Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

I. Illich, Valentina Borremans, J. Lapierre et al.

O. Benavente, C. Coffey, R. Conwit et al.

J. Lopreiato, Dayna Downing, Wendy L. Gammon et al.

WITH THE SUPPORT AND INPUT OF : Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare (ASPiH) • Association for Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) • Australian Society for Simulation in Healthcare (ASSH) • Brasilian Association for Simulation in Health (Abrassim) • Canadian Network for Simulation in Healthcare (CNSH) • Dutch Society for Simulation in Healthcare (DSSH) • International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation in Learning (INACSL) • International Pediatric Simulation Society (IPSS) • Japan Society for Instructional Systems in Healthcare (JSISH) • Korean Society for Simulation in Healthcare (KoSSH) • Latin American Association for Clinical Simulation (ALASIC) • New Zealand Association for Simulation in Healthcare (NZASH) • Pan Asia Society for Simulation in Healthcare (PASSH) • Polish Society of Medical Simulation (PSMS) • Portuguese Society for Simulation (SPSim) • Russian Society for Simulation Education in Medicine (ROSOMED) • Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine (SESAM) • Spanish Society of Clinical Simulation and Patient Safety (SESSEP) A project of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare

M. B. Ruiz-Roso, Patricia de Carvalho Padilha, Diana C Matilla-Escalante et al.

Aim: to describe physical activity and ultra-processed foods consumption, their changes and sociodemographic predictors among adolescents from countries in Europe (Italy and Spain) and Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Colombia) during the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic period. Methods: Cross-sectional study via web survey. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and weekly ultra-processed food consumption data were used. To compare the frequencies of physical activity status with sociodemographic variables, a multinomial logistic and a multiple logistic regression for habitual ultra-processed foods was performed. In final models, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sample of 726 adolescents, mostly females (59.6%) aged 16–19 years old (54.3%). Adolescents from Latin America presented odds ratio (OR) 2.98 (CI 95% 1.80–4.94) of being inactive and those whose mothers had higher level of education were less active during lockdown [OR 0.40 (CI 95% 0.20–0.84)]. The habitual ultra-processed consumption was also high during this period in all countries, and more prevalent in Latin America. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of inactivity was observed in this population, but reductions of physical activity and habitual ultra-processed consumption during the pandemic were more pronounced in Latin America. Our findings reinforce the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle, i.e., exercise and diet, during periods of social isolation.

M. Bezanilla, Donna Fernández-Nogueira, M. Poblete et al.

Abstract Critical thinking is a competency which is being required from students in their personal and professional life. For this reason, universities must do their most to include it in their syllabus, programs, and classes. However, there is still much work to be done since there is not a clear definition of this competency, and also new active methodologies need to be enhanced for its development. This article starts with a literature review of the main methodologies to teach this competency, and moreover, analyzes the main methodologies that 230 university teachers from Spain and Latin America use in the classroom as well as the ones they consider as more effective for the development of critical thinking. This information is contrasted with the concept these teachers have of critical thinking, based on previous research in which six different categories of concept were found. The data is analyzed using the test of Chi-square and Cohen’s Kappa. The results seem to indicate that teachers use and consider as most effective mainly three different methodologies: oral and written reflection and argumentation; reading, analysis and synthesis of resources; and case studies, regardless the concept they have of critical thinking, although some other tendencies between methodologies and concept of critical thinking are observed. In addition, there is a significant relationship between methodologies teachers use and those they consider most effective. Finally, some implications for curriculum design and implementation in relation to critical thinking are presented.

M. Mekonnen, A. Hoekstra

F. Fenollar, O. Mediannikov, M. Maurin et al.

Mink are small carnivores of the Mustelidae family. The American mink is the most common and was imported to Europe, Asia, and Latin America for breeding, as its fur is very popular. Denmark, the Netherlands, and China are the biggest producers of mink. Mink farms with a high population density in very small areas and a low level of genetic heterogeneity are places conducive to contagion. The mink’s receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is very similar to that of humans. Experimental models have shown the susceptibility of the ferret, another mustelid, to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and to transmit it to other ferrets. On April 23, 2020, for the first time, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a mink farm was reported in the Netherlands. Since then, COVID-19 has reached numerous mink farms in the Netherlands, Denmark, United States, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, and Canada. Not only do mink become infected from each other, but also they are capable of infecting humans, including with virus variants that have mutated in mink. Human infection with variant mink viruses with spike mutations led to the culling in Denmark of all mink in the country. Several animals can be infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, anthropo-zoonotic outbreaks have only been reported in mink farms. The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in mink farms raises questions regarding their potential role at the onset of the pandemic and the impact of mutants on viral fitness, contagiousness, pathogenicity, re-infections with different mutants, immunotherapy, and vaccine efficacy.

Andrea Busto-Castiñeira, Silvia García-Méndez, Francisco de Arriba-Pérez et al.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) popularity has increased owing to the progress in Large Language Models (LLMs), with zero-shot inference capabilities. However, most neural systems utilize decoder-only causal (unidirectional) transformer models, which are effective for English but may reduce the richness of languages with less strict word order, subject omission, or different relative clause attachment preferences. This is the first work that analytically addresses optimal text generation order for non-causal language models. We present a novel Viterbi algorithm-based methodology for maximum likelihood word order estimation. We analyze the non-causal most-likelihood order probability for NLG in Spanish and, then, the probability of generating the same phrases with Spanish causal NLG. This comparative analysis reveals that causal NLG prefers English-like SVO structures. We also analyze the relationship between optimal generation order and causal left-to-right generation order using Spearman's rank correlation. Our results demonstrate that the ideal order predicted by the maximum likelihood estimator is not closely related to the causal order and may be influenced by the syntactic structure of the target sentence.

Jacopo Timini

This paper reexamines the effects of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) - a 19th century agreement among several European countries to standardize their currencies through a bimetallic system based on fixed gold and silver content - on trade. Unlike previous studies, this paper adopts the latest advances in gravity modeling and a more rigorous approach to defining the control group by accounting for the diversity of currency regimes during the early years of the LMU. My findings suggest that the LMU had a positive effect on trade between its members until the early 1870s, when bimetallism was still considered a viable monetary system. These effects then faded, converging to zero. Results are robust to the inclusion of additional potential confounders, the use of various samples spanning different countries and trade data sources, and alternative methodological choices.

E. R. Williams

Semi-Latin squares have been extensively studied. They can be interpreted as a special case of latinized block designs where the number of columns is equal to the number of replicates in the design. Latinized row-column designs are frequently used in field and glasshouse trials when replicates are contiguous. These designs allow for the efficient adjustment of row and column effects within replicates. Here we define extended semi-Latin squares as a special case of latinized row-column designs and investigate optimality using the average efficiency factor.

Faouzi Hakimi

Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is a widely used stratified sampling method in computer experiments. In this work, we extend the existing convergence results for the sample mean under LHS to the broader class of $Z$-estimators, estimators defined as the zeros of a sample mean function. We derive the asymptotic variance of these estimators and demonstrate that it is smaller when using LHS compared to traditional independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) sampling. Furthermore, we establish a Central Limit Theorem for $Z$-estimators under LHS, providing a theoretical foundation for its improved efficiency.

Sergio Torres Aguilar

Translating a morphology-rich, low-resource language like Latin poses significant challenges. This paper introduces a reproducible draft-based refinement pipeline that elevates open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) to a performance level statistically comparable to top-tier proprietary systems. Our method first uses a fine-tuned NLLB-1.3B model to generate a high-quality, structurally faithful draft. A zero-shot LLM (Llama-3.3 or Qwen3) then polishes this draft, a process that can be further enhanced by augmenting the context with retrieved out-context examples (RAG). We demonstrate the robustness of this approach on two distinct benchmarks: a standard in-domain test set (Rosenthal, 2023) and a new, challenging out-of-domain (OOD) set of 12th-century Latin letters (2025). Our central finding is that this open-source RAG system achieves performance statistically comparable to the GPT-5 baseline, without any task-specific LLM fine-tuning. We release the pipeline, the Chartres OOD set, and evaluation scripts and models to facilitate replicability and further research.

Xu He, Junpeng Gong, Zhaohui Li

Computer simulations serve as powerful tools for scientists and engineers to gain insights into complex systems. Less costly than physical experiments, computer experiments sometimes involve large number of trials. Conventional design optimization and model fitting methods for computer experiments are inefficient for large-scale problems. In this paper, we propose new methods to optimize good lattice point sets, using less computation to construct designs with enhanced space-filling properties such as high separation distance, low discrepancy, and high separation distance on projections. These designs show promising performance in uncertainty quantification as well as physics-informed neural networks. We also propose a new type of space-filling design called regularly repeated lattice-based Latin hypercube designs, which contain lots of local space-filling Latin hypercube designs as subdesigns. Such designs facilitate rapid fitting of multiple local Gaussian process models in a moving window type of modeling approach and thus are useful for large-scale emulation problems.

C. Brown, C. Lally, V. Kupelian et al.

Verónica Fernández Espinosa, Jorge López González

ABSTRACT There is a deficit in character education research in Latin America and a lack of clarity about conceptual issues relevant to values and virtues. This lack of conceptual clarity has practical importance. The research sought to investigate empirically how school managers and teachers understand and practice character education, with particular attention to the distinction between educating values and virtues. The study was carried out during the first semester of 2022 on a sample of 160 schools in 17 countries, mainly in Christian schools in Spain and Mexico. The results show that there are differences according to the type of school and country. There are important findings regarding the concept of virtue and its relation to the concept of value, which virtues and values are most relevant for schools to teach, and which are the most used strategies in character education programmes. The research points to moral education as a central theme in schools, which considers both virtue and values education. There is a genuine interest on training teachers in virtue education. SUMMARY The study contributes to a better comprehension of moral education (particularly in character education) in Spain and Latin America. It provides an understanding of the differences and similarities between virtue and values education in the minds of educators. It offers information on the main practical strategies linked to character education as well as reflections on how to carry out character education in Latin America. Finally, the study offers a comparison between the paradigm of virtue education and the paradigm of values education that can be inferred from the responses of school managers and teachers. These are two competing but compatible paradigms of moral education. Our proposal is that there should be a constructive dialogue between paradigms and even a synthesis.

Danny Miguel Rebolledo-Castillo, Alexander Alegría-Castellanos, Gustavo Adolfo Gómez Flórez

Este artículo aplica el método de Diferencia en Diferencias (DID), para medir el impacto del Desarrollo Alternativo (DA), sobre el número de desplazamientos forzosos en el municipio de Tumaco (Colombia), durante el periodo 1999–2016. Identificando un incremento en el número promedio de personas desplazadas anualmente de manera forzosa en Tumaco de 541 personas por cada 10.000 habitantes, en comparación con el grupo de control, lo cual sugiere que el DA tuvo efectos no deseados sobre la población en la que fue aplicado. Evidenciando que, para la implementación de este tipo de programas es necesario considerar los agentes involucrados, el entorno económico y las dinámicas sociales.

Matías Rubio, Brenda Rupar

In Argentina in the early 1970's, there were four political parties that claimed to follow the Chinese experience and Maoism. Despite their coexistence and eventual convergence on specific events, there was no long-term joint work between them. There was, however, an exception made by the two largest and most active Maoist parties: the Communist Vanguard and the Revolutionary Communist Party. Faced with the call for a Gran Acuerdo Nacional to provide a legal solution to the dictatorship of the Argentine Revolution (1966-1973), they created the Fuerza Revolucionaria Antiacuerdista, a temporary alliance in opposition to it. In this paper we will analyse this experience and offer a new dimension to the analysis of national Maoist alliances.

Fernando Gallego, Guillermo López-García, Luis Gasco-Sánchez et al.

Advances in natural language processing techniques, such as named entity recognition and normalization to widely used standardized terminologies like UMLS or SNOMED-CT, along with the digitalization of electronic health records, have significantly advanced clinical text analysis. This study presents ClinLinker, a novel approach employing a two-phase pipeline for medical entity linking that leverages the potential of in-domain adapted language models for biomedical text mining: initial candidate retrieval using a SapBERT-based bi-encoder and subsequent re-ranking with a cross-encoder, trained by following a contrastive-learning strategy to be tailored to medical concepts in Spanish. This methodology, focused initially on content in Spanish, substantially outperforming multilingual language models designed for the same purpose. This is true even for complex scenarios involving heterogeneous medical terminologies and being trained on a subset of the original data. Our results, evaluated using top-k accuracy at 25 and other top-k metrics, demonstrate our approach's performance on two distinct clinical entity linking Gold Standard corpora, DisTEMIST (diseases) and MedProcNER (clinical procedures), outperforming previous benchmarks by 40 points in DisTEMIST and 43 points in MedProcNER, both normalized to SNOMED-CT codes. These findings highlight our approach's ability to address language-specific nuances and set a new benchmark in entity linking, offering a potent tool for enhancing the utility of digital medical records. The resulting system is of practical value, both for large scale automatic generation of structured data derived from clinical records, as well as for exhaustive extraction and harmonization of predefined clinical variables of interest.

Jordi de la Torre

VAEs are probabilistic graphical models based on neural networks that allow the coding of input data in a latent space formed by simpler probability distributions and the reconstruction, based on such latent variables, of the source data. After training, the reconstruction network, called decoder, is capable of generating new elements belonging to a close distribution, ideally equal to the original one. This article has been written in Spanish to facilitate the arrival of this scientific knowledge to the Spanish-speaking community.

Nahuel Enrique Cavagnaro

Este artículo intenta mostrar el accionar de los emisarios diplomáticos de la Monarquía Hispánica en el norte de la península itálica, en general, y en Génova, en particular, durante el siglo XVII. En este ámbito, donde confluían los intereses de los Habsburgos y la Monarquía de Francia, aliada al ducado de Saboya, entidades cuya política exterior irradiaban sistemas de soberanía universal y de expansión territorial. El designio de Francisco de Melo, como interlocutor entre el consejo de Estado y los agentes políticos y de crédito de la República de Génova, fue un aspecto fundamental de la composición de una red de información que operó en la ciudad ligur durante la guerra con Saboya entre 1624 y 1625, la conjura de Giulio Cesare Vacchero en 1628 y la elección del dux de 1633. Así la política interna de Génova pasó a ser un tema de relevancia real, en periodos turbulentos en el entramado imperial de la Monarquía Hispánica.