Denna artikel undersöker hbtq+-ungdomars narrativ om den svenska skoltillvaron. Analysen baseras på intervjuer med 16 deltagare och utgår från ett queerteoretiskt perspektiv på skolan som en plats där normer både reproduceras och förändras. Skolan framträder i analysen som en mångtydig och motsägelsefull plats. Resultaten bekräftar delvis ett dominerande narrativ från tidigare forskning om skolan som en plats där hbtq+-elever upplever utsatthet och osynlighet. Men det finns också exempel på att ungdomarna lyfte fram ett annat narrativ av skolan som en plats för tillhörighet, gemenskap och viktiga relationer med jämnåriga. Unga människors delaktighet och aktörskap kontra skolans ansvar diskuteras utifrån ett exempel med elever som driver en hbtq+-grupp på sin gymnasieskola. Skolan framträder där som en plats där värderingar förhandlas och där unga försöker skapa förändring.
English abstract
Belonging, Vulnerability and Potential Change: School as an Ambiguous Space for LGBTQ+ Youth
This article aims to explore LGBTQ+ youth’s narrative about Swedish school space. The analysis is based on interviews with 16 participants and is based on a queer theoretical perspective on school as a space where norms are both reproduced and changed. School emerges in the analysis as an ambiguous and contradictory space. The results partly reiterate the dominant narrative from previous research, of the school as a space where students experience exclusion and invisibility as LGBTQ+ people. But there are also examples of young people highlighting a different narrative of school as a space that fosters belonging and important relationships with peers. The example of students running an LGBTQ+ group at their upper secondary school raise questions concerning young people’s participation and agency verses the school’s responsibilities. School emerges as a space where values are negotiated and where young people seek to create change.
Quentin Noraz, Allan Sacha Brun, Antoine Strugarek
Understanding solar turbulent convection and its influence on differential rotation has been a challenge over the past two decades. Current models often overestimate giant convection cells' amplitude, leading to an effective Rossby number (Ro) too large and a shift toward an antisolar rotation regime. This convective conundrum underscores the need for improved comprehension of solar convective dynamics. We propose a numerical experiment in the parameter space that controls Ro while increasing the Reynolds number (Re) and maintaining solar parameters. By controlling the Nusselt number (Nu), we limit the energy transport by convection while reducing viscous dissipation. This approach enabled us to construct a Sun-like rotating model (SBR97n035) with strong turbulence (Re ∼ 800) that exhibits prograde equatorial rotation and aligns with observational data from helioseismology. We compare this model with an antisolar rotating counterpart and provide an in-depth spectral analysis to investigate the changes in convective dynamics. We also find the appearance of vorticity rings near the poles, whose existence on the Sun could be probed in the future. The Sun-like model shows reduced buoyancy over the spectrum, as well as an extended quasi-geostrophic equilibrium toward smaller scales. This promotes a Coriolis–inertia (CI) balance rather than a Coriolis–inertia–Archimedes (CIA) balance, in order to favor the establishment of a prograde equator. The presence of convective columns in the bulk of the convection zone, with limited surface manifestations, also hints at such structures potentially occurring in the Sun.
Federica Grasso, María Mercedes Alonso Martínez, Federica Turrini
et al.
The aim of this research is to propose simple and scalable processes to obtain bioactive peptides extensively hydrolyzed starting from a tuna mixed biomass. The upcycling of this powdered biomass is challenging since it comes from the unsorted industrial side streams of the tuna canning process (cooked residues from fillet trimming) after a patented mild dehydration useful for preventing its degradation until its exploitation. Two different protocols were proposed, with and without the inclusion of an exogenous enzyme (Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction, EAE), with no relevant differences in yields (24% vs. 22%) and a comparable amino acid composition. Nevertheless, the former protocol (with EAE) provided peptides with an average molecular weight of 1.3 kDa, and the second one (without EAE) provided peptides with an average molecular weight of 2.2 kDa. The two corresponding types of tuna protein hydrolysates (Enzymatic Hydrolysates (EH) and Non-Enzymatic Hydrolysates (NEH)) were characterized by proximate compositions, pH, color profile, amino acid analysis, FTIR spectra, and molecular weight distribution. In addition, several biological analyses were performed to assess their potential use as nutraceutical supplements: special attention has been paid to antioxidant activity using three different methods to quantify it. EH showed the most promising antioxidant activity which could be exploited also in other fields (e.g., biomaterials, cosmetics).
Oda Barth Vedøy, Hans Steinsland, Sunniva Todnem Sakkestad
et al.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal illness in children and travelers in low- and middle-income countries. When volunteers are infected with ETEC strains, as part of experimental infection studies, some do not develop diarrhea. To improve our understanding of how these volunteers are protected, we investigated the association between stool ETEC DNA concentration, as determined by quantitative PCR, and the development and severity of disease in 21 volunteers who had been experimentally infected with ETEC strain TW10722. We found a strong association between maximum stool ETEC DNA concentration and the development of diarrhea: all of the 11 volunteers who did not develop diarrhea had <0.99% TW10722-specific DNA in their stools throughout the follow-up period of up to 9 days, while all of the 10 volunteers who did develop diarrhea had maximum DNA concentrations of ≥0.99%. Most likely, these maximum stool TW10722 DNA concentrations reflect the level of intestinal colonization and the risk of experiencing diarrhea, thereby, seems to be directly dependent on the level of colonization. Thus, the development and availability of vaccines and other prophylactic measures, even if they only partially reduce colonization, could be important in the effort to reduce the burden of ETEC diarrhea.
One theme that is rarely addressed or explicitly studied in relation to research processes, at least among Nordic researchers, is time. This may seem puzzling, especially in the case of change-oriented research approaches, in which processes are a key element. One can hardly think of processes without considering the time perspective. This issue of Research and Change addresses the question of how time may be understood as a dimension in research, and in processes aiming at change. Change is linked to time, as change takes time, it happens over time, and it becomes discernible in the course of time. Time therefore becomes a factor, perhaps indeed a method or a research tool, when processes of change are initiated, supported, and studied. The articles in this issue are inspiring and thought-provoking contributions to the ambition of understanding the qualities and significance of time in change processes.
Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
Alex N. Tidd, Alex N. Tidd, Vasquez Caballero
et al.
There is an urgent need to assess the extent to which the global fishing enterprise can be sustainable in the face of climate change. Artisanal fishing plays a crucial role in sustaining livelihoods and meeting food security demands in coastal countries. Yet, the ability of the artisanal sector to do so not only depends on the economic efficiency of the fleets, but also on the changing productivity and distribution of target species under rapid climate change in the oceans. These impacts are already leading to sudden declines, long-term collapses in production, or increases in the price of fish products, which can further exacerbate excess levels of fishing capacity. We examined historical changes (1950-2014) in technical efficiency within the global artisanal fishing fleets in relation to sea surface temperature anomalies, market prices by taxonomic group, and fuel costs. We show that temperature anomalies affected countries differently; while some have enhanced production from an increase in the resource distribution, which alter the structure of the ecosystem, others have had to adapt to the negative impacts of seawater warming. In addition, efficiency decreases are also related to rises in global marine fish price, whereby more labour and capital are attracted into the fishery, which in turn can lead to an excess in fleet capacity. Our results contribute to the understanding of how the effects of climate-induced change in the oceans could potentially affect the efficiency of artisanal fishing fleets.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
Evdokiia Potolitsyna, Sarah Hazell Pickering, Ave Tooming-Klunderud
et al.
Abstract Background LncRNAs are tissue-specific and emerge as important regulators of various biological processes and as disease biomarkers. HOTAIR is a well-established pro-oncogenic lncRNA which has been attributed a variety of functions in cancer and native contexts. However, a lack of an exhaustive, cell type-specific annotation questions whether HOTAIR functions are supported by the expression of multiple isoforms. Results Using a capture long-read sequencing approach, we characterize HOTAIR isoforms expressed in human primary adipose stem cells. We find HOTAIR isoforms population displays varied splicing patterns, frequently leading to the exclusion or truncation of canonical LSD1 and PRC2 binding domains. We identify a highly cell type-specific HOTAIR isoform pool regulated by distinct promoter usage, and uncover a shift in the HOTAIR TSS usage that modulates the balance of HOTAIR isoforms at differentiation onset. Conclusion Our results highlight the complexity and cell type-specificity of HOTAIR isoforms and open perspectives on functional implications of these variants and their balance to key cellular processes.
Abdelhameed Elameen, Denis Tourvieille de Labrouhe, Emmanuelle Bret-Mestries
et al.
Yield losses in sunflower crops caused by <i>Plasmopara halstedii</i> can be up to 100%, depending on the cultivar susceptibility, environmental conditions, and virulence of the pathogen population. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic and phenotypic structure of a sunflower downy mildew agent at the field scale. The genetic diversity of 250 <i>P. halstedii</i> isolates collected from one field in southern France was assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and single sequence repeats (SSR). A total of 109 multilocus genotypes (MLG) were identified among the 250 isolates collected in the field. Four genotypes were repeated more than 20 times and spatially spread over the field. Estimates of genetic relationships among <i>P. halstedii</i> isolates using principal component analysis and a Bayesian clustering approach demonstrated that the isolates are grouped into two main genetic clusters. A high level of genetic differentiation among clusters was detected (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> = 0.35), indicating overall limited exchange between them, but our results also suggest that recombination between individuals of these groups is not rare. Genetic clusters were highly related to pathotypes, as previously described for this pathogen species. Eight different races were identified (100, 300, 304, 307, 703, 704, 707, and 714), with race 304 being predominant and present at most of the sites. The co-existence of multiple races at the field level is a new finding that could have important implications for the management of sunflower downy mildew. These data provide the first population-wide picture of the genetic structure of <i>P. halstedii</i> at a fine spatial scale.
I den økofeministiske klassikeren The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution (1980) fremhever Carolyn Merchant måten Anne Conway (1631–1679) kritiserer det dominerende mekanistiske natursynet ved å hevde at alt i naturen er fylt med liv. For i Conways verk Principles of the most Ancient and Modern Philosophy (1690) finner vi et natursyn hvor «den anorganiske naturen», slik som jord, stein og fjell, har liv og derfor må behandles på en god måte. Vi søker å vise at Conways posisjon faller mellom Aristotelesʼ og Spinozas, da hun på den ene siden er enig med Spinoza i at hele naturen har liv, mens hun på den andre siden opererer, i likhet med Aristoteles, med et hierarki i skaperverket mellom mennesker, dyr, planter og stein. Conway har slik vært betydningsfull for fremveksten av en miljøetikk som skiller seg fra både pliktetikken og utilitarismen, samtidig som den representerer et alternativ til det dominerende dualistiske natursynet. Likevel er det spenningsfylt hvordan økofeminismen skal forholde seg til Conways hierarkiske tenkning, da miljøfilosofien generelt, og økofeminismen i særdeleshet, har vært opptatt av å bryte med antroposentriske forutsetninger.
<h4>Background</h4>Girls and women subjected to female genital cutting (FGC) risk experiencing obstetrical, gynecological, sexual, and psychological health problems. Therefore, Norway has established low-threshold specialized healthcare services where girls and women with FGC-related health problems can directly seek medical attention. Nevertheless, we lack data about access to these services, especially for non-maternity-related purposes. In this article, we explore experiences of seeking medical attention for health problems that are potentially FGC-related, aiming to identify factors that hinder or facilitate access to FGC-specialized services.<h4>Methods</h4>We conducted a qualitative study in three Norwegian cities employing semi-structured repeat interviews with 26 girls and women subjected to FGC, participant observation, and three validation focus group discussions with 17 additional participants. We thematically analyzed the data and approached access as a dynamic process of interactions between individuals and the healthcare system that lasts from an initial perception of need until reception of healthcare appropriate to that need.<h4>Findings</h4>We identified several barriers to healthcare, including 1) uncertainty about FGC as a cause of experienced health problems, 2) unfamiliarity with FGC-specialized services, 3) lack of assessment by general practitioners of FGC as a potential cause of health problems, and 4) negative interactions with healthcare providers. In contrast, factors facilitating healthcare included: 1) receiving information on FGC-related health problems and FGC-specialized services from a non-profit immigrant organization, 2) referral to gynecologists with good knowledge of FGC, and 3) positive interactions with healthcare providers.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Assessing whether FGC is the cause for experienced health problems requires diagnostic competency and should not be left entirely to the patients. We recommend that Norwegian policymakers acknowledge the central role of GPs in the clinical management of patients with FGC-related health problems and provide them with comprehensive training on FGC.
Sammendrag
De siste årene har politiet vist stor interesse for etterretning
som strategi for å skape et godt grunnlag for kunnskapsbaserte beslutninger.
Gjennom fem semistrukturerte intervjuer med etterretningsanalytikere
i politiet undersøker artikkelen etterretning som beslutningsstøtte
ved å fokusere på overgangen fra etterretningsprodukt til tiltak.
Tradisjonelt opererer etterretningsteorien med et skarpt skille
mellom etterretning og tiltak. Kan det likevel være noen fordeler
ved at etterretningsprodukter inneholder anbefalinger, og da særlig
i en polisiær kontekst? Artikkelens ambisjon er å belyse denne diskusjonen
gjennom praktikernes perspektiv, samt betydningen dette har for
de modeller politiet har valgt for anvendelse i etterretningsarbeidet.
Funnene kan tyde på at skillet mellom etterretning og tiltak ikke
er så skarpt i politiet. Det viser seg å eksistere gode argumenter
både for og imot anbefalinger i politiets etterretningsprodukter.
Artikkelen konkluderer dermed med at spørsmålet utgjør en form for
dilemma.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
ObjectiveAlthough risk factors for nonfatal suicidal behavior in mood disorders have been vastly investigated, rate and risk factors of suicide deaths are less well known. Extensive health care and other population registers in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) allow national-level studies of suicide rates and risk factors. This systematic review examined Nordic studies of suicide in mood disorders.MethodsNational Nordic studies published after 1.1.2000 reporting on suicide mortality or relative risk in diagnosed unipolar depression or bipolar disorder treated in psychiatric settings; temporal variations in suicide risk after discharge, or risk factors for suicide were systematically reviewed.ResultsAltogether 16 longitudinal studies reported on rate and risk of suicide in depression. They found 2%–8% of psychiatric inpatients with depression to have died by suicide. However, in Finland suicide risk among depressive inpatients halved since the early 1990s. Nine studies investigated suicide risk in bipolar disorder, finding 4–8% of patients having died by suicide in long term. The relative risk of suicide was consistently found extremely high (SMR > 100) during the first weeks postdischarge, declining steeply over time to approximately SMR of five after five years. Male gender, preceding suicide attempts, high severity of depression and substance abuse were found risk factors for suicide in depression, with only minor gender differences in risk factors, but major differences in lethal methods. Three studies investigated risk factors for suicide in bipolar disorder, finding male gender, preceding suicide attempts, and depressive episodes and psychiatric comorbidity to be associated with risk.ConclusionsOverall, of psychiatric inpatients with depressive of bipolar disorders in the Nordic countries, 2%–8% have died by suicide in the last few decades, but current rates may be lower. Suicide risk is approximately similar or somewhat higher among patients with bipolar disorder, risk factor studies of whom are fewer. Risk of suicide is remarkably high immediately after discharge, and higher among males than females, those with preceding suicide attempts, high severity of depression, or concurrent substance abuse. Generalizability of findings from these Nordic studies to other countries need to be investigated, and their methodological limitations understood.
Background: Differences in DNA methylation have been reported in B and T lymphocyte populations, including CD4+ T cells, isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients when compared to healthy controls. CD4+ T cells are a heterogeneous cell type with subpopulations displaying distinct DNA methylation patterns. In this study, we investigated DNA methylation using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing in two CD4+ T cell populations (CD4+ memory and naïve cells) in three groups: newly diagnosed, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) naïve RA patients (N = 11), methotrexate (MTX) treated RA patients (N = 18), and healthy controls (N = 9) matched for age, gender and smoking status.Results: Analyses of these data revealed significantly more differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in CD4+ memory than in CD4+ naïve T cells (904 vs. 19 DMPs) in RA patients compared to controls. The majority of DMPs (72%) identified in newly diagnosed and DMARD naïve RA patients with active disease showed increased DNA methylation (39 DMPs), whereas most DMPs (80%) identified in the MTX treated RA patients in remission displayed decreased DNA methylation (694 DMPs). Interestingly, we also found that about one third of the 101 known RA risk loci overlapped (±500 kb) with the DMPs. Notably, introns of the UBASH3A gene harbor both the lead RA risk SNP and two DMPs in CD4+ memory T cells.Conclusion: Our results suggest that RA associated DNA methylation differences vary between the two T cell subsets, but are also influenced by RA characteristics such as disease activity, disease duration and/or MTX treatment.
Research on the biotopic distribution, abundance, and specific nesting features of the European red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)was carried out from October 2016 until May 2017 in the entire area of Kamianets-Podilskiy (Khmelnitskiy Oblast, Ukraine). By its construction type and tree vegetation, the following biotopes were singled out in the town area: one-storey buildings, multi-storey buildings, mixed housing types, parks, industrial area, the Smotrych river’s canyon, and gardening area. In total, 272 nests of the European red squirrel were registered, including 89 nests in parks (32.7 % of the total number of nests), 79 in the industrial area (29.0 %), 49 in the mixed housing area (18.0 %), 19 in the area of multi-storey buildings (7.0 %), 13 in the area of one-storey buildings (4.8 %), 12 in the gardening area (4.4 %), and 11 in the canyon of the Smotrych river (4.0 %). In Kamianets-Podilskiy and its surroundings, 178 178 pairs of the European red squirrel were recorded, what makes up 65.4 % of the number of registered nests. The population density (pair/km2) of the red squirrel in Kamianets-Podilskiy is 6.4 pairs/km2. The highest density was observed in the forest-park area (43.3 pairs/km2), in the canyon of the Smotrych river (10.7 pairs/km2), and in the area multi-storey buildings (9.1 pairs/km2). Squirrel nests were observed on 21 tree species, including the linden Тіlіа sp., the asp Populus sp., the chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum, the sycamore tree Acer tataricum, the field maple Асеr саmреstrе, the elm tree Ulmus laevis, the sweet cherry Prunus sp., the maple Acer negundo, the fir tree Рісеа sp., the walnut tree Juglans regia, the horn beech Саrріnus bеculus, the willow Salix alba, the acacia Robinia pseudoacacia, the ash tree Frахіnus ехсеlsіоr, the birch tree Betula sp., the poplar Populus sp., the pyramidal poplar Populus pyramidalis, the cedar Thuja occidentalis, the Norway maple Acer platanoides, the honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos, and the oak Quеrсus rоbur. Most nests were located on the pyramidal poplar (24.1 %), linden (19.7 %), and Norway maple (13.7 %), while the least number of nests was found on the fir tree (0.8 %) and chestnut (0.8 %). The European red squirrel usually arranges its nests at the height of 3.5 m to 23 m, in average 9.3 m. The specific features of location of squirrel nests depend on the tree species (the highest nests being located on the ash tree, pyramidal poplar, and the lowest nests being on the fir tree and cedar). The squirrel mostly arranges its nests at whorls usually made up of 3–4 branches (51.9 %), near the trunk (32.7 %), on the branches (13.0 %) and between trunks (2.4 %).
Cyril Milleret, Pierre Dupont, Joseph Chipperfield
et al.
Abstract The estimation of population size remains one of the primary goals and challenges in ecology and provides a basis for debate and policy in wildlife management. Despite the development of efficient noninvasive sampling methods and robust statistical tools to estimate abundance, the maintenance of field sampling is still subject to economic and logistic constraints. These can result in intentional or unintentional interruptions in sampling and cause gaps in data time series, posing a challenge to abundance estimation, and ultimately conservation and management decisions. We applied an open population spatial capture–recapture (OPSCR) model to simulations and a real‐life case study to test the reliability of abundance inference to interruptions in data collection. Using individual detections occurring over consecutive sampling occasions, OPSCR models allow the estimation of abundance while accounting for lack of demographic and geographic closure between occasions. First, we simulated sampling data with interruptions in field sampling of different lengths and timing and checked the performance of an OPSCR model in deriving abundance for species with slow and intermediate life‐history strategies. Next, we introduced artificial sampling interruptions of various magnitudes and timing to a five‐year noninvasive monitoring data set of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Norway and quantified the consequences for OPSCR model predictions. Inferences from OPSCR models were reliable even with temporal interruptions in monitoring. Interruption did not cause systematic bias, but increased uncertainty. Interruptions occurring at occasions near the beginning and the end of the sampling period caused higher uncertainty. The loss in precision was more severe for species with a faster life‐history strategy. OPSCR allows monitoring studies to provide contiguous abundance estimates to managers, stakeholders, and policy makers even when data are noncontiguous. OPSCR models do not only help cope with unintentional interruptions during sampling but also offer opportunities for using intentional sampling interruptions during the design of cost‐effective population surveys.
In Ukraine, mental health problems are common yet the mental health services available are still old fashioned and based on healthcare approaches used in the Soviet Union, providing mainly inpatient services and rudimentary community services. The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) to reduce the mental health treatment gap all over the world and 2 years later introduced the WHO mhGAP-Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG), version 2.0 (2016) as not only an educational tool, but also an evidence based guideline to scale up services for mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) conditions with an objective to reduce gap between available health systems capacity and resources for mental health. The main aim of this paper is to describe reforms of undergraduate psychiatry training in Ukraine using Kyiv Medical University as a case example. Kyiv Medical University (KMU) is the first university in Ukraine to introduce the mhGAP-IG in Ukraine. The revised psychiatry curricula in KMU aims to strengthens the evidence based teaching practices, to put emphasis on community orientated mental health care, and to use interactive teaching methods that the university hopes will attract more future doctors to psychiatry and ideally contribute towards the reduction of the mental health treatment-gap in Ukraine.
Kjetil Berner, Tom Børge Johannesen, Kirsten Sundby Hall
et al.
Purpose: To describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics, as well as long-term treatment outcomes of spindle cell non-osteogenic bone sarcomas (SCS), comprising leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in bone. Method: We have analysed a nationwide cohort of 104 patients with histologically verified SCS diagnosed between 1975 and 2009, based on registry sources supplemented with clinical records from Norwegian hospitals involved in sarcoma management. Results: In this unselected cohort, a stable annual incidence for SCS patients of slightly below 0.6 per million was observed, with a dominant peak among elderly patients. SCS is mostly a high-grade malignancy (92%) with a male to female ratio of 1.6 for all patients. The axial to appendicular ratio was 0.7, seemingly independent of age. More than one fourth of the patients (29%) had primary metastatic disease. Another 32 patients (46%) developed metastases during follow-up and 12 (17%) experienced local relapses. The five-year sarcoma-specific survival rate was 37%, with no documented improvement over time. Primary metastatic disease was an adverse prognostic factor for survival. Predisposing factors were documented in 19 patients (18%). Negative prognostic factors for overall survival were tumour size >9 cm, age > 40 years, axial tumour localization, FS as subtype and pathologic fracture at time of diagnoses. As expected, patients who received both surgery and chemotherapy as their primary treatment for high-grade SCS (25%) significantly had best sarcoma specific five years survival (62%). Conclusion: We confirm SCS as a rare high-grade bone sarcoma entity, mostly among elderly patients and with a poor overall outcome. The combined treatment of surgery and chemotherapy is essential to achieve optimal long-term survival of SCS. Keywords: Spindle cell, Nationwide, Treatment, Overall survival
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens
<p>Drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones
are believed to be significant sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon
dioxide (<span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span>), methane (<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>) and nitrous oxide (<span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span>), but the
annual fluxes are still highly uncertain. Drained organic soils exemplify
systems where many studies are still carried out with relatively small
resources, several methodologies and manually operated systems, which
further involve different options for the detailed design of the measurement
and data analysis protocols for deriving the annual flux. It would be
beneficial to set certain guidelines for how to measure and report the data,
so that data from individual studies could also be used in synthesis work
based on data collation and modelling. Such synthesis work is necessary for
deciphering general patterns and trends related to, e.g., site types,
climate, and management, and the development of corresponding emission
factors, i.e. estimates of the net annual soil GHG emission and removal, which
can be used in GHG inventories. Development of specific emission factors
also sets prerequisites for the background or environmental data to be
reported in individual studies. We argue that wide applicability greatly
increases the value of individual studies. An overall objective of this
paper is to support future monitoring campaigns in obtaining high-value
data. We analysed peer-reviewed publications presenting <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span>, <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>
and <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> flux data for drained<span id="page4688"/> organic forest soils in boreal and
temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the
potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emissions and removals.
We evaluated the methods used in data collection and identified major gaps
in background or environmental data. Based on these, we formulated
recommendations for future research.</p>