding the issues this article deals with; identification of parts of the general problem that have not been previously addressed. Investigating to the formation of trust as a strategic non-material resource and efficient use of space communication thoroughly reflected in a number of scientific, sociological studies and monographs, including Bezverkhnyuk T., Bourdieu P., Castells M., Kozhemyakin O., Collis J., Luman N., Ryabtsev G., Fukuyama F. and others. However, comprehensive analysis study on improving the trust in governmental institutions, identifying the main causes and consequences of the prediction weren’t implemented. The purpose (the objective) of this article is to analyze the problem of the formation and functioning strategic communications in Ukraine due to the analysis of low level of trust in the state institutions; identify the main causes of its occurrence, as well as priority directions of effective use of communication potential and opportunities of public administration in forming a strategic trust resource. The key results and the background . The formation of trust is a strategic goal in the interaction of public authorities and society, which can only be provided by a planned and effective communication process. Knowledge, understanding and acceptance belong to the function of communication in the process of reaching consensus and confidence, whereas trust is defined as a strategic goal. An important feature of the new model of relationship between political, administrative institutions and society is the focus on defining, formulating goals and results, that is, focus on the consequences, rather than on the process, and strengthening of feedback mechanisms. An important disadvantage is the lack of certainly defined strategy in the development of the Ukrainian state, which would be supported by most of the population and which would not cause any objections. Based on the consequential analysis, conducted by the author, the main problem in the governmental institutions is an inefficient use of communication potential and opportunities of public administration, the main reasons of those are: the lack of strategic communications and effective strategic management, non-system and inconsistency of developing communication strategies, the lack of communication competences among specialists in public administration. It’s proved that defiance of such problems may lead to a threat to the national security. Conclusions and the prospects of the further research. Within the research there were determined the following priorities of effective and efficient use of the communication potential of public administration: - The institutionalization of strategic communication in the system of public administration as a system of targeted communication campaigns, fashion events aimed at reaching an agreement with all stakeholders to achieve strategic goals. - Creating an integrated system of strategic development, which involves the development of national (general) strategy Grand Strategy Forsyth using the methodology and agreement with the various sectorial and regional development strategies. - Ensuring communication activities provides professional training of civil servants in the formation and analytical work, and strategic communications for public administration. The directions abovementioned are interconnected and interrelated, they are formed strategic goals and efficient priorities of the national information space to achieve the success that will increase the level of trust in public administration
Irina Yurevna Motorina, Vladimir Anatolyevich Kurzenev
In the article the general analysis of emergence of bankruptcy is carried out, it is offered to forecasting of bankruptcy apply methods of the fractal analysis, which basis principle is self-similarity, alternative to the statistical analysis. Operability of a method is approved on branch statistics of the North-Western Federal District.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
We invite unpublished novel, original, empirical and high quality research work pertaining to recent developments & practices in the areas of Computer Science & Applications; Commerce; Business; Finance; Marketing; Human Resource Management; General Management; Banking; Economics; Tourism Administration & Management; Education; Law; Library & Information Science; Defence & Strategic Studies; Electronic Science; Corporate Governance; Industrial Relations; and emerging paradigms in allied subjects like Accounting; Accounting Information Systems; Accounting Theory & Practice; Auditing; Behavioral Accounting; Behavioral Economics; Corporate Finance; Cost Accounting; Econometrics; Economic Development; Economic History; Financial Institutions & Markets; Financial Services; Fiscal Policy; Government & Non Profit Accounting; Industrial Organization; International Economics & Trade; International Finance; Macro Economics; Micro Economics; Rural Economics; Co-operation; Demography: Development Planning; Development Studies; Applied Economics; Development Economics; Business Economics; Monetary Policy; Public Policy Economics; Real Estate; Regional Economics; Political Science; Continuing Education; Labour Welfare; Philosophy; Psychology; Sociology; Tax Accounting; Advertising & Promotion Management; Management Information Systems (MIS); Business Law; Public Responsibility & Ethics; Communication; Direct Marketing; E-Commerce; Global Business; Health Care Administration; Labour Relations & Human Resource Management; Marketing Research; Marketing Theory & Applications; Non-Profit Organizations; Office Administration/Management; Operations Research/Statistics; Organizational Behavior & Theory; Organizational Development; Production/Operations; International Relations; Human Rights & Duties; Public Administration; Population Studies; Purchasing/Materials Management; Retailing; Sales/Selling; Services; Small Business Entrepreneurship; Strategic Management Policy; Technology/Innovation; Tourism & Hospitality; Transportation Distribution; Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Compilers & Translation; Computer Aided Design (CAD); Computer Aided Manufacturing; Computer Graphics; Computer Organization & Architecture; Database Structures & Systems; Discrete Structures; Internet; Management Information Systems; Modeling & Simulation; Neural Systems/Neural Networks; Numerical Analysis/Scientific Computing; Object Oriented Programming; Operating Systems; Programming Languages; ABSTRACT We examine in this paper debt maturity determinants in a different context, petroleum country. We test the validity of different internal and external factors susceptible to have an influence on debt maturity choices. Inversely to previous studies, we find that even if Saudi economy is relatively corrupted and underdeveloped, low-profitable and low-quality Saudi listed companies can obtain long-term banking debts. maturity presumes that short-term financing strategy is an effective tool to overcome the underinvestment problem, and predicts that firms with greater growth opportunities face greater underinvestment. This presumption is advocated and confirmed empirically by Bodie et al. (1978), Barnia et al..(1980), Barclay et al. (1995), Jonhson (2003), and Barclay et al. (2003). In terms of growth opportunities measurement, Tim et al. (2008) evaluate the performance of four proposed opportunity growth proxies: the market-to-book assets ratio, the market-to-book equity ratio, earning price ratio, and (capital expenditures on net plant, property, and equipment). The authors show, on a relative scale, that the market-to-book assets ratio has the highest information content with respect to investment opportunities. In addition to these proxies, empirical literature contains other proxies consistent with small and nonpublic firms for which market-to-book is nonfunctional. Magri (2010) uses the growth rate of sales between t en t+1 at industry level. Guedes et al. (1996) adopt, in addition to market-to-book ratio, the R&D to sales ratio. In this study, we will use the more efficient proxy (GROWTHOP) defined as follows: the ratio of market value of total assets (book value of total assets minus book value of total equity plus market value of total equity) to book value of total assets. Information asymmetry: Information asymmetry is the most influencing market friction. It is the main cause of the different forms of agency problem, and the raison d'être of signaling decisions. More information asymmetry is stronger, more the firm is exposed to complicated agency conflicts and costs, and more it needs efficient signals and agency problem resolution tools. However, despite these serious implications, it is difficult to assign an accurate proxy. Authors use generally as a proxy, a measure of one cause or more of this market anomaly or management instruments used to overcome it. As an example of the latter, Berger et al. (2005) use the small business credit scoring (SBCS) in conjunction with another lending technology: financial statement lending, asset-based lending, relationship lending, or another lending technology. The use of SBCS as a complement to other technologies improves accuracy in evaluating creditworthiness and reduces the information asymmetry's degree. As to proxies by information asymmetry causes, smaller, younger and family firms are likely to be opaque. So we can use the firm size, the firm age, the capital structure ownership as information asymmetry proxies. Empirically, firm size seems to have the most support, Titman et al. (1988), Stohs et al. (1996), Demirguc-Kunt et al. (1999), and Magri (2009) find a negative relation between firm size and short- term debt. Firm age, however, hasn’t a similar strong empirical support. Scherr et al. (2001) find that older firms issue less short-term debt, while Ortiz-Molina et al. (2008) find that older firms issue more short-term debt. Regarding ownership concentration, Deesomak et al. (2009) find that it has a negative and significant relationship with debt maturity. Datta et al. (2005) find a significant and robust inverse relation between managerial stock ownership and corporate debt maturity. High growth opportunities, high R&D expenses, and the ex post change in stock returns, can be also used as information asymmetry indicators. In the current study we use two proxies: firm-size and firm-age. Firm-size can be measured by total assets, sales of employees’ number. We opt for the natural logarithm of total sales (FIRMSIZS); and the natural logarithm of total assets (FIRMSIZA). Concerning the firm-age, we choose age (ASINFAGE) and a different proxy: the stock market introduction period (ASINFLIP). Listed firms have reporting obligations and must publish periodically all relevant information afferent to the firm management, performance, and financial situation. For this raison, we believe that it is more performant than firm’s age, and we guess that more this period is long, more the asymmetric information degree is low, and more the proportion of long-term debt financing is high too. Its coefficient is statistically significant. Its sign is conformed to the predicted one. Long-term debts are fitted to long-term tangible assets. The golden rule of healthy financial management is applied by sample firms’ managers. This variable tests in the same time the relationship between asset’s tangibility and debt’s maturity, and results show that more tangible long-term assets are attached to more long- term debts. Tangible assets forms in fact a sort of guaranties and creditors accept to consent more long-term debts to firms with high tangible assets. underdevelopment, our results do not support these findings and show that high-risk firms can be in the same time highly leveraged and get long-term debts. However, some internal and external factors, such as asset specificity, agency problem, information asymmetry, inflation, corruption, legal system, taxes, constrain normally the use of this rule, limit its efficiency, and push the firm to adopt other maturity choices. But excess liquidity in rich petroleum countries may counterbalance all these environmental frictions and encourage firms to keep this classic maturity choice even in the presence of the over- mentioned problems. Several statistic sights confirm the exceptional maturity choice of petroleum country firms, or at least Saudi listed firms. Complementary between leverage and debt maturity, the absence of relationship between growth opportunities and debt maturity, the high proportion of short-term unlevered firms compared to long-term unlevered firms, show firstly that Saudi listed companies don’t use short-term maturity in order to eradicate agency problems or as financial signal. They indicate, in addition, that there is no significant credit-rationing, since even high risk firms can get long-term debts. High petroleum revenues, producing high liquidity and an implicit public guaranty, encourage banks to be more flexible, as they encourage the government to grant special favorite industrial credits, included in our statistics. Whether these financial choices are really rational and make part of financial strategy conceived in light of internal and external analysis, i.e. SWAT analysis, conscious of the different debt’s maturity determinants, or just a result of naïve choices made by non qualified managers, we need much more data to check for this. This is in fact one of many limits of this study. Future study may focus on this issue and other topics treated in recent studies, such as debt maturity for private firms [(Magri (2009)], incentive packages of CEOs [Brockman traded credit default swap (CDS) covenant