Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Charles Yang

This paper traces the global race to apply early electronic computers to numerical weather prediction in the decades following World War Two. A brief overview of the early history of numerical weather prediction in the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, and Japan is provided. Three critical factors that shaped the development of a national numerical weather prediction are identified: compute capabilities, institution building and state capacity, and talent. Several generalizable lessons are identified with a lens towards modern-day development of national strategies to leverage AI to accelerate scientific competitiveness.

Wasu Top Piriyakulkij, Yichao Liang, Hao Tang et al.

Learning how the world works is central to building AI agents that can adapt to complex environments. Traditional world models based on deep learning demand vast amounts of training data, and do not flexibly update their knowledge from sparse observations. Recent advances in program synthesis using Large Language Models (LLMs) give an alternate approach which learns world models represented as source code, supporting strong generalization from little data. To date, application of program-structured world models remains limited to natural language and grid-world domains. We introduce a novel program synthesis method for effectively modeling complex, non-gridworld domains by representing a world model as an exponentially-weighted product of programmatic experts (PoE-World) synthesized by LLMs. We show that this approach can learn complex, stochastic world models from just a few observations. We evaluate the learned world models by embedding them in a model-based planning agent, demonstrating efficient performance and generalization to unseen levels on Atari's Pong and Montezuma's Revenge. We release our code and display the learned world models and videos of the agent's gameplay at https://topwasu.github.io/poe-world.

Maria G. Castello

Historikà XIV - Introduzione e Indice

Genaro Martín Damiani

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models are nowadays a crucial quantitative tool for policy-makers. However, they did not emerge spontaneously. They are built upon previously established ideas in Economics and relatively recent advancements in Mathematics. This essay provides a comprehensive coverage of their history, starting from the pioneering Neoclassical general equilibrium theories and eventually reaching the New Neoclassical Synthesis (NNS). In addition, the mathematical tools involved in formulating a DSGE model are thoroughly presented. I argue that this history has a mixed nature rather than an absolutist or relativist one, that the NNS may have emerged due to the complementary nature of New Classical and New Keynesian theories, and that the recent adoption and development of DSGE models by central banks from different countries has entailed a departure from the goal of building a universally valid theory that Economics has always had. The latter means that DSGE modeling has landed not without loss of generality.

Zhiyang Lu, Qinghan Chen, Ming Cheng

Scene flow prediction is a crucial underlying task in understanding dynamic scenes as it offers fundamental motion information. However, contemporary scene flow methods encounter three major challenges. Firstly, flow estimation solely based on local receptive fields lacks long-dependency matching of point pairs. To address this issue, we propose global attentive flow embedding to match all-to-all point pairs in both feature space and Euclidean space, providing global initialization before local refinement. Secondly, there are deformations existing in non-rigid objects after warping, which leads to variations in the spatiotemporal relation between the consecutive frames. For a more precise estimation of residual flow, a spatial temporal feature re-embedding module is devised to acquire the sequence features after deformation. Furthermore, previous methods perform poor generalization due to the significant domain gap between the synthesized and LiDAR-scanned datasets. We leverage novel domain adaptive losses to effectively bridge the gap of motion inference from synthetic to real-world. Experiments demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance across various datasets, with particularly outstanding results on real-world LiDAR-scanned datasets. Our code is available at https://github.com/O-VIGIA/StarFlow.

Jorge Bergua Cavero

El artículo propone algunas modificaciones y mejoras al sistema de representación de las relaciones sintácticas del griego antiguo presentado en 1985 por Carlos Schrader. El objetivo es incorporar, en la medida de lo posible, los resultados más notables alcanzados en los últimos decenios por la gramática funcionalista (nivel de la proposición y de la enunciación, junto al de la predicación) y también de la cognitiva, aplicada en especial a algunos de los rasgos más notables de la prosa de Tucídides.

Munazza Zaib, Wei Emma Zhang, Quan Z. Sheng et al.

The increasing demand for the web-based digital assistants has given a rapid rise in the interest of the Information Retrieval (IR) community towards the field of conversational question answering (ConvQA). However, one of the critical aspects of ConvQA is the effective selection of conversational history turns to answer the question at hand. The dependency between relevant history selection and correct answer prediction is an intriguing but under-explored area. The selected relevant context can better guide the system so as to where exactly in the passage to look for an answer. Irrelevant context, on the other hand, brings noise to the system, thereby resulting in a decline in the model's performance. In this paper, we propose a framework, DHS-ConvQA (Dynamic History Selection in Conversational Question Answering), that first generates the context and question entities for all the history turns, which are then pruned on the basis of similarity they share in common with the question at hand. We also propose an attention-based mechanism to re-rank the pruned terms based on their calculated weights of how useful they are in answering the question. In the end, we further aid the model by highlighting the terms in the re-ranked conversational history using a binary classification task and keeping the useful terms (predicted as 1) and ignoring the irrelevant terms (predicted as 0). We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed framework with extensive experimental results on CANARD and QuAC -- the two popularly utilized datasets in ConvQA. We demonstrate that selecting relevant turns works better than rewriting the original question. We also investigate how adding the irrelevant history turns negatively impacts the model's performance and discuss the research challenges that demand more attention from the IR community.

Cheqiu Lyu, Yingjie Peng, Yipeng Jing et al.

The assembly of galaxies over cosmic time is tightly connected to the assembly of their host dark matter halos. We investigate the stellar mass growth history and the chemical enrichment history of central galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA. We find that the derived stellar metallicity of passive central galaxies is always higher than that of the star-forming ones. This stellar metallicity enhancement becomes progressively larger towards low-mass galaxies (at a given epoch) and earlier epochs (at a given stellar mass), which suggests strangulation as the primary mechanism for star formation quenching in central galaxies not only in the local universe, but also very likely at higher redshifts up to $z\sim3$. We show that at the same present-day stellar mass, passive central galaxies assembled half of their final stellar mass $\sim 2$ Gyr earlier than star-forming central galaxies, which agrees well with semi-analytic model. Exploring semi-analytic model, we find that this is because passive central galaxies reside in, on average, more massive halos with a higher halo mass increase rate across cosmic time. As a consequence, passive central galaxies are assembled faster and also quenched earlier than their star-forming counterparts. While at the same present-day halo mass, different halo assembly history also produces very different final stellar mass of the central galaxy within, and halos assembled earlier host more massive centrals with a higher quenched fraction, in particular around the "golden halo mass" at $10^{12}\mathrm{M_\odot}$. Our results call attention back to the dark matter halo as a key driver of galaxy evolution.

Caroline Day Lawrence

In this paper, children's author Caroline Lawrence shares specific examples of how she gets inspiration for her historical novels by using the five senses. Based on a practical session during a conference on sensory archaeology, she writes about visiting museums and reenactment events, handling real and replica objects and trying to find other sensory links to the ancient world. Visual inspirations include the bones of the so-called Lant Street Teen from a Roman graveyard in Southwark, an ivory and iron knife buried with her and leather bikini bottom from a Roman era well. Bay leaves, frankincense and mastic have been found in Roman graves and along with the fishy scent of garum they provide olfactory inspiration. During the conference attendees chewed mastic gum, scraped scented oil off their forearms with a replica strigil and sipped posca: water diluted with vinegar. After several other practical examples, Caroline concludes with a purely imaginary guided meditation. 

Michael Gref, Nike Matthiesen, Christoph Schmidt et al.

Automatic speech recognition systems have accomplished remarkable improvements in transcription accuracy in recent years. On some domains, models now achieve near-human performance. However, transcription performance on oral history has not yet reached human accuracy. In the present work, we investigate how large this gap between human and machine transcription still is. For this purpose, we analyze and compare transcriptions of three humans on a new oral history data set. We estimate a human word error rate of 8.7% for recent German oral history interviews with clean acoustic conditions. For comparison with recent machine transcription accuracy, we present experiments on the adaptation of an acoustic model achieving near-human performance on broadcast speech. We investigate the influence of different adaptation data on robustness and generalization for clean and noisy oral history interviews. We optimize our acoustic models by 5 to 8% relative for this task and achieve 23.9% WER on noisy and 15.6% word error rate on clean oral history interviews.

Marta Ramos Grané

Johannes Romberch's Congestorium artificiosae memoriae (Venice, 1520 and 1533) is one of the most comprehensive treatises on ars memoriae, especially from a theoretical point of view. In this sense, the role of the terms that name images is striking. Furthermore, from the scholastic concept of similitudo, there are various possibilities to develop relationships of similarity. Thus, the similitudines crystallize in different types of images (simulachrum, forma, idolum, idea ...). In the present study, we intend to discern whether this theoretical differentiation also operates in the practical part of Romberch's treatise.

Stefano Di Brazzano

The article shows how five Latin humanist poets active in Friuli and the Julian region between the late Fifteenth and late Sixteenth centuries recover the myth of the passage of the Argonauts in the North of the Adriatic: shoulder transport of the ship through the Alps, place where they had view of the Adriatic, presence of Medea and assassination of Apsyrtos. The study of seven relevant passages shows how the story, based exclusively on Latin sources, becomes from a simple rhetorical-scholarly ornament a constituent element of poetic narration and a subject for discussion.

Lucia Delaine

Renaissance techniques of memorization utilize the body, intentionally and precisely, to enhance memorization. The analysis of three Italian memory manuals from the late 1500 highlights an impressive expertise of the unique possibilities offered by an embodied acquisition of knowledge. Some concepts from current cognitive theory will help appreciate the efficacy and complexity of such techniques. This interdisciplinary reflection contributes to the delineation of a pre-Cartesian conception of human cognition.

Marcio A. Jorge Silva, Sandro B. Pinheiro

We address a Timoshenko system with memory in the history context and thermoelasticity of type III for heat conduction. Our main goal is to prove its uniform (exponential) stability by illustrating carefully the sensitivity of the heat and history couplings on the Timoshenko system. This investigation contrasts previous insights on the subject and promotes a new perspective with respect to the stability of the thermo-viscoelastic problem carried out, by combining the whole strength of history and thermal effects.

I. Czachesz

Ancient religions can be defined as the religions of Mediterranean antiquity, with important connections to the neighboring Ancient Near East. While different approaches to these religions formed throughout European intellectual history, proper academic theories and methods of their study started to emerge in the nineteenth century, with a proliferation of new approaches beginning with the 1990s. Historical approaches reconstruct the development of religions through time and discuss the problems of such reconstructions. Textual criticism studies manuscript traditions and attempts to reconstruct the original text. Various philological methods developed and used especially in biblical studies include the analysis of written and oral sources behind the text, the examination of editorial processes, and reasoning about the original context of the text. Archaeology studies built structures and artifacts from antiquity, employs a variety of dating methods, connects artifacts to social, economic, and environmental conditions, and explores the size, distribution and interconnectedness of archaeological sites. Texts and artifacts might tell different stories and interpretation is needed to gain information from both types of historical evidence. Literary theory approaches texts as finished artifacts instead of looking at the history behind the text. Text-centered approaches include rhetorical, narrative, and typological analysis. Reader-response criticism emphasizes the role of the reader in establishing the meaning of the text. Psychological approaches include traditional psychoanalysis and depth-psychology, as well as historical psychology that uses insights and models from contemporary personality psychology and social psychology. Among social scientific approaches, memory studies look at the formation of textual traditions, including oral composition, transmission, and performance. Models of cultural memory also gained currency. Sociology, social history, and economic history shed light on the socioeconomic background of ancient religions. Religious studies had an intimate connection with anthropology especially in its early period, while models borrowed from cultural and structural anthropology influenced the study of Mediterranean values and social interactions more recently. Gender studies and feminist approaches initially focused on the reinterpretation of women’s roles in ancient religions and especially since the 1990s they addressed gender as a socially constructed category. Work on voluntary associations in the Greco-Roman world sheds light on the social context of private cults. Among new developments, postcolonial criticism both examines the colonial history of ancient cultures and addresses the colonial origins and inclinations of scholarship on religious antiquity. The approach of lived religion focusses on how individuals experience religion in their everyday lives. Cognitive science approaches study the evolutionary and psychological foundations of ancient religious thought and behavior, drawing especially on insights from neuroscience, experimental psychology, and evolutionary theory. Ritual studies employ models of individual and collective ritual behavior to understand cultic practices in religious antiquity. New approaches to magic move beyond cultural constructivism and use the concept as an analytical tool to understand a set of behaviors and attitudes. Insights from cognitive neuroscience have been applied to the study of religious experience. Cultural evolutionary theory has been employed to explain the success of particular religious movements and the development of oral and written traditions. Digital humanities include the computer-assisted collection and analysis of historical evidence and computer modeling tools, such as agent-based models. Finally, network science sheds new light on geographical, social, and textual patterns and dynamics in ancient religions.

V. D. Dora

Nothing might seem farther apart than the self-enclosed space of a dusty archive and the image of a pilgrim journeying from place to place towards an ever-shifting horizon. And yet, Scott Fitzgerald Johnson tells us, in Late Antiquity pilgrim and archive were not antonyms, but synonyms, if only metaphorically. Both images, according to J., symbolize the way in which knowledge was collected and organized. More specifically, they express that painstaking ‘aesthetics of encyclopaedism’ so characteristic of much of late antique literary production, whereby the world itself was imagined and used as ‘a symbolic container for many types of knowledge’ (p. 1). Literary Territories can be situated within a fast-growing literature on perceptions of space and the geographical imagination in the pre-modern world. While over the past decade the literary territories of classical Greece and Rome have been accurately surveyed (see, for example, Purves 2010; Thalmann 2011; and de Jong 2012, among others) and both western and Byzantine medieval geographical imaginations are being increasingly mapped out (see, for example, Lilley 2013; Angelov et al. 2013; Nielsson and Veikou 2021), Late Antiquity has remained largely uncharted terrain. J.’s book thus brings a welcome and much needed contribution to the burgeoning field of the (pre-modern) spatial humanities. In the words of the author, Literary Territories attempts to build bridges between ‘a familiar Greco-Roman culture’ and ‘the often surprising and exotic worlds of Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages’ (p. 136). This is achieved through the exploration of continuities (and discontinuities) of the geographical/archival metaphor as a way for organizing knowledge in different literary genres—from early geographical writing to pilgrim and hagiographical accounts. Spanning seven centuries of human history (2-9 c. CE), multiple cultures and languages (including Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Syriac), and a geographical area stretching all the way from Europe through modern Iraq, the book nonetheless does much more than providing a literary bridge between

Idaliana Kaczor

Religious ceremonies in ancient Rome, foundational for its cult, made manifest the communal piety by the means of sacrificial rites. Adopting a formalist religious approach, the Romans carefully regulated the sacrificial process (sacrificium). Partially preserved literary sources in theory allow one to reconstruct the sequence of acts comprising a Roman sacrificial rite, with the following article employing said sources to propose a template for a Roman animal sacrifice ritual.

Pedro Ipiranga Júnior

Agrupando relato histórico, gênero epistolar, narrativa de maravilhas, trechos em prosímetro com mistura de prosa e verso, incorporando conjuntos textuais de outras obras, o Romance de Alexandre não deixa de assimilar em sua dinâmica romanesca não apenas outros gêneros de discursos, como também mimetiza os processos do fazer narrativo. Nesse trabalho tenho como propósito analisar formas de marcação narrativa no RA que digam respeito a aspectos temáticos, diegéticos ou composicionais, enfocados a partir de dois enquadramentos: a) estejam vinculados aos discursos e às ações de Alexandre e expressem algum tipo de princípio filosófico, em geral, ou ético, em particular; b) indiquem a assimilação, aproximação ou apropriação por parte do protagonista de características de determinados deuses ou heróis, mormente de Héracles, Dioniso e Amon, por um lado, e de personagens históricos ou fictícios, por outro, a exemplo de Sesóstris ou Sesôncosis, Semíramis e Aquiles. Em função disso, analisarei trechos da recensão α e, mais restritivamente, da recensão β, especificamente com a variante representada pelo manuscrito L. Pretende-se com esse levantamento e comparação verificar se essas referências constituem uma rede de sinalizações interconectadas e, consequentemente, uma forma peculiar de garantir certa forma de unidade peculiar para obra, a despeito da possibilidade de agrupar novos materiais e outros conjuntos textuais.

Tuan Tran, Tu Ngoc Nguyen

Much of work in semantic web relying on Wikipedia as the main source of knowledge often work on static snapshots of the dataset. The full history of Wikipedia revisions, while contains much more useful information, is still difficult to access due to its exceptional volume. To enable further research on this collection, we developed a tool, named Hedera, that efficiently extracts semantic information from Wikipedia revision history datasets. Hedera exploits Map-Reduce paradigm to achieve rapid extraction, it is able to handle one entire Wikipedia articles revision history within a day in a medium-scale cluster, and supports flexible data structures for various kinds of semantic web study.

B. Gaventa