Hasil untuk "International relations"

Jack Boulton

Over the past few years, the term “toxic masculinity” has entered public debate in Namibia as a way to describe apparently problematic forms of masculine behaviour, particularly in the light of high levels of gender-based violence. Originating in Western discourse, the term itself is difficult as it can stifle meaningful and transformative conversations concerning men. Describing “toxic masculinity” as a trope, and indicating that tropes of violence have been used and politicised before, this article proposes a different way of reading men: via the mask. To do this, the “tropological place” is introduced as a space of intimacy and trust, in which the kinds of masks that men wear become visible. Although the introduction of “toxic masculinity” into debates around masculinities in Namibia should be acknowledged as an important starting point for conversations, this article urges researchers to think beyond it, encouraging more lateral relations with those that we research.

Arailym S. Mussagaliyeva, Roza M. Mussabekova

ntroduction. The article examines the activities of the Russian repressed scientist, agronomistsoil scientist, laureate of the Lenin Prize in the field of agriculture Alexandra Zaitseva and her contribution to the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan. Materials. The article uses archival documents, and many sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In particular, the documents of the State Archive of Karaganda region on scientific and technical documentation, the State Archive of Akmola region and materials of periodicals of those years were studied. Analysis and results. The authors comprehensively investigate her scientific activities in Akmola and Karaganda regions and pay special attention to her contribution and new scientific discoveries in the steppe arid zone. The study examines the merits of A. Zaitseva in the opening of an experimental station as part of the Akmola camp of wives of “traitors to the Motherland”, known as the women’s camp in the Soviet Union. It also presents her activities as a researcher in Karlag as a head of the department of agrotechnics and agrochemistry during the Great Patriotic War and in the difficult post-war years. In particular, her contribution to the sowing of winter wheat on the stubble of spring crops and grassland crop-rotation, introduced into the production practice of collective and state farms in Karaganda region. Separately, her activities in the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Farming in Akmola region as a head of the department of agrosoil science have been investigated. Particular attention is paid to her participation in the practices to reduce wind erosion while developing virgin and fallow lands in Northern Kazakhstan.

Leyde Ernesto Rodríguez Hernández

Y. V. Borovsky, O. V. Shishkina

The article uses the constructivist securitization concept to analyze the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Union (EU) approaches to ensuring energy security. It seeks to establish whether the energy supply has been securitized within the European integration process and if so when it happened. The literature review does not give a definitive and comprehensive answer to this question which is essential for all the history of the EEC and the EU. The authors of this study use an extensive documentary database available on the EU websites. They established that for the EEC/EU the energy policy securitization is a long-lasting ongoing process that came into being in 1973. Within the European integration, the securitization is justified by the dependency of the member states on the imported energy resources, which is regarded through the prism of securing reliable, affordable, and (since 2000s) environmentally sustainable supply. The authors identified two waves of energy supply securitization in the EEC/EU. The first wave was triggered by the oil embargo of the OPEC Arab countries and, generally, the world oil crisis of 1973-1974. The second wave of the 2000s and 2010s was triggered by the Russian-Ukrainian gas conflicts of 2006 and 2009 and the sharp deterioration of Russian-Ukrainian relations in 2014. For both waves, the Commission was the main ‘securitizing actor’. However, during the second wave, the European Parliament, some EU countries, and even the United States made their own ‘securitizing moves’. The ‘audience’ (EEC/EU countries) expressed its opinion towards the ‘securitizing moves’ through the European Council and the Council decisions. The research conclusions can be useful for a profound scientific explanation of the EU energy policy as well as for the operationalization of the securitization concept.

Ariel Rodríguez Kuri

M. A. Gadzhiev

The article provides an analytical review of the literature on the issue of harm in the theory of international relations, as a result of which this issue has been supplemented and expanded. The issue has initially been posed by Andrew Linklater as a question of physical harm to humans in the context of a state-centered international system. Audra Mitchell entered into a discussion with A. Linklater from the standpoint of post-humanism. From her point of view, harm should be evaluated not only and not so much from the human point of view, but from the perspective the whole world, the totality of animate and inanimate nature, including humanity. Alex Hoseason called into question the nature of causal relations in the theories of A. Linklater and A. Mitchell. From his point of view, in complex social systems, such as international system, non-linear causal relationships and multiple causality prevail. In addition, based on the philosophy of critical realism, Alex Hoseason suggested that not only actors in international relations, but also social structures can cause harm. This narrative is further developed by problematique of biopolitics. Political governance of biological aspects of the life of the population is directly related to the problem of physical harm in the sense that biopolitics, on the one hand, is aimed at maintaining the physical health of the population, on the other hand, politics is still at the core of biopolitics, so sometimes it can turn against all or part of its population as happened in Nazi Germany. Today, biopolitics at the global level is implemented in the UN development programs, in various international and transnational initiatives to promote international development, as well as in global health governance. Expanding the problematique of harm to biopolitics brings us back to the original anthropocentric model of harm proposed by A. Linklater, nevertheless, this step allows us to analyze not only the causes of harm, but also approaches to reducing it.

Andy Buschmann

This article presents the Myanmar Protest Event Dataset , a unique dataset on protest assemblies in transitional Myanmar/Burma. The data contents were derived from the most visible forms of assembly – demonstrations, protest marches and labour strikes – and collected through a protest event analysis of local news reports. The coded variables range from information on the actual moment of the protest event, such as participants, issue, duration and location, to the aftermath, including variables related to legal consequences for protesters and the success of protesters’ claims, and many others. Besides a concise description of the research design and data collection process, this article discusses methodological strengths and weaknesses of the dataset.

Heber Arbuet Viguali

En español A partir de la significación jurídica del concepto de soberanía, se analiza la evolución del comportamiento estatal, interna y externamente, en función de ese atributo irrenunciable. Así, se llega a la vinculación de la soberanía con los procesos de integración, dando un tratamiento preferencial a la situación que se plantea en el Mercosur respecto de la tranferencia de poderes, competencias y campos de juridicción. En inglés The author analyses, taking as a starting point the juridical significance of the concept of sovereignty, the state behaviour evolution, internal as well as esternal, as regards this mostly important attribute. In this way, he comes to deal with the topic of the relationship between sovereighnty and integration processes, paying especial attention to power, competences and juridictional fields tranfer.

Paulo Roberto Almeida

O presente artigo busca analisar as consequências advindas para o Mercosul da possível instauração da ALCA, e da possibilidade, ou não, da coexistência entre ambos os processos de integração.

Ж. Е. Aшиновa Ж.Е.,, Н. С. Дaутбaевa Н.С.

Жaпон ұлттық бірегейлігі бaсқa елдердің ықпaлымен тaлaй рет өзгерістерге ұшырaп отырғaн. Елде орын aлып отырғaн дaғдaрыстaр жергілікті хaлықтың дәстүрлі бірегейлігіне қaтер төндіріп отырғaн кезеңдер де болғaн. Әсіресе екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстaн кейінгі жылдaры бірегейлік мәселесі белсенді зерттеле бaстaды. Сонымен қaтaр бұл кезеңде клaссикaлық әдебиет тез дaмыды. Соғыстaн кейінгі қaрaпaйым жaпондықтaр өмірінің шынaйы және жaғымсыз жaқтaрын жaзу кеңінен тaнымaл болды. Сондaй-aқ Оэ Кэндзaбуро, Исихaрa Синтaро, Ямaкaвa Macao, Мисимa Юкио сияқты көптеген жaзушылaр сол кезеңдегі aдaмдaрдың ішкі жaн дүниесіндегі психологиялық өзгерістерді, соғыстa жеңіліске ұшырaғaн жaн күйзелістері мәселелерін кеңінен көтерген. Бұл мaқaлaдa Жaпонияның сол кезеңде дүниеге келген ең жaрқын әдеби туындылaры сипaттaлып, олaрдaғы әлеуметтік өмірдің көрінісі және жaпон бірегейлігі мәселелері зерттеледі.

Özlem Çelik

In the last 15 years, many cities in different parts of the world have witnessed various facets of neoliberal urban restructuring, from top-down gentrification projects, to mass housing projects causing a real estate bubble, and the eviction of present dwellers. The response has often been street protests and other activities initiated by the dwellers. The same sort of eviction processes have been seen across the world, followed by the widespread privatization of common lands. The Occupy Movements have reacted to the privatization of common lands in many cities of the world. This paper is an analysis of the theoretical background of such movements and a discussion of the limits and possibilities of the Right to the City (RTC) and Commons literature. The aim of the article is to contribute to the literature of critical urban studies by analyzing different interpretations and providing an overview of how these varied conceptualizations shape activism.

Ledion LAKO

The article focuses on some political categories of Antonio Gramsci’s political philosophy such as common language, political work and common sense. The thesis is that for Gramsci the analysis of language is always critique of language and the purpose of this criticism is the political transformation of the existing form of life. The political work on the life form needs a very long processing time so the intellectual characteristic for Gramsci is patience.

I. Safranchuk

This article is devoted to one of the most complicated issues of the regional politics in the Central and South Asia – the presidential elections in Afghanistan in 2014. The article studies the outcome and results of the presidential elections, political and juridical dilemmas around these results, the consequences of so called «political transit» in Afghanistan.

Alexandre César Cunha Leite, Maria Eduarda de Andrade e Sousa

A África, considerada durante décadas um continente sem esperanças, hoje se apresenta como uma região próspera que tem atraído o interesse das potências emergentes, notadamente o Brasil. Este país busca no continente africano não apenas recursos naturais e mercados para as suas exportações, mas também parceiros políticos que apoiem suas causas internacionais, contribuindo para fortalecer a sua inserção internacional e o seu status de potência. Por outro lado, a cooperação livre de condicionalidades oferecida pelo Brasil têm atraído os governos africanos, que veem a cooperação Sul-Sul como uma alternativa à assistência ao desenvolvimento oferecida pela OCDE. Muito embora as relações com continente africano tenham se aprofundado na última década, os laços com o continente africano remontam aos anos 1960. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a dinâmica da cooperação Brasil-África durante o governo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a fim de compreender os interesses que motivam esse engajamento e os benefícios que ela proporciona aos países africanos. O trabalho está estruturado em duas partes. Na primeira seção, será apresentado um breve histórico das relações entre Brasil e África. Na seção seguinte, será discutido o aprofundamento da cooperação com o continente africano durante os anos 2000. Finalizam o artigo as considerações finais.

Bruno Theodoro Luciano

Os países da União Europeia realizaram eleições para escolha dos membros do Parlamento Europeu entre os dias 22 e 25 de maio de 2014. Desde o primeiro pleito de natureza europeia, o Parlamento Europeu ganhou sucessivos poderes institucionais dentro da integração europeia, ocupando na atualidade um papel de co-legislador em quase todas as matérias comunitárias. O aumento de relevância dessa instituição ocorre simultaneamente à queda no nível de participação dos cidadãos nas eleições. A antecipação da data eleitoral de junho para maio, o contexto conjuntural de crise na zona do euro e o novo papel dos grupos políticos europeus na definição do candidato à Presidente da Comissão Europeia trazem possibilidades de reversão desse quadro de baixa participação popular e de politização das eleições europeias. Discute-se, no presente artigo, se esses elementos podem tornar essas eleições verdadeiramente europeias, haja vista a histórica predominância dos assuntos políticos nacionais nas campanhas eleitorais. ABSTRACT The European Union (EU) Member States held direct elections to members of the European Parliament from 22 to 25 May 2014. Since the first European elections, the European Parliament has gained successive institutional competences within the European Integration, presenting since the Lisbon Treaty a co-legislative role in almost all communitarian issues. The increase of relevance of this body is observed together with a strong decrease of citizens´ turnout in elections. The anticipation of the electoral schedule from June to May, the context of Eurozone crisis, and the new role of European political groups in the definition of the European Commission Presidency bring possibilities of changing the low level of popular turnout and politization in European elections. The present paper discuss if these elections can become truly European, regarding the historic prevalence of domestic political issues within electoral campaigns. Palavras-chave: União Europeia. Parlamento Europeu. Eleições Europeias. Keywords: European Union. European Parliament. European Elections.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2014.12683   Recebido em 03 de setembro de 2014 / Received on September 3, 2014 Aceito em 30 de setembro de 2014 / Accepted September 30, 2014    

Gustavo Jesús Rodríguez Albor

Monica Herz, Victor Coutinho Lage

Neste artigo, avançamos uma discussão sobre a relação entre os países BRICS e o regime de nãoproliferação nuclear, interrogando em que medida esse grupo e os países que o compõe favorecem areprodução, a reforma, o fortalecimento ou a desestruturação desse mecanismo de governança global.Começamos com uma breve discussão sobre a posição do grupo BRICS quanto à agenda de segurançainternacional, passando, em seguida, a uma ‑avaliação dos processos de transformação do regime denão proliferação nuclear no pós Guerra Fria. Finalmente, analisamos a posição do grupo BRICS e de cadapaís separadamente face tanto ao regime quanto a questões nucleares de forma mais geral. Concluímosque os países BRICS defendem o status quo em termos do conjunto dos mecanismos de governança quepossibilitam e limitam o comportamento dos atores na esfera internacional, ao mesmo tempo em quebuscam seu reposicionamento nas relações de poder que constituem tais mecanismos.

Niu Haibin

The Lula era has witnessed a changing bilateral strategic partnership between China and Brazil, having the interlocutions between both countries became more substantial, comprehensive and influential. To enlarge the global impacts of the partnership, both countries should inject more regional and global components into their bilateral agenda. In doing so, both sides need to enhance the ties not only in terms of economic cooperation but also of social interaction<br>A era Lula testemunhou que a parceria estratégica entre China e Brasil tornou-se substantiva, ampla e influente. Para aumentar o impacto dessa parceria, os dois países devem inserir mais componentes regionais e globais na agenda bilateral. Fazendo isso, os dois lados fortalecem os laços não só em termos de cooperação econômica, mas também em termos de interação social

Guillermo Díaz Pintos

SUMARIO: Resumen. - La diversidad cultural en los orígenes de la Unión Europea. — Diversidad cultural y medidas anti-discriminación.— La justicia como igualdad ante la ley. — El Discurso sobre los derechos individuales.— Justicia, diversidad y cooperación.— Justicia, derechos humanos y bien común. — El «diálogo intercultural» en Europa: un horizonte renovado de la justicia. — La propuesta del Libro Blanco «Living Together As Equals in Dignity».El diálogo como fundamento del vínculo social y el principio democrático.