This case study relates to the Women and Law in Southern Africa – Zambia (WLSA – Zambia), an NGO with its headquarters in Lusaka. This organisation is engaged in fighting strenuously and successfully against discrimination, inequalities and gender violence, mainly resulting from the persistence of customary laws and its practices which sometimes jeopardises women and delays their empowerment and emancipation. Since in Zambia, as well as in many other African countries, land is still the primary source of wealth and livelihood, WLSA-Zambia and its members have been highlighting the significant legal, social and political problems caused by of gender inequalities in accessing land. Accordingly, they demand remedial legal reforms, develop citizens’ legal awareness and support women’s struggle to secure land rights. By presenting individual experiences and different viewpoints, and adopting a wealth of qualitative methodologies, my research work is a contribution, in anthropological perspective, to a better understanding of the multiple ways in which gender and law can interact.
Chatbots are a modern manifestation of artificial intelligence that are now placed for public interaction and conversation with individuals. They can engage in a two-way interaction with a user, responding to their questions and even offering suggestions. This system is based on the capabilities arising from the development of artificial intelligence and is continuously advancing. Among these, the legal issue concerns whether chatbots are responsible for what they respondand whether what they provide is their intellectual property. Essentially, can personalities be attributed to chatbots? The present article finally concludes, with the analytical-descriptive approach, that chatbots may potentially possess a degree of personality in the future, but in current circumstances, the effects and content provided by chatbots are attributed to their owners and creators. Although their development and the reinforcement of chatbots' autonomy can pose numerous challenges to classical legal theories.
Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law, Islamic law
Based on their earlier studies of the arcsine law, Pitman and Yor in \cite{PY97} constructed a widely adopted PD($α, θ)$ family of random mass-partitions with parameters $α\in [0,1),\ θ+α>0$. We propose an alternative model based on generalized perpetuities, which extends the PD family in a continuous manner, incorporating any $α\geq 0$. This perspective yields a new, concise proof for the stick-breaking (or residual allocation) representations of PD distributions, recovering the classical results of McCloskey and Perman in particular. We apply this framework to provide a constructive and intuitive proof of Pitman and Yor's generalized arcsine law concerning the partitions arising from $α$-stable subordinators for $α\in (0,1)$. The result shows that the random partitions generated by stable subordinators have identical distributions when observed over temporal or spatial intervals. This theorem has a number of significant implications for excursion theory. As a corollary, using purely probabilistic arguments, we obtain general arcsine laws for excursions of $d$-dimensional Bessel process for $0<d<2$, and Brownian motion in particular.
The article is devoted to topical issues in the field of land servitude law. The legislative support for the formation and development of servitude land use is studied. The author analyses in detail the grounds, peculiarities and procedure for establishing land servitudes. It is emphasised that despite the legislative definition of the right of land servitude, a land servitude may be established only for a part of a land plot owned or used. This refers to the technical documentation on land management to establish the boundaries of the part of the land plot to which the easement right applies. The author emphasises the emergence of new types of land easements. It is emphasised that a land servitude should be exercised in the manner that is least burdensome for the owner of the land plot in respect of which it is established. The author focuses on the establishment of easements on land plots of various forms of ownership. The author examines the peculiarities of establishing land servitudes on land plots owned by the state and municipalities. The article deals with the limits of state interference with property rights by establishing a land easement. Procedural aspects of establishing a land servitude on lands not formed into land plots are considered. The article separately considers the peculiarities of establishing land servitudes by contract, law, will and court decision. The content of an agreement on the establishment of a land easement is indicated. The peculiarities of concluding an agreement on the establishment of a land servitude are noted. It is emphasised that a land servitude is subject to state registration in accordance with the procedure established for state registration of rights to real estate. Examples of legislative provisions on the establishment of land servitudes by law are provided. The author analyses the procedure for establishing a land easement by will. Emphasis is placed on the inclusion of a land easement in the will and then in the certificate of inheritance. The author examines the peculiarities and conditions for concluding a servitude agreement by a court decision. Examples of court practice in this area are provided.
The article examines the methodological dimensions of the Law&Economics approach as an interdisciplinary research program that combines the tools of economics and jurisprudence. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to develop a common methodological language between law and economics in the context of digitalization, globalization, and the transformation of legal institutions. The purpose of the research is to analyze the methodological nature, essence, and variability of Law&Economics, with a focus on identifying its methodological levels. The methodological essence of Law&Economics lies in interpreting law as an institutional mechanism for shaping incentives and influencing the behavior of actors, which makes it possible to assess legal regulation in terms of efficiency and social welfare. The methodological nature of the approach is defined by the combination of positive (descriptive and predictive) and normative (prescriptive) analysis, using the tools of microeconomics, rational choice theory, game theory, public choice, and institutional economics, while also incorporating insights from behavioral economics. The variability of Law&Economics is revealed through its multi-level character: it functions as a method of analyzing legal norms, as an interdisciplinary scientific approach, as a research program (in the sense of I. Lakatos), as an intellectual movement, and as a paradigm of thought that provides new frameworks for legal science. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematization of the methodological levels of Law&Economics and the identification of their criteria. The practical significance is manifested in understanding the potential and particularities of Law&Economics and its use for improving law-making, law enforcement, and legal education, especially in the context of Ukraine’s European integration. A promising task is the development of a conceptually coherent system for applying Law&Economics in the Ukrainian legal discourse, which would allow for the integration of domestic research into the global scientific context and enhance the understanding of the efficiency of law in contemporary socio-economic conditions.
Tanah memainkan peran penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan ekonomi Indonesia, terutama di destinasi wisata seperti Bali. Pendirian bisnis oleh warga negara asing di Bali, khususnya di wilayah Kabupaten Badung, telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran terkait regulasi yang mengatur kepemilikan tanah. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Agraria dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 46 Tahun 1996 secara ketat mengatur kepemilikan tanah oleh warga negara Indonesia (WNI) maupun warga negara asing (WNA), khususnya dalam hal penyewaan tanah untuk keperluan pembangunan bangunan. Namun, masih terdapat ketidakpastian mengenai pemahaman perjanjian sewa tanah untuk pembangunan bangunan, termasuk batasan waktu, perpanjangan sewa, dan status bangunan yang dibangun di atas tanah yang disewa setelah berakhirnya perjanjian sewa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan legislatif untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang kepemilikan tanah bagi WNA dalam pengembangan bisnis di Bali dan Indonesia secara keseluruhan.
Kata Kunci: Kepemilikan Tanah, Sewa Tanah untuk Pembangunan Bangunan, Perjanjian Sewa Tanah, Kemudahan Perjanjian.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
This paper presents the cornerstones of the conceptual distinctions necessary to map out a separate category of workers, namely “economically dependent self-employed workers” (who fall between dependent subordinated employees and independent self-employed entrepreneurs) from the perspective of the EU law and the laws of selected Member States. The author considers how the economic dependency of self-employed workers should be defined, which method(s) of protection should be applied to these workers, and what scope of protection they should enjoy. The observations in this paper serve as a basis for de lege ferenda recommendations for the Polish legislator. At present, there is no separate category of “economically dependent self-employed workers” in Polish law.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
У статті проведено дослідження правових наслідків проголошення стороною захисту заяви про провокацію злочину. На підставі аналізу практики Європейського суду з прав людини та Верховного Суду сформульовано думку про те, що проголошена стороною захисту заява про вчинення злочину в результаті провокації породжує відповідні обов’язки як для сторін захисту та обвинувачення, а також суду.
Проаналізовано, що у результаті впливу прецедентної практики Європейського суду з прав людини почала формуватись практика Верховного Суду щодо позиції сторони захисту про провокацію злочину, за якою суперечність позиції захисту, тобто коли заявник заперечує факт вчинення ним злочину та одночасно заявляє про провокацію на його вчинення є підставою для відмови судом у перевірці такої заяви з наведенням у рішенні відповідних мотивів.
На підставі дослідження принципу змагальності сторін у кримінальному провадженні обґрунтовано тезу про те, що саме сторона захисту зобов’язана доводити наявність провокації, вказувати які факти і обставини це підтверджують з посиланням на конкретні докази, досліджені в судовому засіданні.
У свою чергу прокурор, підтримуючи публічне обвинувачень, окрім обставин визначених у ст. 91 КПК України, керуючись стандартом доказування «поза розвиним сумнівом», зобов’язаний довести відсутність провокації злочину. Не доведення «поза розумним сумнівом» відсутності провокації дорівнює доведеній її наявності та спричиняє правові наслідки у вигляді постанов- лення виправдувального вироку судом.
Доведено, що коли одним із аргументів сторони захисту була наявність провокації злочину, суд зобов’язаний належним чином оцінити як аргументи сторони захисту, так і аргументи сторони обвинувачення щодо наявності або відсутності такої провокації.
За результатами аналізу рішень Верховного Суду у яких суди нижчих інстанцій не надали оцінки доводам сторони захисту про провокацію, або формальна здійснили їх оцінку формально, зроблено висновок про те, що це є істотним порушенням вимог КПК, які перешкодили чи могли перешкодити суду ухвалити законне та обґрунтоване судове рішення.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article is devoted to the little-studied issue in Ukraine of the legislative ban on extraordinary, or early, parliamentary elections during the period of the special legal regime of martial law. The subject of the study is such a type of early parliamentary elections as interim elections of people’s deputies. The relevance of the researched issue is determined by the ongoing martial law regime in Ukraine and the legislative ban on holding any elections, the necessity of which arises during this martial law. It is noted that the difference between ordinary and extraordinary parliamentary elections in the conditions of this martial law is that the ban on holding ordinary parliamentary elections leaves the country with a valid parliament, and the ban on holding extraordinary parliamentary elections deprives the country of a valid parliament. In order to investigate the legality of the application of this ban to the interim elections of people’s deputies, the following was analyzed: first, the legislative justification of the state election management body in Ukraine regarding the non-appointment and non-holding of these interim parliamentary elections during this martial law, using the example of the latest case from December 13, 2023; and secondly, the publications of Ukrainian scientists regarding these interim parliamentary elections in the conditions of this martial law. It was found out, firstly, that this ban is not a norm of the Constitution of Ukraine neither for scientists nor for the state election management body, and secondly, that this ban does not have an indisputable link of consistency with the Constitution of Ukraine: some legal researchers claim , that this ban corresponds to Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine, but other researchers of this Article 64 come to conclusions that exclude the possibility of consistency of this ban with this article of the Constitution of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the content of Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine has three meanings regarding the interim elections of people’s deputies during this martial law: 1) they can be held, 2) they can not be held, 3) they can be held with a limited number of voters. It is proposed to consider as an alternative to this prohibition of by-elections of people’s deputies during this state of war martial law electoral qualification - a special and temporary restriction of the circle of voters for holding these by-elections in the conditions of this war. A variant of this qualification is proposed - the qualification of a legal entity.
The publication examines the provisions on administrative and economic sanctions of the French Commercial Code and other acts of French legislation. It was concluded that the French experience of regulation of commercial relations is based on complex solutions involving a combination of private-law and public-law regulation. It is substantiated that during the last century the commercial legislation of France was saturated with public legal provisions. The new French Commercial Code of 2000 incorporated a significant number of provisions that are public law, including administrative and criminal sanctions. The presence of provisions in the French Commercial legislation, which by nature of administrative influence on business entities can be recognized as administrative and economic sanctions, is established in many spheres of relations. These sanctions include typical penalties imposed on economic entities for antitrust violations, violations of reporting and other rules of conducting commercial activities, as well as other numerous sanctions of an organizational nature. It is substantiated that the disciplinary responsibility of certain professions in commerce defined in the FCC can be qualified as a type of administrative and economic sanctions relevant to the Ukrainian legal sense. Taking into account the experience of French commercial law, it was concluded that the ideas of reducing the discretion of state bodies when applying sanctions to business to eliminate the risks of corruption and abuse are not confirmed in modern European legislation. It is obvious that this follows from the quite reasonable assumption that the fight against corruption should affect the specific offender, and not destroy the effectiveness of the state's response to offenses, including in the business sphere. Several trends in the legislative regulation of administrative and economic sanctions in France have been identified, including attempts to solve the problems of the ratio of administrative sanctions and criminal penalties on legal entities, the expansion of judges' approaches to the assessment of administrative sanctions imposed on merchants from the point of view of compliance with procedural provisions and respect for human rights. It was concluded that the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities into national law cannot take place without an analysis of the problems caused by relevant institutions in foreign countries, in particular in France.
The article considers the content and essence of the principle of humanism in criminal executive law. Emphasis is placed on the exclusive common law origin of this principle within the framework of sectoral law. The natural origin of the principle of humanism is reflected in the positive component of state participation in the implementation of this principle. It is emphasized that the principle of humanism is inextricably linked with other general principles and is crucial in areas of law that are directly related to the restrictions on the natural rights and interests of individuals - this is certainly the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal executive law, the principle of humanism primarily concerns the observance of the rights and freedoms of persons serving criminal sentences in the penitentiary system. It should also be noted that the essence of the criminal offenses committed by these persons, namely their public danger, extends the content of the principle of humanism to the observance and consideration of the interests of society. The article additionally emphasizes that during the serving of a criminal sentence, the convict must take measures to compensate for the damage caused to the victim as a result of the commission of a criminal offense. Given this aspect, the implementation of the principle of humanism must also take into account the interests of victims. In addition, the practical realities of serving criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment show that the convict must also take measures to enforce court decisions in other cases, given the available writs of execution located at the place of serving the sentence. Thus, the principle of humanism, which is implemented within the framework of criminal executive law, reflects the observance of the interests of a wide range of people. Given the above-mentioned multi-subject model of perception of the content of the principle of humanism within the framework of criminal executive law, it is expedient in a broad sense to adopt a set of measures of influence that can be applied to convicts. These measures should not be limited to measures of criminal law, but also take into account coercive measures related to the performance of other obligations by convicts at the discretion of the competent authorities.
In this article we discuss the impact of conservation laws, specifically $U(1)$ charge conservation and energy conservation, on scrambling dynamics, especially on the approach to the late time fully scrambled state. As a model, we consider a $d+1$ dimensional ($d\geq 2$) holographic conformal field theory with Einstein gravity dual. Using the holographic dictionary, we calculate out-of-time-order-correlators (OTOCs) that involve the conserved $U(1)$ current operator or energy-momentum tensor. We show that these OTOCs approach their late time value as a power law in time, with a universal exponent $\frac{d}{2}$. We also generalize the result to compute OTOCs between general operators which have overlap with the conserved charges.
Classical arcsine law states that fraction of occupation time on the positive or the negative side in Brownian motion does not converge to a constant but converges in distribution to the arcsine distribution. Here, we consider how a preparation of the system affects the arcsine law, i.e., aging of the arcsine law. We derive aging distributional theorem for occupation time statistics in Brownian motion, where the ratio of time when measurements start to the measurement time plays an important role in determining the shape of the distribution. Furthermore, we show that this result can be generalized as aging distributional limit theorem in renewal processes.
We consider the problem of estimating a parameter associated to a Bayesian inverse problem. Treating the unknown initial condition as a nuisance parameter, typically one must resort to a numerical approximation of gradient of the log-likelihood and also adopt a discretization of the problem in space and/or time. We develop a new methodology to unbiasedly estimate the gradient of the log-likelihood with respect to the unknown parameter, i.e. the expectation of the estimate has no discretization bias. Such a property is not only useful for estimation in terms of the original stochastic model of interest, but can be used in stochastic gradient algorithms which benefit from unbiased estimates. Under appropriate assumptions, we prove that our estimator is not only unbiased but of finite variance. In addition, when implemented on a single processor, we show that the cost to achieve a given level of error is comparable to multilevel Monte Carlo methods, both practically and theoretically. However, the new algorithm provides the possibility for parallel computation on arbitrarily many processors without any loss of efficiency, asymptotically. In practice, this means any precision can be achieved in a fixed, finite constant time, provided that enough processors are available.
Abstract The article analyses the many actors and initiatives that, in the last decades, have pursued the goal of worldwide harmonization of secured transaction laws, scrutinizing the achievements and the limits of these experiments. In light of such results, the article also outlines the methodological contribution that comparative law can offer to legal change in the sector of secured transactions law, by way of confronting positive law models with meta-legal elements such as culture, society, economy, law-making processes, and geopolitics.
En el presente artículo se realizará un análisis de los principios establecidos en la Constitución Política de los Estados unidos Mexicanos Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en relación a la figura de la suplencia de la queja que se encuentra establecida en el artículo 107 constitucional, enfocándonos en el cómo podría establecerse la suplencia de la queja en el Derecho del Trabajo, respetando todos y cada uno de los principios constitucionales establecidos en el artículo 1 de nuestra norma suprema.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence