Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Lale Diklitaş

Debates in the 1940s surrounding the state-sponsored translation into Turkish of a central orientalist reference work, the Encyclopaedia of Islam, gave marginalized ulema and their supporters the opportunity to (re)claim interpretive authority over Islam and to attain political influence. Through the publication of a rival encyclopaedia, the İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi, alongside a journal, the İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi Mecmuası (1940–1948), these ulema expressed their own claim to expertise and aimed to revive their scholarly and intellectual tradition in the face of representatives of the last generation of Ottoman ulema gradually passing away. For this purpose, they used several strategies on two levels, aimed firstly at asserting their own expertise and secondly at denying expertise to their rivals, the ‘orientalists and missionaries,’ such as invoking their own biographies and credentials, the complexity of their field, or their international impact on the one hand, and analysing methods, political aims, power dynamics and alleged neutrality and universalisms on the other hand. My case study demonstrates that the enactment of expertise always takes place within existing ideological debates and socio-political dynamics, as the ulema counteracted the ascription of expertise to orientalists to demand more resources, authority, and power for themselves in the long run.

Benedek Nagy

Linear automata are automata with two reading heads starting from the two extremes of the input, are equivalent to 5' -> 3' Watson-Crick (WK) finite automata. The heads read the input in opposite directions and the computation finishes when the heads meet. These automata accept the class LIN of linear languages. The deterministic counterpart of these models, on the one hand, is less expressive, as only a proper subset of LIN, the class 2detLIN is accepted; and on the other hand, they are also equivalent in the sense of the class of the accepted languages. Now, based on these automata models, we characterize the class of 2detLIN languages with a Myhill-Nerode type of equivalence classes. However, as these automata may do the computation of both the prefix and the suffix of the input, we use prefix-suffix pairs in our classes. Additionally, it is proven that finitely many classes in the characterization match with the 2detLIN languages, but we have some constraints on the used prefix-suffix pairs, i.e., the characterization should have the property to be complete and it must not have any crossing pairs.

Jan Baumeister, Arthur Correnson, Bernd Finkbeiner et al.

Stream-based runtime monitors are safety assurance tools that check at runtime whether the system's behavior satisfies a formal specification. Specifications consist of stream equations, which relate input streams, containing sensor readings and other incoming information, to output streams, representing filtered and aggregated data. This paper presents a framework for the stream-based specification language RTLola. We introduce a new intermediate representation for stream-based languages, the StreamIR, which, like the specification language, operates on streams of unbounded length; while the stream equations are replaced by imperative programs. We developed a set of optimizations based on static analysis of the specification and have implemented an interpreter and a compiler for several target languages. In our evaluation, we measure the performance of several real-world case studies. The results show that using the StreamIR framework reduces the runtime significantly compared to the existing StreamIR interpreter. We evaluate the effect of the optimizations and show that significant performance gains are possible beyond the optimizations of the target language's compiler. While our current implementation is limited to RTLola, the StreamIR is designed to accommodate other stream-based languages, enabling their interpretation and compilation into all available target languages.

شادی شجیعی, احسان قبول, کریستینا اپل

دوره‌های برخط آموزش زبان دوم به‌سرعت در جهان درحال گسترش است و مدرس، مهم‌ترین عامل موفقیت در این دوره‌ها به‌شمارمی‌آید. با توجه به عدم حضور فیزیکی مدرس در این‌گونه دوره‌ها، لازم است با کاربست راهکارهایی، «حضور تدریس» در کلاس‌های مجازی تقویت شود. هدف اصلی در این جستار این است که با تکیه بر چهارچوب مفهومی اندرسون و همکاران (2001)، «حضور تدریس» را به‌عنوان یک مؤلفۀ تأثیرگذار در دوره‎‌های برخط آزفا (آموزش زبان فارسی) به غیرفارسی‌زبانان در مرکز بین‌المللی آزفای دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد بررسی کند. روش این پژوهش به‌صورت توصیفی_تحلیلی است و ابزار آن پرسش‌نامه‌ای برگرفته از چهارچوب مفهومی حضور تدریس اندرسون است و علاوه بر تحلیل‌های کیفی، تحلیل‌های کمی نیز ارائه شده است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش نیز شامل سی مدرس فعال مرکز آزفای دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد می‌باشد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که از میان سه شاخصۀ حضور تدریس شامل طراحی و سازماندهی آموزشی، تسهیل گفتمان و آموزش مستقیم، بیشترین موافقت و کاربست با تسهیل گفتمان بوده است. از میان مؤلفه‌های شاخصۀ اول، طراحی روش‌های تدریس و آموزش آداب معاشرت اینترنتی و در شاخصۀ تسهیل گفتمان، تشویق مشارکت یادگیرندگان و مشارکت با یادگیرندگان برای برانگیختن بحث بیشترین درصدِ موافقت و کاربست را نشان می‌دهد. همچنین در شاخصۀ آموزش مستقیم کمترین درصد در میان تمام مؤلفه‌ها و شاخصه‌ها به ارائۀ مستقیم مطالب و سؤالات اختصاص داشت که بیانگر پذیرش رویکردهای نوین آموزشی در میان مدرسان مرکز فردوسی است.

Taisei Nogami, Tachio Terauchi

Backreference is a well-known practical extension of regular expressions and most modern programming languages, such as Java, Python, JavaScript and more, support regular expressions with backreferences (rewb) in their standard libraries for string processing. A difficulty of backreference is non-regularity: unlike some other extensions, backreference strictly enhances the expressive power of regular expressions and thus rewbs can describe non-regular (in fact, even non-context-free) languages. In this paper, we investigate the expressive power of rewbs by comparing rewbs to multiple context-free languages (MCFL) and parallel multiple context-free languages (PMCFL). First, we prove that the language class of rewbs is a proper subclass of unary-PMCFLs. The class of unary-PMCFLs coincides with that of EDT0L languages, and our result strictly improves the known upper bound of rewbs. Additionally, we show that, however, the language class of rewbs is not contained in that of MCFLs even when restricted to rewbs with only one capturing group and no captured references. Therefore, in general, the parallelism seems essential for rewbs. Backed by these results, we define a novel syntactic condition on rewbs that we call closed-star and observe that it provides an upper bound on the number of times a rewb references the same captured string. The closed-star condition allows dispensing with the parallelism: that is, we prove that the language class of closed-star rewbs falls inside the class of unary-MCFLs, which is equivalent to that of EDT0L systems of finite index. Furthermore, as additional evidence for the robustness of the condition, we show that the language class of closed-star rewbs also falls inside the class of nonerasing stack languages (NESL).

Abdelrahman Abounegm, Nikolai Kudasov, Alexey Stepanov

We report on a half-semester course focused around implementation of type systems in programming languages. The course assumes basics of classical compiler construction, in particular, the abstract syntax representation, the Visitor pattern, and parsing. The course is built around a language Stella with a minimalistic core and a set of small extensions, covering algebraic data types, references, exceptions, exhaustive pattern matching, subtyping, recursive types, universal polymorphism, and type reconstruction. Optionally, an implementation of an interpreter and a compiler is offered to the students. To facilitate fast development and variety of implementation languages we rely on the BNF Converter tool and provide templates for the students in multiple languages. Finally, we report some results of teaching based on students' achievements.

Sabahat Saad Moeen, Noreena Tahreem Babar

<div>In Rakmah's article, linguist-researcher. Critic - lexicographer and educationist Dr. Farman Fatehpuri with a brief introduction, 12 letters with footnotes are included. These letters are named after the educationist, researcher, editor and expert of Ghalibyat Dr. Syed Moeenur Rahman. These letters are in the family of Dr. SyedMoeenur Rahman. It will be correct to say that Dr. Farman Fathpuri and Dr. Syed Moeenur Rahman's long-standing relationship is 40 years old. Along with academic and literary topics, personal relationships are also written in the letters. This article will help the readers to understand the entire literary situation of the era of literature.</div><div><br /></div><div>Key Words: Farman Fatehpuri, Syed Moeenur Rahman, Urdu letters, literary topics.</div><div><br /></div>

Jessie Galasso-Carbonnel, Chico Sundermann

This is the proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Languages for Modelling Variability (MODEVAR 2024) which was held at Bern, Switzerland, February 06th 2024.

Laura Ciobanu, Alex Levine

The survey provides an overview of the work done in the last 10 years to characterise solutions to equations in groups in terms of formal languages. We begin with the work of Ciobanu, Diekert and Elder, who showed that solutions to systems of equations in free groups in terms of reduced words are expressible as EDT0L languages. We provide a sketch of their algorithm, and describe how the free group results extend to hyperbolic groups. The characterisation of solutions as EDT0L languages is very robust, and many group constructions preserve this, as shown by Levine. The most recent progress in the area has been made for groups without negative curvature, such as virtually abelian, the integral Heisenberg group, or the soluble Baumslag-Solitar groups, where the approaches to describing the solutions are different from the negative curvature groups. In virtually abelian groups the solutions sets are in fact rational, and one can obtain them as $m$-regular sets. In the Heisenberg group producing the solutions to a single equation reduces to understanding the solutions to quadratic Diophantine equations and uses number theoretic techniques. In the Baumslag-Solitar groups the methods are combinatorial, and focus on the interplay of normal forms to solve particular classes of equations. In conclusion, EDT0L languages give an effective and simple combinatorial characterisation of sets of seemingly high complexity in many important classes of groups.

Nurettin Beltekin

Tayê merdimî bi şexsîyet û xebatanê xo miyanê cematan de sey yew astare yê. Mewlana û xebatê ey zî miyane muslumanan de zî otir ê. Hem hetê Mesnevî û kitabê ey Yê bîn ke biyê sey kitabanê klasik, hem zî rêça ey ya tesewifî ra her tim tesîrê ey ganî yê. Rêça ey ya tesewifî têna miyane muslumanan de eleqa nêdî, eynî wext de tebere muslumanan de zî yew eleqeyo pîl dî. Heta hetê Komara Turkîye ya laîk ra zî bi şeklo resmî gelek tewecuh dî. Helbet xayeyê terefan ciya ciya yê. Mavaji, Mewlena û reça ey vera selefi û radikalan sey yew reça alternatif vernîyê muslumanan de ronîya. Awrupa zî bi eleqeya xo va ke “Ez yew îslamo nerm sey Mewlana wazena”. Helbet çîyo ke îmkan dano hemê nê xaye û nîyetan, xususîyetê vînayiş û kitabê Mewlana yê.

احسان خانی سومار, موسی پرنیان, خلیل بیگ‌زاده

پیرو پیشرفت علوم انسانی در قرن بیستم، نظریه‌های روایت‌شناسی پدیدار گشت که به عنوان علم ادبی نوظهور طرفداران بسیاری به خود جلب کرد. یکی از مباحث مطرح در روایت‌شناسی مسأله کانونی‌سازی است. ژرار ژنت کانونی‌سازی را به عنوان منظری برتر از دیدگاه برگزید که مفهومی فراتر از ادراک بصری دارد. این منظر زاویه دیدی است که اطلاعات زیادی به طور غیر صریح از رهگذر آن دیده، احساس، فهمیده و ارزیابی می‌شود. این پژوهش که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی انجام می‌گیرد بر آن است تا با معرفی کانون‌سازی، انواع و جنبه‌های آن را در رمان پرمخاطب قیدار بررسی کرده و اطلاعات روایی این اثر را سازمان‌دهی کند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد از حیث جنبۀ ادراکی، در روایت این اثر دو نوع کانونی‌گر «بیرونی» و «درونی» با موضع ادراک محدود و نامحدود، در تعامل هستند. زمان این رمان از نوع سیر خطی است. تداوم رویدادها جز در دو فصل پنجم و نهم، با حفظ زمان منطقی، بازگو می‌شوند و بیشتر حوادث، بسامد مفرد دارد. از نظر جنبۀ روان‌شناختی می‌توان احساسات قهرمان این اثر را با احساسات نویسندۀ آن همسو دانست. ایدئولوژی حاکم بر فضای رمان قیدار که نشان از ایدئولوژی نویسندۀ این اثر دارد، به دنبال معرفی شخصیت آرمانی جامعۀ ایران است؛ شخصیتی با مرام پهلوانی، معتقد، مبارز و متعهد به خاک وطن که قیدار نمونۀ اعلای آن است. امیرخانی با استفاده از تنوع در کانون‌سازی و پرداختن به جنبه‌های مختلف آن، روایت رمان قیدار را به واقعیت اجتماعی نزدیک کرده و به میزان باورپذیری آن نزد مخاطب افزوده است.

Saeed Azadeh, Ali Akbar Farhangi, Seyed Mohammad Zahedi

Trust is a vital and essential factor for individual and organizational success that increases order, stability and predictability of the future. The aim of this study is to design a model of intra-organizational trust through collective action in education in Tehran. Experts including senior managers, professors and leading consultants in the field of management of the organization were considered as the statistical community. Nine experts were interviewed in-depth using the snowball sampling method. In the quantitative phase, all education staff in Tehran were considered as a community. Three hundred seventy-seven were selected as a statistical sample. Data collection tools in the qualitative phase of the research were in-depth and unstructured interviews with experts. The data were analyzed based on the data theory method (open, axial and selective coding). In the quantitative phase of the research, a closed and researcher-made questionnaire was used. SPSS, LISREL and smart-PLS software were used for descriptive and inferential analysis. The results showed that collective action within and between the structural layers of the organization through the redesign of organizational processes can increase intra-organizational trust in education in Tehran.

Frank F. Xu, Uri Alon, Graham Neubig et al.

Large language models (LMs) of code have recently shown tremendous promise in completing code and synthesizing code from natural language descriptions. However, the current state-of-the-art code LMs (e.g., Codex (Chen et al., 2021)) are not publicly available, leaving many questions about their model and data design decisions. We aim to fill in some of these blanks through a systematic evaluation of the largest existing models: Codex, GPT-J, GPT-Neo, GPT-NeoX-20B, and CodeParrot, across various programming languages. Although Codex itself is not open-source, we find that existing open-source models do achieve close results in some programming languages, although targeted mainly for natural language modeling. We further identify an important missing piece in the form of a large open-source model trained exclusively on a multi-lingual corpus of code. We release a new model, PolyCoder, with 2.7B parameters based on the GPT-2 architecture, which was trained on 249GB of code across 12 programming languages on a single machine. In the C programming language, PolyCoder outperforms all models including Codex. Our trained models are open-source and publicly available at https://github.com/VHellendoorn/Code-LMs, which enables future research and application in this area.

Karim Mehri, Sina Samadzadeh

The book Public Policy Making Process written by respected professors Dr. Gholamreza  Esghandari, Karim Eskandari, and Rasoul Eskandari has been an attempt to reduce the resources of the policy-making process. The purpose of this article is to analyze and express the strengths and weaknesses of the book content. The book has advantages, but it also suffers from some shortcomings, the elimination of which can add to the richness of the book's topics. The authors of the book have been careful in the use of specialized terms and equivalence of foreign words, except for a few cases, and are acceptable in terms of compliance with the approved chapters. The content is compatible with scientific values and theories are not addressed.

Oveis Mohamadi

Investigation of the Literary Texts: Critical Approaches in Poetry and Narrative Texts is a work in literary criticism in which the authors try to present a practical criticism about some selected texts, which are mostly written by contemporary Arab authors and poets. This book, as a critical criticism, does not consist of a mere description of critical theories, but the criticism is executed on the text. In this book, there are some weaknesses that are considerable and should be criticized; moreover, these weaknesses are present in lots of books and articles written in literary criticism. Then, the so-mentioned book is criticized in this article in form and content. Lack of mention of equivalences of technical terms in Latin and lack of use of footnotes or misuse of it, and also lack of coherence in the structures of narrative selected texts are the most obvious problems in the form of book. Regarding the content of book, the most important criticism is the restriction of the concept of critical theories and misreading it. In addition, the presented approaches are without a coherent structure and method and are written according to an immediate impression. Samples of these two problems are seen in dispersed ideas and incoherent analyses, simplistic readings, presentation of obvious ideas and criticisms and lack of referring to important references.

Farzane Mehryar, Shahrzad Niazi, Mortaza Rashidi

In an illustrated manuscript, symbols are usually used to transfer concepts from a literary text to an image. This research deals with how the cryptic and hidden concepts of Haftpeykar’s story are reflected on the illustrated manuscript kept in Shahid Motahari University, based on the analytical-descriptive method. The results show that symbols are used in the illustrated manuscript based on the symbolic meanings of the text of the poem. In other words, symbols have been selected to convey the main message of the story, but they do not follow just the literary text but the choice of symbols in the illustrated manuscript is also related to the cultural proportions of their time. The research method in this study is documentary and analytical and the data are collected using a library research method.In mystical literature, deep meanings are expressed using symbols. The symbol displays the theme of the imagination artistically, because it is interpretable. Since Iranian painting has a long history with Persian poetry and literature, over time it merged with Old Iranian wisdom and Islamic mysticism in a way that literary texts became the basis for the creativity of Iranian painters. Nizami’s Haftpeykar is the most mysterious collection of his five versified stories. Haftpeykar’s message is spiritual excellence. Every Gonbad’s story contains a teaching for Bahram Goor to enlighten his soul. The miniature (attached image) narrates a section of the story in which the protagonist, after discovering the secret of the black-wearing people of the city, meets Lady Parizadegan.According to the results, in the miniatures of the “Black Gonbad” story of Haftpeykar from Nizami’s Khamseh (5 poetries or treasures) kept in Shahid Motahari University, symbols are divided into three categories regarding the text. The first group consists of symbols that are used exactly in the text of the poem and symbolic concepts are expressed with their help. The second group contains the symbols that do not appear in the text of the poem, but the miniature is used to convey the symbolic meanings of the story. Finally, the third category includes the symbols that are not a reflection of meanings of the text of the poem but they are influenced by factors outside the text and work to express concepts beyond the text of the poem.

محمود فتوحی رودمعجنی

چکیده تخیل شاعران فارسیگوی قرن یازده و دوازده، به جانب نازک‌اندیشی در طبیعت و ذره‌نگری در پدیده‌ها گراییده است. این گرایش همزمان است با تحولاتی که در فلسفۀ ایرانی در اصفهان قرن یازدهم روی داد. محتمل است که این همزمانی حاصل تأثر ادبیات و حکمت از یکدیگر باشد. در این مقاله مسألۀ «حرکت در جوهر طبیعت» به عنوان موضوع مشترک در شعر نازک‌خیال صائب و حکمت متعالیه ملاصدرا بررسی شده است. این جستار می‌کوشد تا شباهت دو گفتمان فلسفی و ادبی را در نگرش به یک موضوع (حرکت در جوهر) نشان دهد. برای این منظور تخیلات شعری را - که پویایی و حرکت درونی هستی را بازنمایی نمایی می‌کند- در شعر نمایندۀ برجستۀ نازک‌خیالان یعنی صائب تبریزی (1006- 1087 ق) بررسی کرده و شباهت نگرش صائب را با اندیشۀ حرکت جوهری ملاصدرا نشان داده است. آنچه صدرای فیلسوف با برهان و استدلال دربارۀ حرکت جوهری و انقلاب مستمر وجود بیان کرده شاعر نازک‌خیال با قوۀ مخیله در صورت‌های محاکاتی بازنموده است.

Robina Kausar

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Jameel Noori Nastaleeq&quot;; mso-bidi-language: ER;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ahsan Frooqi's novel "Singham" belongs to those novels which were created by inspiration of division of 1947. This division of India and Pakistan forced every mind to think about what is the relationship of the people who live in India. The character of 'Muslim' in India is permanent forever, he considers everything to the world and he forgets even to God in the love of world at last he accesses toward reality through Roman.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></p> <strong></strong><em></em>

Ross Gruetzemacher, David Paradice

AI is widely thought to be poised to transform business, yet current perceptions of the scope of this transformation may be myopic. Recent progress in natural language processing involving transformer language models (TLMs) offers a potential avenue for AI-driven business and societal transformation that is beyond the scope of what most currently foresee. We review this recent progress as well as recent literature utilizing text mining in top IS journals to develop an outline for how future IS research can benefit from these new techniques. Our review of existing IS literature reveals that suboptimal text mining techniques are prevalent and that the more advanced TLMs could be applied to enhance and increase IS research involving text data, and to enable new IS research topics, thus creating more value for the research community. This is possible because these techniques make it easier to develop very powerful custom systems and their performance is superior to existing methods for a wide range of tasks and applications. Further, multilingual language models make possible higher quality text analytics for research in multiple languages. We also identify new avenues for IS research, like language user interfaces, that may offer even greater potential for future IS research.

Lorenzo Clemente, Michał Skrzypczak

We show that it is decidable whether two regular languages of infinite trees are separable by a deterministic language, resp., a game language. We consider two variants of separability, depending on whether the set of priorities of the separator is fixed, or not. In each case, we show that separability can be decided in EXPTIME, and that separating automata of exponential size suffice. We obtain our results by reducing to infinite duration games with ω-regular winning conditions and applying the finite-memory determinacy theorem of Büchi and Landweber.