In Chapters 93 to 98 of the Sententious Notes (1320s), Theodore Metochites put forward an idea that the basic social and political agents in the society, i. e. emperor, aristocracy, and the people, belonged to different natures. Such a consideration, which was also uttered in passing by Shakespeare in Hamlet (1599–1601), meant theologically a transposition into the political philosophy of some tenets of the heresy of Tritheism, which was known to have emerged in the sixth century AD and to have become the target of polemics lead by Leontios of Byzantium, some Fathers of the Church, and anonymous polemists. In the late-thirteenth century, some allegations of this heresy came to be rejuvenated by John XI Bekkos in his messy theological system. Evidently, Metochites reinvigorates those Latinophile statements that already in the last third of the thirteenth century had been close to his father George Metochites, who had been condemned at the Council of Blachernai in 1285 together with John Bekkos and Constantine Meliteniotes. Metochites was certain to recognize aristocracy as the entelechy of the people and its political role, in compliance with a tenet of Theodore II Laskaris’ (1254–1258) Neoplatonism, to wit, that entelechy and difference are the two principles which govern all the beings. This article also considers some partly similar ideas about the role of the people and of the aristocracy in the social structure from the Foreigner (Forestiero) by Giulio Capaccio (1560–1634), a baroque thinker from Napoli. Capaccio was closer, than Metochites, to the concept of the people’s representation in the authorities, working on a regular basis. But Capaccio was also too close to the aforementioned notions of the Mediaeval Neoplatonism. Therefore, we believe, unlike Eva de Vries – van der Velden, that Metochites’ political views should be compared not with those of Montesquieu, but with those notions and concepts which were characteristic for the representatives of the Renaissance and Early Baroque world from the fourteenth to seventeenth century. Simultaneously, the idea of maintaining social harmony, which was conceived as similar to the musical one, was proffered as early as in the first century BC in the Confucian treatise Records of Music. Consequently, this concept goes beyond the Indo-European civilizational community.
У статті висвітлено культуротворчу місію всесвітньовідомої оперної та камерної співачки (мецо-сопрано) українського походження (Львів), почесної президентки Галицького музичного товариства, професорки співу в університеті Моцартеум (Зальцбург, Австрія) Зоряни Кушплер. Підкреслено значення громадянської позиції вокалістки, як щодо життєдіяльності, так і щодо творчості. Адже попри те, що Зоряна Ігорівна вже понад 15 років є примадонною європейських оперних театрів, вона вносить значну лепту в популяризацію музики своєї Батьківщини. Обґрунтовано активне пропагування співачкою оперної та пісенної творчості українських композиторів і вітчизняної фольклорної музики. Зокрема, нещодавно Зоряна Кушплер видала унікальний для світової музичної культури альбом “Ukrainian InterMezzo / Українське ІнтерМеццо», який уважається першим таким зразком у світі з українським репертуаром для мецо-сопрано у супроводі оркестру. Окрім того, від початку повномасштабної війни в Україні артистка виконала приблизно 40 благодійних концертів у різних країнах Європи. А також Зоряна Кушплер на постійній основі проводить у рідному Львові майстер-класи для молодих вокалістів, у грудні 2023 р. очолювала журі Всеукраїнського конкурсу молодих вокалістів імені В. Сліпака. Проаналізовано контекст формування творчого стилю співачки. Вокальну майстерність Зоряна Кушплер здобувала під керівництвом батька – відомого співака, народного артиста України та професора кафедри сольного співу Львівської національної музичної академії імені М.В. Лисенка Ігоря Кушплера. Саме батьку артистка багато в чому завдячує своїй професійній майстерності, своєму першому успіху на оперній сцені у стінах Львівського національного академічного театру оперу та балету імені С. Крушельницької, багаторічним солістом якого був І. Кушплер. Згодом артистка вдосконалювала вокальний вишкіл у Гамбурзькій вищій школі музики під керівництвом одного із кращих вокальних педагогів, німецько-американської сопрано Юдіти Бекманн, брала участь у майстер-класах іспанської оперної діви Терези Берганци. Виявлено основні вектори культуротворчої місії співачки, які представлені виконавською (участь у різноманітних фестивалях та концертах, запис компакт-дисків з виконанням української музики), педагогічною (проведення майстер-класів для молодих українських вокалістів) та громадською (організація благодійних концертів і гастролей країнами Європи й Америки) практиками.
This article deals with the ontological philosophy of Martin Heidegger in the context of discovering the meaning of liturgical symbols, specifically one of liturgical music and chant in the Catholic Church. The aim of this study is to explain the symbolic meaning of liturgical music and chant and to reflect on its relevance in enriching the liturgical capacity of the faithful. The paper is intended as a literature review. The author reviews Louis-Marie Chauvet's book, Symbol and Sacrament, as well as other works about Heidegger's philosophy, such as the writings of Armada Riyanto. This study finds that liturgical symbols, such as music and chants performed in the liturgy, are not merely entertainment to please the eyes and ears of the people. These are symbols that transmit the content and the message of faith. The performance of liturgical symbols can help people understand and experience the strength and beauty of liturgical celebrations.
The aim of this work is to analyse recent studies which have raised new hypotheses concerning aural architecture as an emerging trend in humanities research, with a particular focus on the intersection of sacred space, rituals, and sound in the past. These studies have highlighted how sacred buildings not only defined a sacred place as a physical and symbolic expression of a specific form of worship but also established the setting for performative and multisensorial ceremonies in which music, dance, and other sonic events played an important role. In this contribution, we investigate studies on aural architecture to explore if the location of sacred spaces indicates whether ancient people reacted to ritual and musical developments by modifying sanctuaries or by designing and constructing new buildings and spaces for performances. In addition, this article explores studies on aural architecture to obtain an overview of how specific sonic features could have influenced the soundscape of sacred spaces, which consisted not only of songs, music, prayers, recitations and religious sonic and vocal utterances but also of natural elements, such as animals, water, and wind. This overview also takes into consideration how digital technologies and virtual acoustics can help shape our understanding of the architecture-sound nexus.
Global technological advancements in transport and communication have led to a compression of time and space, but some populations are confined to their geographic regions. This paper uses a qualitative approach to conduct an intersectional analysis of music by Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg South Africa to explore how migrants respond to this phenomenon. It presents the ways in which the migrants construct identities and spatial imaginaries as a form of claiming space in Johannesburg and globally. Xenophobia in South Africa and the migrants’ memories of the Zimbabwean State violence necessitates the narration of identities and spatial imaginaries where the migrants can claim belonging. The paper argues that even where the identities imagined do not carry currency in the contemporary world. They work to critique the current racialised global hierarchy that does not include the migrants in its power geometry.
To understand the evolution of imaginative culture, we need to understand its unique affective power. The purpose of this article is to explain our enjoyment of imaginative culture from the standpoint of a distinctive theoretical approach to understanding affect in terms of the dynamic and energetic features of consciousness. This approach builds upon John Dewey’s view of enjoyment as the enrichment of experience, adding perspectives from studies of the dynamics of consciousness and from ecological psychology. Its main thesis is that positive affect is determined by the causal enrichment of experience, which is defined as the differentiated-ness of conscious states. This approach suggests that the affective power of imaginative culture lies in the way it affords experiences of enriched meaning, as exemplified by our enjoyment of highly nuanced emotion in music.
Проаналізовано аспекти творчої діяльності представників мистецького середовища прифронтового Харкова. Розглянуто основні її напрями, сфери, наведено конкретні приклади проведення концертів, фестивалів, творчих зустрічей як в офлайн, так і в онлайн-форматах. Означено імена численних учасників цих творчих акцій, що відбувались у місті за період з початку повномасштабної російської агресії до кінця жовтня 2022 р.
Malian music is ubiquitous in world music. Indeed, Malian artists consistently appear more often and rank higher in world music record charts than artists of any other nationality. While the concept and industry of world music and the histories and workings of Malian music have been examined at length in the past, scholarship on the intersection of the two has been sparse. This article investigates how various marketing techniques and narrative tropes have been used to secure Mali’s on-going presence within world music. Tuareg essouf band Tinariwen is introduced as a specific case study to allow exploration into themes of audience familiarity and unfamiliarity; the use of wider narratives to promote music; and the role of cultural brokers in this process. Malian music can be considered ideal for the world music markets, with musical, narrative and political forces aligning in an optimal manner to facilitate the most effective strategies of marketing towards world music audiences. By studying the dominance of Malian music in world music, we can examine more clearly the mechanics of the industry, but also the attitudes and behaviours of the world music audience and the artistic, industrial and even institutional practices and processes that define world music as a whole.
Coping is a survival mechanism of living organisms. It is not merely reactive, but also involves making sense of the environment by rendering sensory information into percepts that have meaning in the context of an organism’s cognitions. Music listening, on the other hand, is a complex task that embraces sensory, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive levels of processing. Being both a dispositional process that relies on our evolutionary toolkit for coping with the world and a more elaborated skill for sense-making, it goes beyond primitive action–reaction couplings by the introduction of higher-order intermediary variables between sensory input and effector reactions. Consideration of music-listening from the perspective of coping treats music as a sound environment and listening as a process that involves exploration of this environment as well as interactions with the sounds. Several issues are considered in this regard such as the conception of music as a possible stressor, the role of adaptive listening, the relation between coping and reward, the importance of self-regulation strategies in the selection of music, and the instrumental meaning of music in the sense that it can be used to modify the internal and external environment of the listener.
Досліджено виховні та педагогічні методи, творчі форми викладання курсу фортепіано для різних музичних освітніх програм у закладах вищої освіти культури. Виділено три складники навчального репертуару здобувачів освіти різних освітніх програм з фортепіано: інструктивні та художні віртуозні етюди, поліфонія і сонатна форма. Визначено особливості викладання фортепіано в межах різних освітніх програм. Запропоновано систему вдосконалення надання освітніх послуг з курсу «Фортепіано». Розглянуто питання розвитку естетичного смаку здобувачів вищої освіти, їхньої здатності оцінювати прекрасне і правильно трактувати нотні тексти, глибоко засвоювати музично-історичні й теоретичні дисципліни естетичного циклу, розширювати художній світогляд.
Smołka Jakub, Matacz Bartłomiej, Łukasik Edyta
et al.
This study examines the efficiency of certain software tasks in applications developed using three frameworks for the Android system: Android SDK, Qt and AppInventor. The results obtained using the Android SDK provided the benchmark for comparison with other frameworks. Three test applications were implemented. Each of them had the same functionality. Performance in the following aspects was tested: sorting a list of items using recursion by means of the Quicksort algorithm, access time to a location from a GPS sensor, duration time for reading the entire list of phone contacts, saving large and small files, reading large and small files, image conversion to greyscale, playback time of a music file, including the preparation time. The results of the Android SDK are good. Unexpectedly, it is not the fastest tool, but the time for performing most operations can be considered satisfactory. The Qt framework is overall about 34% faster than the Android SDK. The worst in terms of overall performance is the AppInventor: it is, on average, over 626 times slower than Android SDK.
This paper is an attempt at interpreting Wincenty Pol’s poetry, popularised in the form songs. Like most Romantic writers, the author of Pieśń o ziemi naszej regarded music as a unique dis-cipline of asemantic art, i.e. the one which goes beyond popular means of communication and capturing reality in a much deeper way than linguistic articulation. He believed that music is capable of expressing the essence of irrational and abstract phenomena: idealism, spirituality and transcendence; but – as a Romantic writer – he was also aware that art should, above all, reflect emotions accompanying human existence: love, loneliness, closeness, separation, suffering, joy and tears - as an emotional reaction to being moved. Some of his poems were included in Polish culture thanks to compositions by Fryderyk Chopin (performed, among others, by Delfina Potocka), Ignacy Komorowski, Julian Kapliński, Bolesław Dembiński, Adam Mũnchheimer and other composers. The popularity of those songs is the evidence that both folklore inspirations and accompanying historical circumstances recorded them in the na-tional song-book. They represent a typical model of ‘Romantic thinking’ and prove that the ‘Lied’ genre is treated as a return to the origins of culture, thus being an excellent example of lyrical miniatures, which can be fully interpreted by means of vocal realisation.
In this introductory essay, a number of cautionary reminders are suggested for any historian seeking to trace the reception of European music theory outside of its traditional borders. Using a range of examples from Medieval Arabic music theory, Jean-Philippe Rameau’s theory of harmony, and Schenkerian theory, it is shown that a global dissemination and absorption of music-theoretical ideas is rarely a straightforward process of import and export. Perspectives drawn from contemporary theories of cultural transfer and postcolonialism offer some suggestive ways to think about the migration of a music theory across cultures as a more dialogical process in which notions of hybridity and agency play important roles.
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In dieser Einleitung wird eine Reihe von Zusammenhängen aufgezeigt, die dort zur Zurückhaltung mahnen sollen, wo Historiker*innen versuchen die Rezeption europäischer Musiktheorie außerhalb ihrer traditionellen Grenzen nachzuvollziehen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die globale Verbreitung und Rezeption musiktheoretischer Ideen selten als schlichte Import- oder Exportvorgänge verstanden werden können, wie anhand von Beispielen aus der mittelalterlichen arabischen Musiktheorie, der Harmonielehre Jean-Philippe Rameaus und Heinrich Schenkers Theorie veranschaulicht wird. Perspektiven aus den Bereichen der Kulturtransferforschung und postkolonialer Forschung erlauben es, die transkulturelle Migration einer musikalischen Theorie als einen stärker dialogischen Prozess zu verstehen, in dem die Phänomene der Hybridität und der Handlungsmacht (agency) eine wichtige Rolle einnehmen.
Roser Calaf Masachs y Miguel Suárez Suárez. Acción educativa en museos. Su calidad desde la evaluación cualitativa. A partir de una reflexión conjunta, se evalúa y valora de manera cualitativa el trabajo educativo en museos, aportando soluciones y estableciendo pautas que orienten las tareas a los nuevos tiempos que vivimos.
Abstract: From a joint reflection, the educational work in museums is evaluated and valued in a qualitative way, providing solutions and establishing guidelines that guide the tasks to the new times in which we live.
Jorge Padula Perkins. Aproximaciones a la gestión cultural. El aspecto económico de la gestión cultural es otro de los aspectos relevantes en el libro. El autor plantea la posibilidad del error en nuestra forma de actuar, dirigida a la inversión en cultura sin una demanda previa de la ciudadanía, obviando la capacidad de ésta de implicarse en los proyectos dirigidos a su comunidad.
Abstract: The economic aspect of cultural management is another of the relevant aspects in the book. The author raises the possibility of error in our way of acting, aimed at investing in culture without a prior demand from citizens, ignoring their ability to get involved in projects aimed at their community.
Stephen Witt. Cómo dejamos de pagar por la música (how music got free). El fin de una industria, el cambio de siglo y el paciente cero de la piratería. Tras cinco años de investigación, el periodista Stephen Witt reconstruye minuciosamente el porqué de este drástico y nada inocente cambio, dirigiendo sus investigaciones a tres piezas fundamentales de un mismo puzzle.
Abstract: The economic aspect of cultural management is another of the relevant aspects in the book. The author raises the possibility of error in our way of acting, aimed at investing in culture without a prior demand from citizens, ignoring their ability to get involved in projects aimed at their community.
Jordi Oliveras. Cultura en tensión. Seis propuestas para reapropiarnos de la cultura. El libro refleja la cultura como un espacio de reflexión abierta en un binomio de tensiones y relaciones.
Abstract:The book reflects culture as a space for open reflection in a binomial of tensions and relationships.
Fernando Castro Flórez. Estética a golpe de like. Post-comentarios intempestivos sobre la cultura actual (sin notas a pie de página). Este libro analiza el magma actual de fenómenos culturales y visuales que vivimos, sin eludir lo anecdótico, lo escandaloso o incluso lo ridículo.
Abstract: This book analyzes the current magma of cultural and visual phenomena that we live, without avoiding the anecdotal, the scandalous or even the ridiculous.
Joan Santacana Mestre y Nayra Llonch Molina. El patrimonio cultural inmaterial y su didáctica. Este libro analiza el valor de los relatos, de los juegos, de los oficios que se extinguen, de las fórmulas variadas de cocinar y transformar alimentos, de la variedad y riqueza del pensamiento religioso, de las lenguas que cada día desaparecen empobreciendo nuestro legado cultural, hasta llegar a un planteamiento final sobre cómo educar a partir de este tipo particu lar de patrimonio.
Abstract: This book analyzes the value of stories, games, trades that are dying out, the varied formulas of cooking and transforming food, the variety and richness of religious thought, the languages that disappear every day, impoverishing our cultural legacy. , until reaching a final statement on how to educate based on this particular type of heritage.
Estudios sobre públicos. Análisis desde la teoría y la práctica. El estudio de públicos se ha convertido en uno de los focos de atención prioritarios para las organizaciones culturales, debido a la creciente preocupación por el descenso en las tasas de práctica cultural, tanto en Europa como en otros entornos. La falta de tiempo libre, una oferta cada vez más amplia o la desafección de los jóvenes son cuestiones que inquietan a los responsables culturales.
Abstract: The study of audiences has become one of the priority focuses of attention for cultural organizations, due to the growing concern about the decrease in the rates of cultural practice, both in Europe and in other settings. The lack of free time, an increasingly wide offer or the disaffection of young people are issues that concern cultural leaders
VV. AA. Galde. Dossier Cultura y Crisis. Paisajes tras la tormenta. Galde es una revista político-cultural, de ideas y opiniones, una revista especializada en torno a la complejidad y las pluralidades que conviven en la sociedad vasconavarra. El número 15 de la publicación incluye un completo dossier dedicado a un tema importante: Cultura y crisis, pues la cultura no deja de ser uno de los parámetros centrales de la salud y la calidad democráticas de nuestra sociedad.
Abstract: Galde is a political-cultural magazine, of ideas and opinions, a specialized magazine about the complexity and pluralities that coexist in the Basque-Varra society. Number 15 of the publication includes a complete dossier dedicated to an important topic: Culture and crisis, since culture continues to be one of the central parameters of the health and democratic quality of our society.
Enrique Bustamante. Informe sobre el estado de la cultura en España 2016. La cultura como motor de cambio. Diagnóstico sobre el estado de nuestra cultura, el mercado del arte, el libro y las bibliotecas públicas, la producción audiovisual, la música o el diseño como industria creativa.
Abstract: Diagnosis of the state of our culture, the art market, the book and public libraries, audiovisual production, music or design as a creative industry.
VV. AA. Leyendo entre pantallas. Esta nueva forma de lectura digital conecta al lector y a la información a partir de dos vectores: los dispositivos (cuarta pantalla) y las aplicaciones, útiles para convertir la información en conocimiento.
Abstract: This new form of digital reading connects the reader and the information from two vectors: devices (fourth screen) and applications, useful for converting information into knowledge.
Ellen Duthie y Daniela Martagón. Lo que tú quieras. Lo que tú quieras es el tercer título de la serie Wonder Ponder de filosofía visual para niños. Se trata de un libro-juego formado por catorce láminas con escenas que invitan a la reflexión y provocan, según quien las mire, múltiples interpretaciones.
Abstract: Whatever You Want is the third title in the Wonder Ponder series of visual philosophy for children. It is a book-game made up of fourteen plates with scenes that invite reflection and provoke, depending on who looks at them, multiple interpretations.
Carolina Galea Robles. Manual de gestión para cooperativas en cultura. Economía solidaria para artistas, técnicos y gestores. La flexibilización laboral, la precarización del empleo, la autogestión y la informalidad son la regla general para muchos compañeros artistas y técnicos, que ven cómo su día a día transcurre la mayoría de las veces en los márgenes de los niveles básicos de protección social.
Abstract: Labor flexibility, job insecurity, self-management and informality are the general rule for many fellow artists and technicians, who see how their day-to-day lives most of the time on the margins of the basic levels of social protection.
Nuria Recuero Virto, Francis Blasco López y Jesús García de Madariaga Miranda. Marketing del turismo cultural. Este libro busca resolver la paradoja de este binomio inseparable en un contexto tecnológicamente revolucionario, dando respuesta a gestores y organizaciones patrimoniales que buscan el diseño y difusión de productos turísticos del siglo XXI sin perder de vista la integridad del patrimonio y un desarrollo sostenible.
Abstract: This book seeks to resolve the paradox of this inseparable pairing in a technologically revolutionary context, responding to heritage managers and organizations that seek the design and dissemination of 21st century tourism products without losing sight of the integrity of the heritage and sustainable development.
Piotr Bienkowski. No longer us and them. How to change into a participatory museum and gallery. Recoge las experiencias prácticas sobre la incorporación de la participación comunitaria en estos centros culturales. El Dr. Piotr Bienkowski, autor del informe, destaca como conclusiones clave la importancia de la suma de los pequeños cambios y que la participación es tarea de todos.
Abstract: It collects practical experiences on the incorporation of community participation in these cultural centers. Dr. Piotr Bienkowski, author of the report, highlights as key conclusions the importance of the sum of small changes and that participation is everyone's job.
Joaquim Rius-Ulldemolins y Juan A. Rubio-Aróstegui. Treinta años de políticas culturales en España. Participación cultural, gobernanza territorial e industrias culturales. Cuatro bloques temáticos que diagnostican las características de un sistema heterogéneo, complejo y no carente de puntos débiles: los agentes y el sistema de política cultural; participación, equipamientos e industrias culturales; ejes transversales y marco regulativo de la política cultural; marco político, contexto internacional y política cultural.
Abstract: Four thematic blocks that diagnose the characteristics of a heterogeneous, complex system, not lacking in weak points: the agents and the cultural policy system; participation, cultural facilities and industries; transversal axes and regulatory framework of cultural policy; political framework, international context and cultural policy.
Artículo recibido: 16/02/2016. Artículo aceptado: 23/03/2016.
Mak yong is an ancient dance-theatre form incorporating the elements of ritual, stylized dance and acting, vocal and instrumental music, song, story, and formal as well as improvised spoken text. It is principally performed in the two provinces of Patani in southern Thailand and Kelantan in Malaysia on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, as well as, to some extent, in the Riau Islands of Indonesia. On the peninsula, mak yong was also active in the state of Kedah at one time. Mak yong troupes from the Malay Peninsula are known to have travelled to northern Sumatra in Indonesia, where they received some royal support in the province of Deli, while in the Riau Islands of Indonesia occasional performances are still staged.
This paper was presented as the keynote address at the Mak Yong Spiritual Dance Heritage: Seminar and Performances, organized by SEAMEO SPAFA in collaboration with the Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University, on 20-21 September 2011 at Thammasat University, Bangkok. It is part of an upcoming collected edition of papers presented at the seminar.
Listening to the Silences is an ethnodrama – an example of verbatim theatre that evokes a teacher’s first year in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) based on the words voiced during a series of four interviews sessions conducted by the author. The protagonist, Indiana Ingelside, spent her first year in CPS in an African American school in one of Chicago’s poorest neighborhoods. The show is intended to help the audience reflect on the beginning teacher’s experiences of working in that setting. The script evokes the challenges of teaching within environments shaped by social policies that do not address, and frequently exacerbate, the poverty, racism, and other forms of injustice that shape the lives of children and families of color. The article begins with the complete playscript and then concludes with an afterword that describes what the author learned from developing and producing the show. Photos from the Philadelphia workshops are included.
It is a well-known fact that the religious feeling, as a general human feeling, appeared at the same time with the human conscience and reflects in all forms of spirituality. It can be found in all the manifestations of human thinking, in philosophy, science, and arts, since ancient times. Several religious denominations coexist in the Romanian space. In musical terms, they are extremely different as a result of the Byzantine influence, on the one hand, and the Western tradition, on the other. The composers created religious works depending on their own religious affiliation. During the communist period, the religious feeling was suffocated by the Marxist-Leninist doctrine. Since it was forbidden, the composers were left with no choice but "conceal" the religious feeling in their works. All the public could do was to "read" between the lines. Certain composers expressed it using folk poetry or the works of national poet Mihai Eminescu. Others introduced the religious feeling in works with historical subjects and resorted to a blend of religiousness and patriotism. After the fall of communism, the religious feeling could be freely expressed. The women composers display a number of particulars. A woman is usually a mother. She is the one who gives birth, which intensifies the feeling of submission and devoutness to God. Carmen Petra Basacopol is one of Romania's most prolific composers. Many of her works express the religious feeling in a singular fashion. This study aims to draw attention to a number of stylistic and constructive aspects in some of her works inspired by biblical texts.
The Cambridge Libraries and Galleries has made many changes over the last two years, rebranding as Idea Exchange and adding 3D printers, creative spaces and many on-site events. This article focuses on one of the organization’s newest innovations, the addition of a Music Hub, and the challenges of creating a space where members can learn and collaborate musically without disturbing those around them.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
This article has three aims: 1) to plead for an approach to the study of the liturgy based on the psychology of religion, 2) to draw up a preliminary theoretical model for how the liturgy can be interpreted, and 3) to narrow down the field for further interdisciplinary development and empirical analysis. People undergo more or less strong experiences during and in conjunction with church services. Perhaps people are moved, experience holiness, reverence, fellowship or closeness to the risen Christ. The problem is what factors during the service strengthen such a religious experience. What is the role played by the music, symbols, the place or building where the service is held, the number of participants and the liturgical event?