Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Damir Mišetić

The pragmatic turn in the seventies and the growing interest in spoken language in recent decades require modern phraseography and lexicography to develop new and more suitable approaches such as lemmatizing fixed phrases. A class of phrasemes that is particularly interesting for phraseological research are lexical binomials, which are present in all modern languages, even the Romance ones, including Italian. However, their lemmatization involves considerable difficulties for lexicographers and phraseographers. Both in-depth theoretical knowledge and practical know-how on how to recognize and lemmatize them, especially reversible binomials, are required. Unfortunately, Italian phraseography and lexicography do not seem to notice these important developments. Although empirical methods alone will not be able to solve the problems that hinder the development of modern phraseographic research, it will undoubtedly be able to provide us with reliable information on the phraseological heritage of European languages in general, and Italian in particular.

Nguyen Thi Thuy Hanh

This study attempts to apply the theory of conceptual metaphor to investigate the cognitive mechanism of metaphorisation in corporate terminology mapped from the human source domain. The corpus comprising 299 metaphorical corporate terms collected from business dictionaries, books and authentic business discourses was analysed with the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit in this qualitative research. The study grouped the collected metaphorical terms into four metaphors, namely CORPORATE LIFE CYCLE IS HUMAN LIFE CYCLE, CORPORATE CHARACTERISTICS ARE HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS, CORPORATE ACTIVITIES ARE HUMAN ACTIVITIES, and CORPORATE RELATIONSHIPS ARE HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS. Numerous human attributes transfer to those of companies via detailed mappings: the progress or development of corporations corresponds to the natural growth of human beings; companies are identified as citizens; corporate personality is viewed as human personality; corporate strength is described as human physical strength; corporate competence is considered as human competence; corporate activities are understood by means of human activities; corporations are conceptualised as families; merger and acquisition are similar to a marriage, while divestitures are comprehended as divorces; the relationship between a company and its stakeholders is identified as human social relationships. The findings strengthen metaphorisation as a productive way of enriching specialised vocabulary.

Kiryukhina, Lyubov Vladimirovna

The article deals with the set of grammatical notions used by the author of 《语助》 “Yuzhu”, that is the first special monograph in Chinese linguistics dedicated to the description of function words. The study of works significant for the development of the linguistic knowledge is very important for historiographical and epistemological description of the formation of a certain tradition (in this case the Chinese one), since such works mark the stages of qualitative shifts in the structure of knowledge. In the course of the research three types of function words were singled out: 辞 ci, 声 sheng and 语助 yuzhu. The description of how these terminological units are used in the works preceding 《语助》 “Yuzhu” (such as 《礼记正义》 “Li ji zheng yi”, 《毛诗故训传》 “Mao Shi gu xun zhuan”, etc.) is given. Diachronic analysis shows a certain continuity of Lu Yiwei’s 卢以纬 interpretations: he does not offer his own variants of naming function words, but uses terms that were coined by the literary people and commentators in previous epochs. To illustrate different types of function words, excerpts from dictionary entries are given, they are translated into Russian by the author. It is emphasized that these units do not have such properties inherent for terms as definition, accuracy of meaning, single meaning and form stability, so it is impossible to consider such units as proper terms. It is concluded that the traditional stage of linguistic knowledge development in China is characterized by the formation of the system of grammatical notions, there was no consistently developed terminological apparatus in this period, the structure of the language was not viewed systematically.

Yevhen Kostiuk, Obdulia Pichardo-Lagunas, Anton Malandii et al.

In this article, we propose a method for the automatic retrieval of a set of semantic primitive words from an explanatory dictionary and a novel evaluation procedure for the obtained set of primitives. The approach is based on the representation of the dictionary as a directed graph with a single-objective constrained optimization problem via a genetic algorithm with the PageRank scoring model. The problem is defined as a subset selection. The algorithm is fit to search for the sets of words that should fulfil several requirements: the cardinality of the set should not exceed empirically selected limits and the PageRank word importance score is minimized with cycle prevention thresholding. In the experiments, we used the WordNet dictionary for English. The proposed method is an improvement over the previous state-of-the-art solutions.

Jean-Patrick Guillaume

Kitāb al-ˁAyn by Ḫalil (died in 791 or 793) is the first monolingual dictionary of Arabic, and the first known text to make use of the root as a metalinguistic tool. After a short presentation of its author and the context in which it appeared and circulated, this paper addresses the method followed by Ḫalīl in order to generate all possible roots (whether attested or not) by means of combinative processes. It then discusses the organization of the dictionary, and the problems raised by the treatment of some roots; and finally attempts at drawing some conclusions on the rather ambiguous status of the root in the Arabic linguistic tradition.

Zdenko Jecić

Paweł Levchuk

Artykuł przedstawia zmiany w funkcjonowaniu i statusie języka ukraińskiego w Polsce od czasu rozpoczęcia inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę w lutym 2022 roku. Punktem odniesienia jest autorski artykuł opublikowany w roku 2021 w "Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives" o obecności języka ukraińskiego w polskiej przestrzeni publicznej. Artykuł przedstawia zmiany w edukacji, medycynie, informacji, rozrywce i innych sferach. Ponadto zawiera wyniki badań socjolingwistycznych przeprowadzonych wśród migrantów na temat obecności języka ukraińskiego w Polsce.

Saulet Alpysbayeva, Valeriy Makhpirov

The knowledge of lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and syntactic can help with political speeches allowing deconstructing the principal messages originally laid down in the address. The right uses of tolerance help to create an idea of a political leader, including based on their verbal manifestations. The use of frame analysis is relevant in modern linguistics since the world is undergoing considerable transformations. The formation of an idea of the discourse of tolerance in the modern world is necessary for every member of society, since through political texts and the introduction of implicit meanings in them, one can achieve a considerable influence on the audience. Framing analysis is the young method in the world of mass information that helps to form framing with public opinions. With this method there is the opportunity to manipulate people, when there is a potential threat or important information. The decoding of linguistic mechanisms allowed forming the main semantic, grammatical, and stylistic guidelines for the identification and interpretation of symbols, images, and meanings in a political context. The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning of tolerance evoked by frames in particular contexts, to form the principal semantic prototypes within the political text and their structural implementation. The subject of the study was the final address of B. Obama (2016a) at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, on September 20, 2016, considered from the standpoint of the discourse of tolerance. To understand the genealogy of the discourse of tolerance there were used other political speeches of B. Obama. For the research were used such methods as discursive (for evaluation of final address of the B. Obama speeches), linguistic (analyse of verbal constructions), contextual and frame analysis, which include such stages as content analysis to quantify tolerance, framing each form of tolerance and context analysis. Semantic elements of tolerance with practices and knowledge became the main problem of this research. In the basis of the article lie Fillmore’s views that frames activate background knowledge containing scenes and situations; scenes are related to texts; word semantics is connected with text semantics. The research is designed systematically to locate tolerance and its forms quantitatively, contextually to textual interpretation which incorporates analysis of linguistic, discursive, pragmatic, and rhetorical elements. Also, it was defined that in the speeches B. Obama used four concepts of tolerance: in positive (A) (is a product of other human value) and negative (B) (emphasizes to tolerate) meanings, verbs in passive voice (C) (direct object) and adjective (D) (describe object founded around the world). Another feature of reference is the specification of a particular type of tolerance resulting from another human virtue, i.e., respect. In this utterance conjunctions of extension: two types of variation: alternative and replacive conjunctions are used. The following groups of synonyms are distinguished: “patience”, “forbearance”, “admittance” categories, etc.; hyponyms are arranged as “superior” and “inferior” components. In componential analysis, respect is in inferior relation to tolerance. However, in current utterance, respect is in superior relation to tolerance. The complex nature of tolerance discourse, showcasing its multifaceted linguistic expression, was investigated. Through various linguistic forms and contextual cues, the tolerance frame activates scenarios of conflict and crisis, offering itself as a solution against negative trends like intolerance. The research outlined how tolerance is strategically implemented into political addresses, invoking principles of respect, diversity, equity, and human rights to address challenges, including religious conflicts and societal disparities. The results of the research further can be used to create programs for semantic prototyping, placing frame markers in automatic mode, and developing language patterns.

L. N. Verkhovykh

We devote to the study of the functioning features of the term linguo-local studies in the modern Russian literary language. The relevance of linguo-local studies in modern linguistics, the active inclusion of linguo-local studies material in the teaching of the Russian language in educational institutions and universities contribute to the widespread use of the lexeme linguo-local studies. The purpose of work is to study lexicographic sources from the point of view of representation of the term linguo-local studies in them and to clarify its meaning in modern scientific discourse, taking into account the changed realities of the use of lexeme. Based on the analysis of reference literature, we conclude that a significant part of modern linguistic dictionaries does not fix the term linguo-local studies, despite its active use in scientific research, theory and methodology of teaching the Russian language and Russian as a foreign language. Due to the features of the functioning of lexeme linguo-local studies at the present time and on the basis of a comparative analysis of the definitions of terms that name related disciplines, assumptions are made regarding the clarification of the meaning of the term linguo-local studies.

L.I. Akhmetsagirova, L.I. Gimatova

The paper presents the results of a study of the grammatical information provided in the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries compiled in Germany during the 19th century. In the course of the comparative research, we studied the bilingual Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries for the extent of elaboration and presentation of symbolic and factual paradigmatic characteristics, as well as syntagmatic information. A relationship between the dictionary type and the quality/quantity of grammatical information was found. Numerous examples proving that grammatical information in the pocket dictionaries is least elaborated were provided. For the complete and manual dictionaries, a tendency to an increase in the quality/quantity of their characteristics was noted. It was also demonstrated that the grammatical information for the Russian items of the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries is slightly more elaborated than for the German ones, thereby indicating that the main target audience of these dictionaries was still German-speaking users. Based on the results of our research, it was concluded that all the studied dictionaries show certain features in their structures. Therefore, special works devoted to the study of each dictionary separately are of scientific interest. Such works may be helpful in identifying the lexicographic value of the dictionaries, as well as the contribution made by their authors to the development of the Russian-German and German-Russian lexicography.

Marina Krpan Smiljanec

Cilj rada je, u smislu interpretacije duha mjesta (genius loci), interdisciplinarnim pristupom, prikazati povijest jedne grane obitelji Galjuf, koja je u razdoblju od druge polovice XVIII. do početka XX. st. kao svoje sjedište imala dvorac Vižovlje, koji se nalazi na zapadnom dijelu Krapinsko-zagorske županije, nekoliko kilometara sjeverozapadno od Velikoga Trgovišća. U tom smislu, rad se fokusirao na biografske podatke onih članova obitelji koji su bili vlasnici dvorca. Problematiziran je i društveno-graditeljski status dvorca, na relaciji dvorac–kurija, budući da ni stručno-znanstvena literatura nije uspostavila jasne granice u određenju samih pojmova. Prikazani su osnovni arhitektonski elementi dvorca, njegove mijene tijekom promatranoga razdoblja, uz osvrt na sadašnje znanstvene spoznaje o njegovu izgledu temeljem dostupnih povijesnih izvora. Govoreći o društvenom životu u dvorcu i mijenama koje su pratile tadašnja društveno-ekonomska kretanja, važan izvor predstavlja Spomen-knjiga posjetilaca dvorca u Vižovlju, kao jedna od rijetkih sačuvanih spomen-knjiga zagorskih kurija i dvoraca, a koja je ujedno i paradigmatični prikaz života zagorskoga sitnog plemstva kraja XVIII. i XIX. st.

Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski, Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak

A contrastive analysis of feminitives in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian The subject of this article is the contemporary usage of feminitives (specifically the names of occupations and functions), which traditionally are most often derived from masculine names. The article presents a contrastive analysis of feminitive usage in three Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish and Russian. The article examines the problem of linguistic asymmetry in the creation of feminine names in the three languages and presents the views of renowned linguists on the issue.   Konfrontacja językowa feminatywów w języku bułgarskim, polskim i rosyjskim W niniejszym artykule przedmiotem badania stały się współczesne feminatywa (w szczególności nazwy zawodów i funkcji), najczęściej tradycyjnie tworzone od nazw męskich i ich konfrontacja w trzech językach słowiańskich: bułgarskim, polskim i rosyjskim. Autorzy omawiają w artykule problem asymetrii językowej w tworzeniu nazw żeńskich w trzech językach słowiańskich oraz przytaczają poglądy na ten problem wybitnych językoznawców.

Isabel Balteiro, Laurie Bauer

F. Dolce, A. Restivo, C. Reutenauer

A generalized lexicographical order on infinite words is defined by choosing for each position a total order on the alphabet. This allows to define generalized Lyndon words. Every word in the free monoid can be factorized in a unique way as a nonincreasing factorization of generalized Lyndon words. We give new characterizations of the first and the last factor in this factorization as well as new characterization of generalized Lyndon words. We also give more specific results on two special cases: the classical one and the one arising from the alternating lexicographical order.

A. Frankenberg-Garcia

The past decades have seen dramatic improvements to dictionary content and format. Yet dictionaries – both paper-based and digital – remain disappointingly underused. As a result, it is widely acknowledged that more needs to be done to train people in dictionary-consultation skills. Another solution would be to build lexicographic resources that require little or no instruction. In this paper, I present the ColloCaid project, whose aim is to develop a lexicographic tool that combines user needs, lexicographic data and digital writing environments to bring dictionaries to writers instead of waiting for them to get the information they need from dictionaries. Our focus is on helping writers produce more idiomatic texts by integrating lexicographic data on collocations into text editors in a way that does not distract them from their writing. A distinguishing characteristic of ColloCaid is that it is not limited to providing feedback on miscollocations. It also aims to ‘feed forward’, raising awareness of collocations writers may not remember or know how to look up. While our initial prototype is being developed specifically for academic English, the implications of our research can be broadened to other languages and usages beyond academic.

P. Bonizzoni, C. Felice, Rocco Zaccagnino et al.

Motivated by applications to string processing, we introduce variants of the Lyndon factorization called inverse Lyndon factorizations. Their factors, named inverse Lyndon words, are in a class that strictly contains anti-Lyndon words, that is Lyndon words with respect to the inverse lexicographic order. The Lyndon factorization of a nonempty word w is unique but w may have several inverse Lyndon factorizations. We prove that any nonempty word w admits a canonical inverse Lyndon factorization, named ICFL(w), that maintains the main properties of the Lyndon factorization of w: it can be computed in linear time, it is uniquely determined, it preserves a compatibility property for sorting suffixes. In particular, the compatibility property of ICFL(w) is a consequence of another result: any factor in ICFL(w) is a concatenation of consecutive factors of the Lyndon factorization of w with respect to the inverse lexicographic order.

Jun Li, Miaowen Wen, Xiang Cheng et al.

In this letter, we propose a gray code order of antenna index permutations for differential spatial modulation (DSM). To facilitate the implementation, the well-known Trotter-Johnson ranking and unranking algorithms are adopted, which result in similar computational complexity to the existing DSM that uses the lexicographic order. The signal-to-noise ratio gain achieved by the proposed gray code order over the lexicographic order is also analyzed and verified via simulations. Based on the gray coding framework, we further propose a diversity-enhancing scheme named intersected gray (I-gray) code order, where the permutations of active antenna indices are selected directly from the odd (or even) positions of the full permutations in the gray code order. From analysis and simulations, it is shown that the I-gray code order can harvest an additional transmit diversity order with respect to the gray code order.

Goran Sunajko

Ieva Stasiūnaitė

The paper overviews the main trends of research into the semantics of spatial prepositions, as demonstrated by a plethora of papers on linguistic data from a variety of languages. The more traditional approach focuses on the locative meaning with respect to other words—both syntagmatically and in paradigms, thus ruling out pragmatics—and considers multiple senses of the same preposition to be arbitrary. In contrast, the modern framework employs the principles of cognitive linguistics for semantic analysis, highlighting the conceptual structuring of entities or relations in extralinguistic reality. On the basis of geometric, functional, and other relations between the figure and the ground, it attempts to explicate not only prepositional synonymy, but also extensive polysemy as a form of categorisation. As a consequence, the distinct meanings of a preposition are considered to be related, deriving either from the prototypical sense or any other sense which is related to it, and arranged in a network. The modern line of investigation may provide more possibilities for researchers interested in one language and/or in cross-linguistic studies, thus contributing to the development of lexicography, translation, and other fields of applied linguistics.

Kamil A. Khan, P. I. Barton

Sensitivity analysis provides useful information for equation-solving, optimization, and post-optimality analysis. However, obtaining useful sensitivity information for systems with nonsmooth dynamic systems embedded is a challenging task. In this article, for any locally Lipschitz continuous mapping between finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces, Nesterov’s lexicographic derivatives are shown to be elements of the plenary hull of the (Clarke) generalized Jacobian whenever they exist. It is argued that in applications, and in several established results in nonsmooth analysis, elements of the plenary hull of the generalized Jacobian of a locally Lipschitz continuous function are no less useful than elements of the generalized Jacobian itself. Directional derivatives and lexicographic derivatives of solutions of parametric ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems are expressed as the unique solutions of corresponding ODE systems, under Carathéodory-style assumptions. Hence, the scope of numerical methods for nonsmooth equation-solving and local optimization is extended to systems with nonsmooth parametric ODEs embedded.