Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Rafael Ceja Ayala, Isaac Harris, General Ozochiawaeze

This work extends the factorization method to the inverse scattering problem of reconstructing the shape and location of an absorbing penetrable scatterer embedded in a thin infinite elastic (Kirchhoff--Love) plate. With the assumption that the plate thickness is small compared to the wavelength of the incident wave, the propagation of flexural perturbations is modeled by the two--dimensional biharmonic wave equation in the frequency domain. Within this setting, we provide a rigorous justification of the factorization method and demonstrate that it yields a binary criterion for distinguishing whether a sampling point lies inside or outside the scatterer, using only the spectral data of the far--field operator. In addition, we numerically analyze the Born approximation for weak scatterers in this biharmonic scattering context and compute the relative error against exact far--field data for sample weak scatterers, thereby quantifying its validity as a limited but useful approximation.

Cathinka Dahl Hambro , Øystein Brekke, Inge Andersland

I 2023 kom boken Religionshermeneutikk. Forståing i ei polarisert tid av Øystein Brekke. Denne ambisiøse essayboka på vel 350 sider ble umiddelbart en viktig bok å lese og diskutere i fagmiljøene som forholder seg til religion og livssyn i utdanningsfeltet. Året etter ble boken utgangspunkt for en helt ny sjanger på Norsk religionspedagogisk forskerforums (NoReFo) årlige konferanse: Forfatter møter kritikere, en paneldebatt med tre inviterte kritikere i møte med forfatteren, før tilhørerne i salen fikk anledning til å komme med sine spørsmål og kommentarer. Debatten sparket i gang hele konferansen, og skapte stor entusiasme. Den ble også tatt opp, og nå er opptaket transkribert og publisert her, i en egen temaseksjon av dette Prismet-nummeret. Slik kan både de som ikke kunne være til stede på NoReFo-konferansen og de som ikke husker alt som ble sagt, lese både kritikernes innspill, kommentarene fra salen og Øystein Brekkes svar.

Fata Asyrofi Yahya, Wahid Hariyanto

This study aims to explore the efforts of school superintendents in managing the changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has led to a decline in the quality of process standards in schools, and to measure the results. Examining the issue of declining the quality of process standard by using change management strategy has not been conducted in earlier studies. This research used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological type. This research took place at elementary school in Ponorogo. The informants in this research consisted of school superintendents who are members of Ponorogo Branch of the Indonesian School Supervisors Association (APSI) as well as principals of elementary schools in Ponorogo. The results of this research revealed that: first, school supervisors have managed the changes that occur in their target schools through ADKAR steps combined with technology, namely: awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement which are supported by using information technology. Second, the success of change management in improving the quality of process standards could be divided into three points, namely improvement, stagnation and decline.

Mary Kimani, Sassy Molyneux, Anderson Charo et al.

Abstract Background Carefully planned research is critical to developing policies and interventions that counter physical, psychological and social challenges faced by young people living with HIV/AIDS, without increasing burdens. Such studies, however, must navigate a ‘vulnerability paradox’, since including potentially vulnerable groups also risks unintentionally worsening their situation. Through embedded social science research, linked to a cohort study involving Adolescents Living with HIV/AIDS (ALH) in Kenya, we develop an account of researchers’ responsibilities towards young people, incorporating concepts of vulnerability, resilience, and agency as ‘interacting layers’. Methods Using a qualitative, iterative approach across three linked data collection phases including interviews, group discussions, observations and a participatory workshop, we explored stakeholders’ perspectives on vulnerability and resilience of young people living with HIV/AIDS, in relation to home and community, school, health care and health research participation. A total of 62 policy, provider, research, and community-based stakeholders were involved, including 27 ALH participating in a longitudinal cohort study. Data analysis drew on a Framework Analysis approach; ethical analysis adapts Luna’s layered account of vulnerability. Results ALH experienced forms of vulnerability and resilience in their daily lives in which socioeconomic context, institutional policies, organisational systems and interpersonal relations were key, interrelated influences. Anticipated and experienced forms of stigma and discrimination in schools, health clinics and communities were linked to actions undermining ART adherence, worsening physical and mental health, and poor educational outcomes, indicating cascading forms of vulnerability, resulting in worsened vulnerabilities. Positive inputs within and across sectors could build resilience, improve outcomes, and support positive research experiences. Conclusions The most serious forms of vulnerability faced by ALH in the cohort study were related to structural, inter-sectoral influences, unrelated to study participation and underscored by constraints to their agency. Vulnerabilities, including cascading forms, were potentially responsive to policy-based and interpersonal actions. Stakeholder engagement supported cohort design and implementation, building privacy, stakeholder understanding, interpersonal relations and ancillary care policies. Structural forms of vulnerability underscore researchers’ responsibilities to work within multi-sectoral partnerships to plan and implement studies involving ALH, share findings in a timely way and contribute to policies addressing known causes of vulnerabilities.

Fitriani Fitriani, Hasan Basri, Andewi Suhartini et al.

This research aims to discuss the evaluation of the religious development of students at SMP Hikmah Teladan based on religious dimensions in fostering independence in worship. This study uses a qualitative approach, a field research type, and employs a descriptive method, using the descriptive analysis model by Miles and Huberman (Qualitative Data Analysis), which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the religious development of students at SMP Hikmah Teladan in fostering independence in worship must continue to be pursued by referring to religious dimensions. The novelties in this research include: 1) categorizing religious programs based on religious dimensions; 2) conducting evaluations systematically; 3) measuring target achievement using independence indicators, so that progress can be more measurable. Therefore, the religious development program for students at SMP Hikmah Teladan supports the formation of independence in worship.

Niels Linnemann, James Read, Nicholas Teh

Most contemporary physicists hold that the local validity of special relativity (SR) within general relativity (GR) is expressed by means of an interdependent cluster of mathematical concepts, one of which is the existence of normal coordinate systems. Nonetheless, there remains conceptual work to be done with regard to this `standard story' on the local validity of SR in (a) clarifying how a network of mathematical concepts is recruited in a particular modelling context in order to account for the local validity of SR within GR, and (b) highlighting the richness and subtlety of this mode of modelling, as well as the way in which it interacts with the concept of `approximate Killing symmetry'. With this paper, we carry out this work, thereby also defending the standard story from concerns recently voiced in the philosophy of physics literature.

Raushan Buzyakova

We study topological groups of monotonic autohomeomorphisms on a generalized ordered space $L$. We find a condition that is necessary and sufficient for the set of all monotonic autohomeomorphisms on $L$ along with the function composition and the topology of point-wise convergence to be a topological group.

Cristina Garbacea, Qiaozhu Mei

Recent advances in deep neural language models combined with the capacity of large scale datasets have accelerated the development of natural language generation systems that produce fluent and coherent texts (to various degrees of success) in a multitude of tasks and application contexts. However, controlling the output of these models for desired user and task needs is still an open challenge. This is crucial not only to customizing the content and style of the generated language, but also to their safe and reliable deployment in the real world. We present an extensive survey on the emerging topic of constrained neural language generation in which we formally define and categorize the problems of natural language generation by distinguishing between conditions and constraints (the latter being testable conditions on the output text instead of the input), present constrained text generation tasks, and review existing methods and evaluation metrics for constrained text generation. Our aim is to highlight recent progress and trends in this emerging field, informing on the most promising directions and limitations towards advancing the state-of-the-art of constrained neural language generation research.

Fernando Rodrigues Junior

Este artigo pretende discutir os elementos díspares que se combinam para a caracterização de Medeia nas Argonáuticas de Apolônio de Rodes como uma virgem ingênua e uma feiticeira assassina. A harmonização desses elementos possibilita reconhecer em Medeia a principal aliada dos argonautas a partir do livro 3. Num contexto de discussão sobre o conceito de heroísmo e a atribuição da liderança da nau Argo ao ἄριστος, caberá a Jasão, por conta de sua postura diplomática adequada a esse poema épico, distinguir as especificidades e os campos de atuação de cada herói de modo a alcançar o êxito coletivo da missão. Medeia, portanto, integrará a expedição por conta de sua dupla caracterização: por ter sido seduzida por Jasão e, ao mesmo tempo, por ser a única capaz de possibilitar, através de seus ἄεθλα, o cumprimento dos φάρμακα designados por Eeta.

Diana van Winden, Diana van Winden, Diana van Winden et al.

The demanding environment that contemporary dance students are exposed to could result in high stress levels, which can influence injury susceptibility. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between stress and injuries. In the period between September 2016 and March 2020, four cohorts of first-year dance students (N = 186; mean age 19.21 ± 1.35 years) were followed for one academic year. Each month, general stress was assessed on a 0–100 visual analogous scale. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems was used on a monthly basis to monitor injuries. Injuries were defined as “all injuries” (i.e., any physical complaint irrespective of the need for medical attention or time-loss from dance) and “substantial injuries” (i.e., leading to moderate/severe/complete reductions in training volume or performance). Mann–Whitney tests were performed to measure differences in general stress levels between injured and injury-free students, while repeated-measures ANOVA were performed to investigate whether general stress scores increased before and during injury occurrence. The overall average monthly general stress score over all cohorts for all students was 39.81. The monthly general stress scores ranged from 31.75 to 49.16. Overall, injured and substantially injured students reported higher stress scores than injury-free students, with significant differences in 3 out of the 9 months for all injuries (September, October, March, p < 0.05), and in 5 months for substantial injuries (September, October, November, December, April, p < 0.05). Within the 3-month period before and during injury occurrence, a (marginally) significant linear effect of general stress across the time periods was found for all injuries [F(1.87,216.49) = 3.10, p = 0.051] and substantial injuries [F(2,138) = 4.16, p = 0.018]. The results indicate an association between general stress and injuries. Future research should focus on effects of varying stress levels on injury risk using higher sampling frequency, for instance by measuring weekly since stress levels are likely to fluctuate daily. Practically, strategies aiming at stress reduction might have the potential to reduce the burden of dance injuries and may have positive outcomes for dancers, teachers, schools, and companies.

Hiroki Ishizaka, Kenta Kobayashi, Takuya Tsuchiya

We propose a general theory of estimating interpolation error for smooth functions in two and three dimensions. In our theory, the error of interpolation is bound in terms of the diameter of a simplex and a geometric parameter. In the two-dimensional case, our geometric parameter is equivalent to the circumradius of a triangle. In the three-dimensional case, our geometric parameter also represents the flatness of a tetrahedron. Through the introduction of the geometric parameter, the error estimates newly obtained can be applied to cases that violate the maximum-angle condition.

Alessandro Germani, Livia Buratta, Elisa Delvecchio et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic is showing a strong impact on people in terms of uncertainty and instability it has caused in different areas of daily life. Uncertainty and instability are also emotions that characterize emerging adulthood (EA). They generate worries about the present and the future and are a source of anxiety that impacts negatively on personal and interpersonal functioning. Anxiety seems a central effect of the pandemic and recent studies have suggested that it is linked to COVID-19 risk perception. In the present study, a sample of 1045 Italian emerging adults was collected: (1) to assess anxiety severity and perceived risk related to COVID-19 and their association and (2) to compare general health and protective factors such as attitudes about security, relationships, self-esteem, and self-efficacy across anxiety severity and perceived risk categories. The findings of this study highlighted that anxiety severity categories were distributed homogeneously across the sample and that half of the participants referred to moderate-severe anxiety. A series of analysis of variances and post hoc comparisons showed that general health and all protective factors decreased according to anxiety severity. They were higher in participants with high perceived risk, with the exception of self-efficacy. Given the challenging features of the pandemic and EA, it is crucial to monitor anxiety severity in order to prevent last longing effects on mental and physical health, as well as keeping emerging adults informed about the risks related to the pandemic. Intervention and supportive programs based on improving self-esteem and self-efficacy, as well as confidence in relationships, should be offered to emerging adults over the long term, beyond the current outbreak.

Hamid Kazemi Zahrani, Farzaneh Ebrahimi Joozdani, Saeedeh Alsadat Hashemi Najaf Abadi et al.

Background: Unhealthy nutritional attitudes and emotion regulation difficulties are among the most important problems among young people, but the key question is whether natural cognition plays a mediating role in emotion regulation difficulties and nutritional attitudes? Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of natural misery in predicting nutritional attitudes based on emotion regulation difficulties. Method: It was a descriptive-correlational one and was performed on 130 students of Payam Noor Najafabad University who were selected by available sampling method. Research questionnaires included Toronto Natural Intelligence Scale (1994), Garner & Garfinkel (1979) Nutrition Attitude Scale, and Gratz & Roemer (2004) Emotion Regulation Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation method. Results: The results showed that direct path coefficients between predictor (emotion regulation difficulties) and criterion variable (nutritional attitudes) were not significant (p>0/05), but indirect path coefficients between These variables were significant with mediation of natural odor (p<0/05). Conclusions: Natural curiosity mediates the prediction of nutritional attitudes based on the difficulty of emotion regulation, which demonstrates the role of natural curiosity in emotion regulation and improvement of nutritional attitudes.

Dr.Sanaullah, Dr. Saleem-ur-Rahman

"The Prophet of Islam (SAW) had been the most effective personality in history who left deep and ever lasting impact on the world history. That is why since the emergence of Islam till date, people have been writing on Seerat and this process has never been discontinued. Lovers, enemies, partial and impartial writers wrote on the Seerat of prophet Muhammad (SAW). Muslims and non-Muslims selected this topic for discussion. Besides orientalists, Hindus and Sikhs of sub-continent also raised their pen and composed books, essays and articles on this topic. In this regard the contribution of Muslims is research based because Seerat remains the topic of discussion among research scholars while the work of non-Muslims is not that much research oriented. The work of orientalists regarding Seerat has been critically analyzed from time to time while that of Hindus and Sikh writers of sub-continent still needs to be critically examined. An effort has been made in the given article to minimize this deficiency."

Yi-Zhi Huang

A cohomological criterion for the complete reducibility of modules of finite length satisfying a composability condition for a meromorphic open-string vertex algebra $V$ has been given by Qi and the author. In order to apply this criterion, one needs to determine what types of $V$-modules satisfy the composability condition. In this paper, we prove that the composability condition is satisfied by generalized modules in a suitable category for a grading-restricted vertex algebra satisfying natural conditions.

Juyang Weng

The Universal Turing Machine (TM) is a model for VonNeumann computers --- general-purpose computers. A human brain can inside-skull-automatically learn a universal TM so that he acts as a general-purpose computer and writes a computer program for any practical purposes. It is unknown whether a machine can accomplish the same. This theoretical work shows how the Developmental Network (DN) can accomplish this. Unlike a traditional TM, the TM learned by DN is a super TM --- Grounded, Emergent, Natural, Incremental, Skulled, Attentive, Motivated, and Abstractive (GENISAMA). A DN is free of any central controller (e.g., Master Map, convolution, or error back-propagation). Its learning from a teacher TM is one transition observation at a time, immediate, and error-free until all its neurons have been initialized by early observed teacher transitions. From that point on, the DN is no longer error-free but is always optimal at every time instance in the sense of maximal likelihood, conditioned on its limited computational resources and the learning experience. This letter also extends the Church-Turing thesis to automatic programming for general purposes and sketchily proved it.

Luigi Marfè

Este trabajo analiza el significado metafísico y metaliterario de la estética de la repetición en la obra narrativa de Borges. Los espejos, las sombras, los fantasmas, los dobles y todas las otras estrategias de repetición de la realidad eran, para él, alegorías de la escritura. Borges utilizó estos mecanismos como “yescas” narrativas —en el sentido barthesiano de la palabra—, para presentar  tanto la compleja noción de “los diversos tiempos del tiempo” como su idea de la literatura como “ficción”

María Mercedes Herrera Buitrago

In Bogotá, after the assault suffered by the political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on April 9, 1948, his body was taken to the Clinica Central where his death was officially declared. to a crowd that expected political orientation. To an indeterminate amount of people who required immediate attention, in very poor conditions and low risk of death, the Clinic, which was characterized by the implementation of technological innovations in its time, it served as a refuge in the midst of the generalized violence known as El Bogotazo, and was the scene of political discussion, playing a key role in the transformation of the multitude. In function of restoring its heritage value, a system of social representations explores a transformation in the Colombian visual and literary arts.

T. Pradeu, Gladys Kostyrka, J. Dupré

J. Mansfeld

Parmenides devotes considerable attention to human physiology in an entirely original way, by appealing to the behaviour and effects of his two physical elements when explaining subjects such as sex differentiation in the womb, aspects of heredity, and sleep and old age. Unlike his general cosmology and account of the origin of mankind, this topos, or part of philosophy, is not anticipated in his Presocratic predecessors. What follows is that the second part of the Poem, whatever its relation to the first part may be believed to be, is meant as a serious account of the world and man from a physicist point of view.