Waste-to-energy (WtE) power plants, supplied mainly with municipal solid waste (MSW) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which convert waste into electricity, have emerged as a solution to Thailand's waste management problems. This study focused on identifying and studying the critical success factors (CSFs) that influence the success of MSW and RDF power plants in Thailand. This study employed interpretive structural Modelling and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to a classification analysis to evaluate the impact of these CSFs on the development of WtE projects. The results showed that, for MSW, most CSFs were related to energy and waste management policies, followed by waste quality for electricity generation. In addition, strong financial resources and appropriate power plant locations are important for MSW management success. Conversely, for RDF, most CSFs were sufficient waste quality for electricity generation and performed well according to licensing conditions. In this study, high-level CSFs indicated that these factors were crucial for MSW and RDF development. CSFs differ based on specific technologies and regulations. However, sufficient waste quality (heating value and moisture content) is a common CSF in the MSW and RDF technologies. This study provides valuable insights into the CSFs that affect the development of WtE. Understanding and addressing these CSFs is essential for the development and operation of WtE power plants in Thailand and other countries with similar conditions. Thus, policy-makers and other stakeholders can make informed decisions to ensure the success of WtE projects.
I Wayan Koko Suryawan, I Made Wahyu Wijaya, Novi Kartika Sari
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The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Bali has various environmental impacts. One of the updates on sustainable waste processing is the RDF treatment plant processing. Before carrying out the processing, MSW characterization is needed because each region has a diverse composition. The processing of MSW into RDF provides benefits for achieving MSW reduction targets, renewable energy use, and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this reason, this study was conducted to determine the potential of MSW in Bali as an alternative to renewable fuel and its potential to reduce GHG. MSW's potential calorific value as a raw material for RDF in Bali can reach 9.58 - 17.71 MJ/kg. The implementation of processing waste into RDF in pellets has shown a calorific value of ± 3904 - 4945 kkcal/kg. Implementing MSW processing into RDF in Bali can reduce GHG by 178 - 330 times compared to open dumping.
Abstract Municipal Solid Waste disposal is still a crucial issue, which is influenced by heterogeneous factors (political, social, economic and technological). The Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant is an important element of an Integrated Solid Waste Management system. These plants are aimed at separating the light and dry fraction of the Unsorted Waste from the wet one, producing the Refused Derived Fuel and recovering the metal parts. In the present work, an Exergoeconomic analysis is performed on two MBT plant structures in order to assess the unit exergy-based cost of products and allocate the irreversibility associated to each equipment. A linear variation of degree of Selective Collection (SC) of single materials (±30% respect to the base case) shows that the major influence on production costs is associated to the SC of plastic. A Monte Carlo simulation is then carried out by sampling from distributions of external (waste composition) and internal (energy consumption) uncertain variables. The resulted mean values (μ) and standard deviations (RStD) can be useful at the time of designing a new plant. The influence of the internal variable is definitely lower than the external one, with values of RStD more than 90% lower.
This study investigated municipal solid waste generation rate and its compositionincluding the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on municipal solid waste (MSW) management of highland rural tourist area in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Salong Nok Sub-district, Thailand in order to propose the guidelines for effective MSW in rural tourist areas. Samples of MSW were collected during weekdays and several weekends, and separated into 4 categories: general,recyclable, organic and hazardous waste. About 40 % of the MSW consisted of organic waste; plastic bags were widely present, comprising more than 60 % of the mass of the general waste group. Level of knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) on MSW was evaluated using questionnaires. While respondents scored 80 % and 76 %, respectively, on their level of knowledge of, and attitude to MSW, practice fell far short at only 37 %. The results led to a recommendation to strengthen waste separation at source, implement waste reduction and recycling concepts to reduce the volume of plastic bags, and introduce composting of food waste. The study also highlights economic and financial benefits of waste recycling. Additional value-added could be derived from the organic waste recycling program by promoting production of bioextracts and compost at household level, in order to reduce the amount of organic wastes and carbon emissions. The general and recyclable wastes could also be converted to energy as refuse-derived fuel 2 (RDF-2); the estimated average heating value of this RDF-2 was 23.56 MJ kg-1. To sustain MSW management in tourist areas, environmental education and environmental awareness campaigns are needed, using the appropriate local languages for communication, and introduction of a fairer system based on the polluter-pays principle for the business sector.
Abstract As waste generation increases with increasing population, regulations become stricter to control and mitigate environmental emissions of substances, e.g. heavy metals such as zinc and copper. Recovering these resources from wastes is the key interest of industries. The objective of this paper is the sustainability and feasibility evaluations of zinc recovery from waste streams. Sustainability and feasibility of a resource recovery strategy from wastes in a circular economy are governed by avoided environmental impacts and cost-effective transformation of an environmental contaminant into a valuable resource, e.g. as a coproduct by making use of an existing infrastructure as much as possible. This study, for the first time, gives a comprehensive overview of secondary sources and processes of recovering zinc, its stock analysis by country, regional and global divisions by a Sankey diagram, policies to regulate zinc emissions and avoided environmental impacts by zinc recovery. Two representative cases are further investigated for economic feasibility analysis of zinc recovery from (1) steelmaking dust and (2) municipal solid waste (MSW). The amount and value of zinc that can be generated from dust emitted from various steelmaking technologies are estimated. Additional revenues for the steelmaking industrial sector (with electric arc furnace), at the plant, national (UK), regional (EU) and global levels are 11, 12, 169 and 1670 million tonne/y, or 19–143, 20–157, 287–2203 and 2834–21740 million €/y, respectively. The second case study entails an integrated mechanical biological treatment (MBT) system of MSW consisting of metal recovery technologies, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuel (RDF) incineration and combined heat and power (CHP) generation. An effective economic value analysis methodology has been adopted to analyse the techno-economic feasibility of the integrated MBT system. The value analysis shows that an additional economic margin of 500 € can be generated from the recovery of 1 t of zinc in the integrated MBT system enhancing its overall economic margin by 9%.
Municipal waste disposal have reached a crucial point in major urban areas in Nigeria especially Owerri urban and householder’s readiness to participate in waste management are still declining moreover the problems of indiscriminate dumping of refuse at central places and open dumping and burning at private residents continue to persist. A structured questionnaire was provided to residents of Owerri urban areas addressing lack of knowledge and attitude as a factor in waste recycling, methods of waste disposal, participation and practice using SCHOM analysis that identified 24 active waste dump/disposal sites. ANOVA at 0.95% value of F calculated was 0.25 and less than the value of F critical at value of 4.25 which shows that the burning and burying of waste was unaffected by usage of bins within any location but rather a habit acquired over the years. Also F calculated in column of ANOVA was less than F critical and showed that different zones exhibit different disposal habits and their levels of participation are affected by levels of quality of surrounding environment, popular trend, sex, age and income. SCHOM participants revealed a trend in volume of waste generated among householders to be Metals<Glasses<Garden waste<Papers<plastics<Kitchen Litter. Analysis showed that Owerri urban residents had high level of awareness in waste sorting and it should be introduced because the public is more likely to participate in recycling programs when they contribute to the designing of such programs.