The transformation of global order in the twenty-first century has challenged the traditional state-centric structure of international law. Classical doctrine, grounded in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, recognizes primarily states, and to a limited extent international organizations, as subjects of international law. However, the emergence of transnational movements, multinational corporations, global NGOs, and influential individuals has exposed the insufficiency of this narrow conception. Simultaneously, Islamic legal and moral traditions provide a rich framework for understanding responsibility, rights, and agency that centers on the individual as the primary bearer of obligations (taklif). This article offers a comparative conceptual analysis between Islamic jurisprudence and international legal theory regarding the notion of the "subject" of law. Drawing on classical and contemporary scholarship, including Vattel, Grotius, Lauterpacht, Kelsen, Rawls, and Dworkin, as well as ur'anic ethics and the works of al-Shatibi, Fazlur Rahman, and M.A. Draz, the study argues that the individual is the foundational subject of legal responsibility. States and institutions are legal entities with Islamic moral philosophy; the article proposes a reconceptualization of international legal subjectivity that is more inclusive, coherent, and normatively grounded.
On 26.06.2025, the Department of Theory of State and Law named after S. S. Alekseev of the V. F. Yakovlev UrSLU hosted a discussion - offline and online - of the monograph by A. P. Semitko ‘The Teaching of S. S. Alekseev on Law: A Concise Scholarly Biography’. The author made an introductory presentation. The discussion was attended by leading scholars from Russia and neighbouring countries: A. Saidov, V. Sinyukov, V. Isakov, N. Vlasenko, N. Tarasov, V. Shafirov, M. Kazantsev, T. Kashanina, V. Yarkov, S. Arkhipov, O. Puchkov, A. Mitin, S. Polyakov, S. Libanova, A. Solovyova, V. Shakhanov, E. Shamsumova, N. Yadykina and others. The speakers noted the fundamental nature of the work, its systematic (with regard to Alekseev’s doctrine of law) character, as well as the important positive impact it will have on Russian jurisprudence, as it will direct students, undergraduates, postgraduates, scientists to a deeper understanding and - most importantly - further development of the works of the leading Soviet and Russian theoretician of law - S. S. Alekseev. Т. Kashanina called the book a scientific monument to Alekseev’s work, A. Mitin and V. Shafirov, O. Puchkov, E. Shamsumova - a scientific feat, V. Yarkov and N. Yadykina supported the idea of the author, who called Alekseev’s work by analogy with digital processes - a platform on which modern Russian jurisprudence is developing. M. Kazantsev read out the order of the Director of the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on awarding A. Semitko for his contribution to the study of Alekseev’s legacy with a medal and breastplate named after S. S. Alekseev. A. Semitko made a brief closing speech, thanked the participants of the discussion and quoted the words of S. Arkhipov that further study of the great jurist’s ideas will contribute to the development of Russian: “Forward to S. Alexeyev!”
The article is devoted to the study of scientific paradigms, in particular scientific paradigms in law. It reveals the essence and features of scientific paradigms based on the analysis of scientific works. Attention is drawn to the fact that the term «paradigm» entered the system of scientific knowledge by historical standards quite recently, in the second half of the twentieth century. This term owes its wide scientific use in the philosophy of science to the book by Tamas Kuhn, published in 1962 under the title «The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. An analysis of this work shows that the author considered science primarily as an activity carried out by different schools. At the same time, a paradigm is what unites members of the scientific community, and vice versa, the scientific community consists of people who recognize the paradigm. The authors of the article point out that each paradigm corresponds to a certain type of scientific discourse, scientific rationality. With the change of paradigm, the type of rationality changes, since rationality is, on the one hand, expediency, and on the other hand, one of the most important methods of science. Rationality cannot be non-paradigmatic, since rationality in general should be considered as compliance with the laws of reason, the laws of formal logic, and scientific rationality as a pure case of rationality. Researchers draw attention to the fact that the theory of paradigmatic science, which was developed by T. Kuhn, although not designed for social sciences, can still be applied to them. Investigating paradigms in law, the authors come to the conclusion that the vast majority of researchers understand the paradigm in law as the prevailing worldview guideline of individual and social assessment of law in solving scientific and practical problems of law enforcement. Attention is drawn to the fact that the recent trend in the philosophy of law is to turn to the multiplicity of the nature of the paradigm, which is probably explained by the rapid development of scientific knowledge, including interdisciplinary, and is also associated with socio-economic and political-legal events that are taking place. In this regard, we can state that jurisprudence has its own «family» of paradigms, which are a set of theoretical and methodological foundations used by the legal community and create the framework of scientific knowledge, acting as its fundamental construction.
Universal mechanical principles may exist behind seemingly unrelated physical phenomena, providing novel insights into these phenomena. This study sheds light on the geometrical theory of dislocations through an analogy with electromagnetics. In this theory, solving Cartan's first structure equation is essential for connecting the dislocation density to the plastic deformation field of the dislocations. The additional constraint of a divergence-free condition, derived from the Helmholtz decomposition, forms the governing equations that mirror Ampère's and Gauss' law in electromagnetics. This allows for the analytical integration of the equations using the Biot-Savart law. The plastic deformation fields of screw and edge dislocations obtained through this process form both a vortex and an orthogonal coordinate system on the cross-section perpendicular to the dislocation line. This orthogonality is rooted in the conformal property of the corresponding complex function that satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations, leading to the complex potential of plastic deformation. We validate the results through a comparison with the classical dislocation theory. The incompatibility tensor is crucial in the generation of the mechanical field. These findings reveal a profound unification of dislocation theories, electromagnetics, and complex functions through their underlying mathematical parallels.
There has been recent progress in extending the 0th and 2nd laws of black hole mechanics to gravitational effective field theories (EFTs). We generalize these results to a much larger class of EFTs describing gravity coupled to electromagnetism and a real scalar field. We also show that the 0th law holds for the EFT of gravity coupled to electromagnetism and a charged scalar field.
This PhD thesis is submitted to arXiv as a pedagogical resource on gravitational effective field theories and the laws of black hole mechanics. It begins with an introduction to the mathematics and intuition behind effective field theory (EFT) corrections to General Relativity (GR) pitched at the level of a first year postgraduate course. Chapter 3 contains a similarly accessible discussion of the laws of black hole mechanics, their derivation in GR, and why they are a particularly interesting setting in which to apply EFT. The novel research is contained in Chapters 2 and 4-7. The first of these studies the well-posedness of gravitational EFTs. Specifically, we show that a "modified harmonic" gauge produces a strongly hyperbolic formulation of the leading order Einstein-Maxwell EFT so long as the higher derivative terms are small. The latter Chapters are concerned with proving the validity of the laws of black hole mechanics in EFTs of gravity and broad classes of matter fields. We demonstrate that the zeroth law can be proved for EFTs of gravity, electromagnetism and a charged or uncharged scalar field. We find we must modify the statements of the first and second laws by generalizing the formula of black hole entropy from the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy used in GR. For stationary black holes, the Wald entropy is a sufficient definition to satisfy the first law in EFT. For dynamical black holes we show that with further corrections we can prove a non-perturbative second law. We discuss the gauge dependence of this definition of dynamical black hole entropy and provide explicit constructions for specific EFTs.
En diversos trabajos Jordi Ferrer Beltrán, ha postulado consistentemente la necesidad de formular estándares de prueba objetivos, al menos en el sentido de que la afirmación relativa a que determinado hecho se encuentra probado no debería resultar subsidiaria de la convicción que aquel sujeto que realiza la afirmación, tiene respecto de la prueba de dicho evento. Tal como lo señala en el título de su último libro, la convicción de quien juzga no es necesaria para la prueba de los hechos. Ahora bien, creo que existen, incluso dentro de las formulaciones de estándares pretendidamente objetivos, ámbitos irreductibles de subjetividad. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en mostrar alguno de dichos ámbitos, determinar su real dimensión y, si es posible, proponer ciertos bemoles a la pretensión de Ferrer Beltrán de formular EDP de este carácter.
Máxima Alcántara-Jiménez, Isabel Torres-Parra, Alejandro Guillén-Riquelme
et al.
En el presente artículo se identifican las variables más influyentes de la conducta suicida de presos en prisiones europeas. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica desde 2010 en las bases de datos de Web of Science (Colección Principal), Scopus, Psicodoc y la plataforma ProQuest (PsycExtra, Psychology Database, PsycArticle, Criminology Collection y PsycINFO), seleccionando artículos y revisiones, con muestras de reclusos adultos con conductas suicidas. Se excluyeron artículos con muestras de menores, no reclusos y en cárceles no europeas. Los resultados obtenidos con 8,468 reclusos describen el historial previo como el factor de riesgo de suicidio más relevante, siendo el apoyo familiar el factor protector más relevante. Se observa insuficiente investigación sobre la influencia del sexo en la conducta suicida, así como una escasez de estudios con suficiente muestra reclusa de los diferentes países europeos.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology
El trabajo analiza la película Baby Boom (Charles Shyer, 1987) desde la perspectiva de los ideales feministas se esfuerza por transmitir: (i) la crítica de un estilo de vida individualista, competitivo y androcéntrico que ignora e invisibiliza las necesidades de cuidado de los más vulnerables que toda sociedad comporta y por ello mismo no contribuye a la igualdad real de mujeres y varones; y (ii) la propuesta de un modelo de equilibrio y complementariedad entre lo productivo y lo reproductivo.
El libro de Javier de Lucas Nosotros, que quisimos tanto a Atticus Finch (De las raíces del supremacismo, al Black Lives Matter) es un excelente ejemplo de lo productivo que el cine y la literatura resultan para la enseñanza y también para la investigación jurídica. En la línea del análisis que se presenta en ese libro propongo completarlo con la discusión de la idea de la injusticia epistémica, uno de cuyos ejemplos ya clásicos es el juicio a Tom Robinson en Matar a un ruiseñor. En este sentido defiendo que el concepto tiene interés en el ámbito del Derecho, una relación todavía no demasiado explorada.
Lahirnya berbagai produk hukum daerah terkait pengelolaan Zakat, salah satunya Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Pohuwato Nomor 6 Tahun 2015 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat, berpotensi menimbulkan suatu permasalahan, seperti berkaitan dengan implementasi prinsip-prinsip pemerintahan yang baik dan inovasi dalam regulasi serta praktik pengelolaan zakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas dan akuntabilitas pengelolaan zakat di Kabupaten Pohuwato melalui Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Pohuwato Nomor 6 Tahun 2015 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat, serta mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menghadapi permasalahan pengelolaan Zakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah hukum normatif dengan pendekatan filosofis dan analitis. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pandangan rasional, analisis kritis, dan filosofis, serta diakhiri dengan kesimpulan yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan temuan baru sebagai jawaban dari masalah pokok yang telah ditetapkan. Data dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif analitis, yaitu dengan menggambarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku terkait dengan teori hukum dan praktik penegakan hukum positif yang terkait dengan masalah tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koordinasi, transparansi, akuntabilitas, pemberdayaan mustahik, dan literasi zakat perlu diperhatikan untuk menciptakan pengelolaan zakat yang efektif dan efisien di Kabupaten Pohuwato. Langkah-langkah penting yang perlu diperhatikan meliputi profesionalisme, akuntabilitas, transparansi, partisipasi publik, efektivitas, dan koordinasi antar lembaga. Dengan mengimplementasikan langkah-langkah ini, zakat dapat memberikan manfaat optimal bagi peningkatan kualitas hidup masyarakat dan kesejahteraan umat secara menyeluruh.
Kata Kunci: Asas-asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik, Pengelolaan Zakat, Perda Pengelolaan Zakat
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
Djordje Bogdanović, Marija Dimitrijević Ćirić, Voja Radovanović
et al.
We address the problem of UV/IR mixing in noncommutative quantum field theories from the perspective of braided $L_\infty$-structures and the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism. We describe the example of braided noncommutative scalar field theory and its quantization using braided homological perturbation theory. The formalism is illustrated through one-loop calculations of the two-point functions for $φ^4$-theory in four dimensions and $φ^3$-theory in six dimensions. In both cases we find that there are no non-planar diagrams and no UV/IR mixing.
В статье рассмотрены основные виды избирательных споров, рассмотренных российскими судами в последние годы. Проиллюстрированы примерами судебные споры об обжаловании решенийизбирательных комиссий о регистрации или отказе в регистрации кандидатов на выборах депутатовзаконодательных (представительных) органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации и органов местного самоуправления, высших должностных лиц субъектов РФ (руководителейвысшего исполнительного органа государственной власти субъекта Российской Федерации), обжаловании регистрации кандидатов (избирательных объединений) в связи с нарушениями, допущенными в ходе агитационной кампании, а также о нарушениях в ходе голосования и установления итогови результатов выборов. На основе анализа сложившейся судебной практики предложены некоторыепоправки в избирательное законодательство.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
La finalidad del presente trabajo es mostrar cómo los estudios interdisciplinarios entre los campos del derecho y la literatura pueden contribuir con el debate, en torno a la interpretación jurídica y al papel de aquello que realmente tienen los operadores jurídicos en la decisión de cuestiones constitucionales. En un primer momento, se reseñan los posibles puntos de encuentro entre derecho y literatura, así como las distintas manifestaciones que estos pueden adoptar. Luego, desde el derecho como literatura, se examina la propuesta semiológica de Roland Barthes, específicamente su teoría acerca de «La muerte del autor». Finalmente, se muestra cómo el instrumental por él acuñado constituye una de las herramientas, que mejor describe la mecánica de la actual interpretación constitucional en algunos ordenamientos jurídicos, desembocando en lo que denominaremos como «La muerte del legislador».
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
A practical long-term tracker typically contains three key properties, i.e. an efficient model design, an effective global re-detection strategy and a robust distractor awareness mechanism. However, most state-of-the-art long-term trackers (e.g., Pseudo and re-detecting based ones) do not take all three key properties into account and therefore may either be time-consuming or drift to distractors. To address the issues, we propose a two-task tracking frame work (named DMTrack), which utilizes two core components (i.e., one-shot detection and re-identification (re-id) association) to achieve distractor-aware fast tracking via Dynamic convolutions (d-convs) and Multiple object tracking (MOT) philosophy. To achieve precise and fast global detection, we construct a lightweight one-shot detector using a novel dynamic convolutions generation method, which provides a unified and more flexible way for fusing target information into the search field. To distinguish the target from distractors, we resort to the philosophy of MOT to reason distractors explicitly by maintaining all potential similarities' tracklets. Benefited from the strength of high recall detection and explicit object association, our tracker achieves state-of-the-art performance on the LaSOT, OxUvA, TLP, VOT2018LT and VOT2019LT benchmarks and runs in real-time (3x faster than comparisons).
These references help anchor the author’s arguments and provide additional sources for his interpretation of Smith writings. I am not a philosopher; I am a legal academic. Consequently, my interest in Smith runs more deeply in favour of his work on jurisprudence. An area of Smith’s work that Schliesser under explores. I think this is something that needs closer attention because Smith was committed to justice as the primary pillar of society and therefore, I believe, he positioned justice and jurisprudence as a core aspect of his integrated theory of social organisation. Having said this however, I note that Schliesser does provide some interesting discussion about property and the role of law in the development of government and social institutions. This discussion is valuable, particularly because it focuses on Smith’s writings other than what we can learn from the Lectures on Jurisprudence (LJ). I find this to be very helpful because I think it acknowledges that much about Smith’s theory of jurisprudence is grounded in his other writings. This is a point that I have recognised in my own work, but is also one that is not fully appreciated by those who treat the LJ as something other than a fully integrated part of Smith overarching theory of social organisation. Smith’s work is integrated, as Schliesser suggests, and the core of his theory of jurisprudence is established in TMS, and WN. In the LJ we get additional evidence for ideas raised elsewhere but, in many ways, the LJ are primarily descriptive presentations of the law and its history as understood at the time. Smith’s approach to jurisprudence is made more theoretical when we see LJ as part of a broader integrated discussion of his system of social organisation. Schliesser’s work helps us see this richer and more integrated aspect of Smith’s work. This is a wonderful book in which Schliesser does what he sets out to do. He develops a deeply thoughtful book about Smith as a philosopher, and he demonstrates that Smith can be understood as a highly theoretical thinker. He presents Smith as having a unifying vision of human nature and social progress, and as a systematic thinker who is interested in shaping public opinion. In writing the book, Schliesser demonstrates breadth and depth of knowledge about Smith in particular and about philosophy generally. This is an important book for philosophers and to my delight also for lawyers. The book makes valuable reading for anyone interested in a better understanding of Smith and his works.
The paper aims at reconstruction and critical discussion with the main tenets of political theory of adjudication, as presented by Rafał Mańko in his book, W stronę krytycznej filozofii orzekania. Polityczność, etyka, legitymizacja [Towards a Critical Philo sophy of Adjudication. The Political, Ethics, Legitimacy]. In the paper, I demonstrate: that the interpretation of the concept crucial for the entire theory – which is the concept of political – has been chosen by Mańko in an ideological and a priori man ner; that the choice above effectively prevents the realisation of the main objective of the book, which is to legitimise adjudication; that the adoption of the ethics of adjudication advocated in the book is – in the light of the basic assumptions of that very publication – both improbable and hardly acceptable. Finally, I claim that Mańko’s theory, due to its totality, can distinguish neither between legitimate law and violence, nor between justified and unjustified adjudication. As a result, it loses its critical force. All these problems are not peculiar to Mańko’s theory, but they are general weaknesses of various versions of critical jurisprudence.
El presente estudio descriptivo muestra la valoración que los psicólogos forenses españoles (N = 64), otorgan a los criterios propuestos en la literatura científica para valorar casos de solicitud de traslado de menores tras la ruptura de los progenitores. Los resultados muestran que los profesionales otorgaron una alta importancia a los criterios de evaluación propuestos, situándose en posiciones inferiores criterios relacionados con aspectos de infraestructura y organización familiar, económicos y culturales. Respecto al asesoramiento técnico sobre la conveniencia o inconveniencia del traslado, se aprecia que en pocas ocasiones los profesionales informan de forma favorable al cambio de residencia, mostrando una inclinación por el mantenimiento del statu quo.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology
As Mudanças Climáticas já vem apresentando consequências nocivas sobre diversas dimensões da vida humana. Com robustas previsões e diversos estudos que já apontam diversos efeitos severos e persistentes sobre diversos aspectos da vida humana em sociedade, riscos estes que vão de impactos sobre as fontes de geração de energia à questões envolvendo segurança alimentar aos problemas sociais e de saúde que o deslocamento forçado causado por ela também causa. Estima-se que, até o ano de 2050, algo em torno de 150 a 250 milhões de pessoas serão obrigadas a deixar os seus lares, comunidades e os seus próprios territórios nacionais por conta das secas, desertificação, aumento do nível dos mares, perdas de lavouras, eventos climáticos extremos e outros efeitos adversos das Mudanças Climáticas. Trata-se, portanto, de uma anunciada crise de segurança humana e das relações internacionais sem precedente na história humana. Diante disto, este trabalho tem por objetivo traçar um breve panorama sobre as complexas interconexões deste tema e realizar uma análise histórico-crítica do atual estágio de tutela protetiva desta população deslocada e as instituições de direito atualmente existentes que possam os amparar e assegurar a proteção da sua dignidade humana, um estudo realizado sobretudo sob a ótica do Materialismo Histórico e da Teoria da Sociedade de Risco, e que busca analisar, em especial, o papel da ONU e seus órgãos, das negociações do clima e do multilateralismo internacional nesta área temática do direito e da política internacional como elementos indispensáveis para a manutenção da paz mundial.