Hasil untuk "Labor. Work. Working class"

Vasyl Hulai, Volodymyr Senyk, Kseniia Bazyliuk

Мета роботи: Встановлення факторів, що впливають на формування дефініцій “інформаційна безпека”, “інформаційні ресурси”, визначення передумов для їх однозначного трактування та застосування під час розроблення (удосконалення) нормативно-правових актів у галузі національної безпеки. Метод дослідження: Філософські (герменевтичний, феноменологічний, синергетичний); загальнонаукові (індуктивний, дедуктивний, порівняння, аналіз, синтез, узагальнення); спеціальний (формально-юридичний), конкретно-науковий (бібліометричний). Результати дослідження: Відсутність однозначного, законодавчо закріпленого поняття “інформаційна безпека” створює труднощі під час формулювання та реалізації завдань у галузі національної безпеки. Причиною цього є багатофакторність в означені вказаної дефініції та постійна зміна соціально-політичних умов. Для вирішення цієї проблеми запропоновано сформулювати та законодавчо закріпити дефініцію “інформаційна безпека”, впровадивши, зокрема, до її формулювання менш ширші поняття. Теоретична цінність дослідження: Встановлено фактори, які впливають на формулювання дефініцій “інформаційна безпека” та “інформаційні ресурси” з огляду забезпечення національної безпеки України; означено шляхи для їх удосконалення. Практична цінність дослідження: Закладено засади для наукового супроводу процесу розроблення та удосконалення дефініцій у галузі інформаційної безпеки. Цінність дослідження: Визначення єдиних підходів до формулювання та трактування дефініцій “інформаційна безпека”, “інформаційні ресурси”  дозволить забезпечити однозначне формулювання та розуміння завдань інформаційної безпеки України як складової національної безпеки, створить основу для їх успішної реалізації. Тип статті: теоретична.

Chung-Yun Hsieh, Manuel Gessner

We introduce a thermodynamic work extraction task that describes the energy storage enhancement of quantum systems, which is naturally related to quantum battery's charging process. This task induces majorisation-like conditions that provide a necessary and sufficient characterisation of state conversions in general quantum resource theories. When applied to specific resources, these conditions reduce to the majorisation conditions under unital channels and provide a thermodynamic version of Nielsen's theorem in entanglement theory. We show how this result establishes the first universal resource certification class based on thermodynamics, and how it can be employed to quantify general quantum resources based on work extraction.

Hamza Harraf, M'bark Amghar, Wiam Kaydi et al.

In this work, we investigate quantum entanglement and work extraction in two distinct optomechanical systems. The first system consists of two spatially separated Fabry-Pérot cavities driven by squeezed light in the resolved-sideband regime, while the second system comprises a laser field incident on a vibrating mirror. We analyze the entanglement dynamics between optical and mechanical modes, as well as quantum correlations in a mixed optomechanical bipartite system (optic-optic mode) mediated by radiation pressure. Using logarithmic negativity as a measure, we quantify the entanglement evolution in both optic-optic and mirror-mirror bipartite subsystems. Furthermore, we show how three distinct types of extractable work vary with system parameters and examine their relationship with entanglement. Our results highlight the relationship between quantum correlations and extracted work in optomechanical system, offering insights for quantum information processing and energy transfer in hybrid systems.

Chris Welty

The peer-review process is broken and the problem is getting worse, especially in AI: large conferences like NeurIPS increasingly struggle to adequately review huge numbers of paper submissions. I propose a scalable solution that, foremost, recognizes reviewing as important, necessary, \emph{work} and rewards it with crypto-coins owned and managed by the conferences themselves. The idea is at its core quite simple: paper submissions require work (reviews, meta-reviews, etc.) to be done, and therefore the submitter must pay for that work. Each reviewer submits their review to be approved by some designated conference officer (e.g. PC chair, Area Chair, etc.), and upon approval is paid a single coin for a single review. If three reviews are required, the cost of submission should be three coins + a tax that covers payments to all the volunteers who organize the conference. After some one-time startup costs to fairly distribute coins, the process should be relatively stable with new coins minted only when a conference grows.

Anais Galdin, Jesse Silbert

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have significantly lowered the cost of producing written content. This paper studies how LLMs, through lowering writing costs, disrupt markets that traditionally relied on writing as a costly signal of quality (e.g., job applications, college essays). Using data from Freelancer.com, a major digital labor platform, we explore the effects of LLMs' disruption of labor market signaling on equilibrium market outcomes. We develop a novel LLM-based measure to quantify the extent to which an application is tailored to a given job posting. Taking the measure to the data, we find that employers have a high willingness to pay for workers with more customized applications in the period before LLMs are introduced, but not after. To isolate and quantify the effect of LLMs' disruption of signaling on equilibrium outcomes, we develop and estimate a structural model of labor market signaling, in which workers invest costly effort to produce noisy signals that predict their ability in equilibrium. We use the estimated model to simulate a counterfactual equilibrium in which LLMs render written applications useless in signaling workers' ability. Without costly signaling, employers are less able to identify high-ability workers, causing the market to become significantly less meritocratic: compared to the pre-LLM equilibrium, workers in the top quintile of the ability distribution are hired 19% less often, workers in the bottom quintile are hired 14% more often.

Javier Arribas Cámara, Luis Cárdenas, Adrián Rial

The effects of the minimum wage on employment and wages have been widely studied, but its impact on inequality has not yet been well analysed due to the multiple ways of observing it. This study aims to compile the most relevant publications that have dealt with inequality in order to organise them systematically by types of inequality and the conclusions that have been reached on the effects of the minimum wage. Finally, and taking into account the uncertainties that characterise any long-term forecast, it is observed that although the minimum wage is not neutral in its effects and has negative repercussions on employment, these are relatively mild. Nevertheless, from all the perspectives analysed, the minimum wage can be seen to have positive consequences for the reduction of inequality.

Laura Gabriela Caruso, Gustavo Nicolás Contreras

El sector marítimo tuvo un lugar significativo en la historia laboral y sindical de la Argentina, tardíamente reflejado en la historiografía, en la cual predominan hoy los estudios sobre las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Este artículo indaga prácticas, relaciones y dinámicas que se dieron entre los gremios marítimos en la década que va desde la huelga general y marítima de 1924 hasta la formulación de un pacto de unidad entre organizaciones de la tripulación y la oficialidad en 1934. El texto analiza la acción sindical marítima resaltando solidaridades y distancias con otros gremios de dicha comunidad obrera, focalizando en las relaciones entre la Federación Obrera Marítima, primer gremio que unificó categorías y secciones del trabajo a bordo en 1910, y el Centro de Capitanes de Ultramar, fundado en 1918, pilar de la organización del personal jerárquico embarcado. El texto se basa en un conjunto de documentos compuesto por prensa sindical, actas y memorias gremiales, entre otros.

Gi-Hwan Shin, Young-Seok Kweon, Heon-Gyu Kwak et al.

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used to study the relationship between naps and working memory, yet the effects of naps on distinct working memory tasks remain unclear. Here, participants performed word-pair and visuospatial working memory tasks pre- and post-nap sessions. We found marked differences in accuracy and reaction time between tasks performed pre- and post-nap. In order to identify the impact of naps on performance in each working memory task, we employed clustering to classify participants as high- or low-performers. Analysis of sleep architecture revealed significant variations in sleep onset latency and rapid eye movement (REM) proportion. In addition, the two groups exhibited prominent differences, especially in the delta power of the Non-REM 3 stage linked to memory. Our results emphasize the interplay between nap-related neural activity and working memory, underlining specific EEG markers associated with cognitive performance.

Kai Y. Gunty, Lindsey Weiler, Angela Keyzers et al.

Background: Adult mentors can positively influence development, yet youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have too little access to adult mentors who can provide role modeling, guidance, and support. Furthermore, neurotypical adult mentors (i.e., adult mentors without ASD) may not understand the day-to-day realities that youth with ASD face and the social world they navigate. Therefore, it is possible that adults with ASD may be particularly well-suited as mentors for youth with ASD. Method: Six semi-structured focus groups of four to seven people each explored the need for a mentoring program to bridge the gap between the supports youth with ASD need and what they currently receive. These focus groups included key stakeholders: youth with ASD, adults with ASD, and parents of youth and adults with ASD. Results: Focus groups with key stakeholders demonstrate a significant need for the development of a one-to-one youth mentoring program delivered by adults with ASD. Conclusion: There are significant gaps between the supports (particularly social supports) that adolescents with ASD need and those that are available to them. All of the focus groups concluded that a mentoring program in which adults with ASD are mentors for youth with ASD seems to be an acceptable and much-needed support for adolescents with ASD. Such a program is not currently known to exist.

Олексій Соломицький, Олег Семененко, Петро Онофрійчук et al.

Мета роботи: полягає у визначенні змісту та порядку проведення розрахунків методом прогнозування ризиків виникнення збройного конфлікту на основі результатів аналізу воєнних витрат. Дизайн/Метод/Підхід дослідження: методом прогнозування ризиків виникнення збройного конфлікту на основі результатів аналізу воєнних витрат. Практична цінність дослідження: запропонований метод цілком можливо використовувати під час моніторингу воєнно-політичної обстановки. Він дозволить: - спростити процедури розрахунків та моніторингу; - усунути необхідність у збиранні та обробленні великих масивів вхідних даних; - це надасть можливість розв’язання оптимізаційної задачі з визначення раціонального обсягу воєнних витрат із забезпеченням належного рівня інтенсивності процесу; - прогнозувати виникнення збройного конфлікту; - розробляти рекомендації військово-політичному керівництву держави щодо завчасного реагування на загрози. Тип статті: практична.

Lyn Silva, Célia Regina Vendramini

O artigo analisa a experiência de trabalhadores migrantes na Ocupação Contestado, em São José/SC. Apresentamos quatro trajetórias de trabalhadoras migrantes, as quais revelam sua experiência como trabalhadoras, migrantes, mães e participantes do processo político-educativo constituinte da Ocupação. Concluímos que a migração é determinada pela dinâmica do capital, e a ocupação é expressão, por um lado, do processo de expropriação/exploração no trabalho, da ausência de moradia e da violência do estado. De outro lado, revela a indignação e a força de luta dos trabalhadores organizados. Palavra-chave: Trabalho e Educação; Ocupações urbanas; Migração; Experiência.

Dennis Mancl, Steven D. Fraser

An agile organization adapts what they are building to match their customer's evolving needs. Agile teams also adapt to changes in their organization's work environment. The latest change is the evolving environment of "hybrid" work - a mix of in-person and virtual staff. Team members might sometimes work together in the office, work from home, or work in other locations, and they may struggle to sustain a high level of collaboration and innovation. It isn't just pandemic social distancing - many of us want to work from home to eliminate our commute and spend more time with family. Are there learnings and best practices that organizations can use to become and stay effective in a hybrid world? An XP 2022 panel organized by Steven Fraser (Innoxec) discussed these questions in June 2022. The panel was facilitated by Hendrik Esser (Ericsson) and featured Alistair Cockburn (Heart of Agile), Sandy Mamoli (Nomad8), Nils Brede Moe (SINTEF), Jaana Nyfjord (Spotify), and Darja Smite (Blekinge Institute of Technology).

Geoffrey R. Grimmett

This article is an account of the scientific work of Hugo Duminil-Copin at the time of his award in 2022 of the Fields Medal "for solving longstanding problems in the probabilistic theory of phase transitions in statistical physics, especially in dimensions three and four''.

Oisin Culhane, Mark T. Mitchison, John Goold

Recent experiments have demonstrated the generation of coherent mechanical oscillations in a suspended carbon nanotube, which are driven by an electric current through the device above a certain voltage threshold, in close analogy with a lasing transition. We investigate this phenomenon from the perspective of work extraction, by modelling a nano-electromechanical device as a quantum flywheel or battery that converts electrical power into stored mechanical energy. We introduce a microscopic model that qualitatively matches the experimental finding, and compute the Wigner function of the quantum vibrational mode in its non-equilibrium steady-state. We characterise the threshold for self-sustained oscillations using two approaches to quantifying work deposition in non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics: the ergotropy and the non-equilibrium free energy. We find that ergotropy serves as an order parameter for the phonon lasing transition. The framework we employ to describe work extraction is general and widely transferable to other mesoscopic quantum devices.

Julio César Neffa

Yara Elizabeth Alves

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Naveen T. R. Babu, Christopher Stewart

Multiple applications running on Edge computers can be orchestrated to achieve the desired goal. Orchestration of applications is prominent when working with Internet of Things based applications, Autonomous driving and Autonomous Aerial vehicles. As the applications receive modified classifiers/code, there will be multiple applications that need to be updated. If all the classifiers are synchronously updated there would be increased throughput and bandwidth degradation. On the other hand, delaying updates of applications which need immediate update hinders performance and delays progress towards end goal. The updates of applications should be prioritized and updates should happen according to this priority. This paper explores the setup and benchmarks to understand the impact of updates when multiple applications working to achieve same objective are orchestrated with prioritized updates. We discuss methods to build a distributed, reliable and scalable system called "DSOC"(Docker Swarm Orchestration Component).

Nicholas Fiori

Energy and Abolition The history of the second slavery shows that no fundamental incompatibility existed between slaveholding and technology-driven production. In fact, their merger created incredible wealth and status for slaveholders. First in Great Britain and then continental Europe and the United States, industrialization was aided by a surfeit of capital, the influx of cheap commodities, experiments in factory production, and the development of disciplinary techniques from the plantation zone. Factories imported the plantation’s model for energetic exploitation but improved on the relative inflexibility of its labor arrangement. Histories that attribute the abolition of slavery to the institution’s technological obsolescence or to a critical mass of white abolitionist sentiment tend to obscure the role slaves themselves played in resisting their captivity. Waves of rebellions and resistance drove up the cost of operations, helping shift the capital calculation to the side of “free labor.” Furthermore, abolitionism was not a final rejection of the economic and social relations of slavery; the globalization of modernity that followed the decline of transatlantic slavery “was financially, organizationally and technically conditioned by the slave system,” and its “post-emancipation structures of recruitment, management and disciplining of international labour reproduced the essential economic relations of slavery.” Instead of acknowledging these inheritances, “bourgeois historiography” (in Cedric Robinson’s phrasing) boasted of abolitionism’s moral awakening, thus screening industrial capitalism from the grievances of the white working class. With the elimination of the problematic category of the slave, the symbolic and discursive conflation of black bodies with industrial machines that had underwritten the plantation’s political economy was seemingly cut short. In the whitened factory, a different kind of apparatus was needed to refine production and discipline labor, one that attenuated the violence of the plantation while retaining the relation it had established between human and machine—a relation that treated the body as (merely) another part in the production machine. | 568 American Quarterly By the mid-nineteenth century, this task was being advanced by those working on the science of heat energy (thermodynamics) who transformed the terms of European physics by describing the movement of matter—from molecules to the sweep of the universe—in terms of usefulness and dissipation of energy. This was a cosmos for the era of steam-driven production. In the 1820s, the French scientist Sadi Carnot was concerned with improving the efficiency of steam engines and directed his investigations at the “motive power of fire.” In the 1840s the German physicist Rudolph Clausius and the Scottish natural philosopher William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) rediscovered Carnot, who had died at a young age and whose work was largely ignored for two decades. Combining his experiments on heat with Gottfried Leibniz’s notion of vis viva, or live force, they each theorized that an abstract, conserved, and transformable energy motivated the movement of matter. By the early 1850s, both Thomson and Clausius had published their findings, each fully stating the first law of thermodynamics: the total energy of the universe remains constant, and thus in the transfer of force from one object to another all energy is conserved. The upshot was that all forms of energy—heat, kinetic, potential, elastic, electrical, magnetic, and so forth—were equivalent; in the performance of work, one object transfers much of its energy to another object, and whatever energy is not transferred remains in the object or is transformed into another form of energy. With the first law, productive power was no longer limited to the fixed motion of the human body, mules, windmills, and their attached devices: it was something stored, released, transferred, and perfectly conserved throughout nature. This reimagining of energy directly supported burgeoning industrial capitalism: “Physics is not only about Nature and applied just to technology, its essential function is to provide models of capitalist work.” Thermodynamics suggested a “generality and flexibility in . . . productive arrangements” that provided a natural explanation for the political economy of the factory. Thomson extended the reach of his dynamical theory of heat to the human body by recruiting the work of the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz. Helmholtz investigated energy in the context of muscle metabolism, which led him to theorize energy—or Kraft, in the original German—to be a separate and quantifiable substance that activated the movement of matter, both living and inert. Making explicit reference to the labor of the industrial working class, Helmholtz explained that food stores energy within its nutritional content that is released as heat by the body when muscles perform work; in the terms of Kraft, this work is exactly equivalent to the productive force generated by the factory’s steam engines—“the body, the steam engine, and the cosmos were | 569 From Slave Labor to Machine Discipline . . . connected by a single and unbroken chain of energy.” Recall that at the time, sugar produced with slave labor was helping “to fill the calorie gap for the laboring poor, and ha[d] become one of the first foods of the industrial work break.” It was within this Atlantic circulation—of (“free” and coerced) metabolic energy, calories, and fossil fuels that thermodynamics was investigated. Something bothered the calculations of Thomson and Clausius. Despite the first law’s prediction of energy’s conservation, which implied its recoverability, the scientists’ independent experiments returned the problem that a portion of the original heat produced by a system could not be recovered to do work again. Heat performs work when it is released at a higher concentration relative to its environment. This occurs, for instance, when a chemical reaction breaks the bonds of complex molecules, such as those composing coal or organic matter. As a result of the reaction, lower energy molecules are formed and surplus energy is released as heat that motivates the movement of surrounding matter. As this heat energy escapes, it diffuses toward equilibrium with its environment. This unrecoverable quantity of heat is not destroyed—such an outcome would violate the first law—but it becomes useless, at least in the industrial context in which thermodynamics was theorized. In his 1865 text, Clausius named this property of heat systems entropy, giving a name to the observation that hot matter tends to cool. Entropy measures the quantity of a system’s energy unavailable for doing work, and the second law of thermodynamics—the work of Clausius, Thomson, and others—states that entropy in a closed system tends toward a maximum. On a cosmic time line, the second law explained the inevitable heat-death of the universe, an ineluctable diffusion of useful energy into cold evenness, a prediction that allied European physics to Christian theology. Thermodynamics explained the limit to a livable universe and to the human control of nature on a microscopic level. The number of molecules in any system is too vast and collisions too complex to be measured and tracked; hotter molecules collide with cooler ones and produce a complex admixture that can be measured only in aggregate. Entropy marks not only the limit of usefulness but an epistemological limit, too, by naming the point at which nature’s microscopic complexity passes the limit of control into probability and indeterminacy. By the end of the nineteenth century, entropy was rearticulated as the tendency of an ordered system to drift into disorder. On this symbolic register, the term floated freely as a signifier that could be applied to all kinds of complex systems and became associated with waste, uselessness, and chaos. Cara New Daggett names British thermodynamics a “geo-theology” because it incorpo| 570 American Quarterly rates the earth, society, and the individual into a natural justification for the work ethic and an explanation for the eventual running down of the universe. With energy and entropy, thermodynamics cast industrial productivism as laws of physics. Indeed, the thinkers of this science made little effort to hide their alignment with industrial efforts at the time—whether it be the globalizing British, late-arriving Germans, or emerging American Empire. Crosbie Smith and M. Norton Wise draw attention to the specific scientific laboratories, marine engineering networks, and machines that incubated the work of thermodynamics. These local networks were aimed at advancing the reach of empire, and they were linked to a global circuit of people, ideas, commodities, and machines. Sugar and cotton plantations were central to Europe’s industrial engineering efforts and acted as what José Guadalupe Ortega calls “laboratory plantations” whose production and management techniques were documented and circulated back to Europe, dispersing the ideas of the plantation. This circuit included the thinkers of energy. James Thomson, who worked alongside his mathematically minded brother William (Lord Kelvin) to develop energetic physics, superintended “the construction of several large centrifugal pumps for drainage of sugar plantations” in Jamaica and Demerara (Guyana), where the violence needed to compel human beings to perform the grueling work that would later be done by machines, spurred powerful slave rebellions earlier in the century. Thermal physics gave scientific authority to the technological and political changes that were catapulting British and American wealth and spurring continental industrialization in anticipation of the dash for Africa’s industrial resources. While racial capitalism disavowed the right to own human property, it drafted its protocols for the extraction o

A. O. Karelin, P. Ionov, G. Yeremin

Introduction. Assessing the operational conditions of doctors is a difficult and urgent task. There are very few studies on the operational conditions of dentists providing care to children.The aim of the study was to conduct a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the operational dentists working in state children’s dental polyclinics.Material and methods. A comprehensive hygienic assessment of the operational conditions of dentists providing care to children was performed at 49 workplaces in 5 state medical institutions in St. Petersburg. We studied the factors of the operational environment (physical, chemical, biological), as well as the factors of the labor process (severity and hardness), and performed the comparison of the operational conditions of pediatric dentists, dental surgeons, and orthodontists. The paired t-test or Mann-Whitney was used for comparison of means. All tests were two-way; the level of statistical significance p <0.05.Results. According to the microclimate parameters, vibration, and lighting, all workplaces corresponded to the second (permissible) class of working conditions. In terms of noise, the working conditions of pediatric dentists and orthodontic corresponded to class 3.3, and the working conditions of dental surgeons - to class 2. The degree of chemical pollution at all workplaces corresponded to class 2, the degree of biological air pollution - to class 3.2. According to the hardness of the labor process, the working conditions of dentists of specialties under investigation corresponded to class 2 at 36 workplaces (73%) and class 3.1 at 13 workplaces (27%). In terms of labor intensity, they corresponded to class 1 at 20 workplaces (41%) and class 2 at 29 workplaces (59%). The overall assessment of operational conditions for pediatric dentists and orthodontists corresponds to class 3.3, and for dental surgeons – to class 3.2.Conclusion. The major harmful factors at the workplace of dentists were noise, biological pollution, and the hardness of the work process. It is necessary to further study the comprehensive and combined effects of various occupational factors of dentists taking care of children to maintain health, working capacity, and high-level quality of life, as well as to develop measures for their improvement.

O. Tomarevska, O. Poliakov

This investigation is dedicated to clarifying of physiological mechanisms of labor activity in subjects of a different gender and age with the purpose of a theoretical background of rational usage of human residual performance and rehabilitation of his health. When analyzing the tightness of the relationships, there is a stronger relationship between the residual performance and the calendar age than the rate of functional aging and calendar age. The study of concomitant influencing factors throughout life has been shown that the presence of labor or family migration within the region, within and between states; as well as indicators of the length of service, year, age, and reasons for retirement do not have reliable correlation with the rate of aging. Reliable correlation associations were found with continued retirement at the time of the study; with the year of termination of work; and the size of the total income of the examined individuals -associations in comparison with the relationship with the calendar age have a weaker connection with the rate of aging. With indicators of the class of tension and severity, type of work, class of intensity, class for differentiation of labor according to the ILO classification. Muscle strength and endurance in the women have expressed age dynamics. The muscle strength of the women is significantly slashed at 30-35 of years, and the muscle endurance remains stable up to 55-year’s age. For the men the dynamics of the muscle strength and endurance have no obvious age trend, and mostly depend from lifestyle, physical and labor activity. In functionally young subjects the working physical work capacity is 15-20% higher, compared to an average level, observed when the functional and calendar ages coincide. The age-related decline the physical working capacity in the older workers is decelerated owing to the selection of those who are functionally young and the elimination of those who age prematurely. The physiological capabilities that determine 47.54% of the actual performance of people aged 60 -89 years are reliably due to accelerated aging. Studies have shown high information content of using the indicator of residual performance in people over 60 years of age. A study of residual performance in people over 60 years of age showed that close to 57% of elderly people and 96.7% of senile people need ergonomic innovations in work and life to increase physical independence from outside help and compensate for age-related decline of working capacity.