Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Jean-Guillaume Dumas, Aude Maignan, Luiza Soezima

Private Set Multi-Party Computations are protocols that allow parties to jointly and securely compute functions: apart from what is deducible from the output of the function, the input sets are kept private. Then, a Private Set Union (PSU), resp. Intersection (PSI), is a protocol that allows parties to jointly compute the union, resp. the intersection, between their private sets. Now a structured PSI, is a PSI where some structure of the sets can allow for more efficient protocols. For instance in Fuzzy PSI, elements only need to be close enough, instead of equal, to be part of the intersection. We present in this paper, Fuzzy PSU protocols (FPSU), able to efficiently take into account approximations in the union. For this, we introduce a new efficient sub-protocol, called Oblivious Key Homomorphic Encryption Retrieval (OKHER), improving on Oblivious Key-Value Retrieval (OKVR) techniques in our setting. In the fuzzy context, the receiver set $X=\{x_i\}_{1..n}$ is replaced by ${\mathcal B}_δ(X)$, the union of $n$ balls of dimension $d$ with radius $δ$, centered at the $x_i$. The sender set is just its $m$ points of dimension $d$. Then the FPSU functionality corresponds to $X \sqcup \{y \in Y, y \notin {\mathcal B}_δ(X)\}$. Thus, we formally define the FPSU functionality and security properties, and propose several protocols tuned to the patterns of the balls using the $l_\infty$ distance. Using our OKHER routine and homomorphic encryption, we are for instance able to obtain a FPSU protocols with an asymptotic communication volume bound ranging from $O(dm\log(δ{n}))$ to $O(d^2m\log(δ^2n))$, depending on the receiver data set structure.

Rodolphe Baudin

This article examines the three translations of Nikolai Karamzin’s Letters of a Russian Traveler published in nineteenth-century France. Relying on Descriptive Translation Studies so as to challenge the traditional narrative about the political innocuousness of Karamzin’s travelogue, it reconstructs the historical contexts of the three publications in order to highlight the political agendas of their translators and/or translating patrons. Far from being the innocent product of the translators’ sheer curiosity, the three translations prove to be political objects, used at three key moments in the history of Franco-Russian relations in the nineteenth century, in order to call for political change, to try and restore Russia’s damaged reputation, or to attempt to forge new diplomatic alliances.

Zhang Guangxiang, Su Ning

Роль советских женщин в достижении победы Советского Союза в Великой Отечественной войне против гитлеровской Германии и ее союзников – тема, имеющая длительную историографическую традицию. В новейших исследованиях, осуществленных как российскими историками (включая позднесоветских), так и историками других стран, эта тема рассматривается в русле нескольких больших направлений. Одно из них связано с проблемами экономической истории. Женщины наряду с подростками и стариками стали в годы войны важнейшим трудовым ресурсом, массово заменив ушедших на фронт мужчин трудоспособного возраста. Их участие в кадровом обеспечении всех отраслей советского государственного хозяйства являет собой беспрецедентный пример реализации одной из моделей мобилизационной экономики, обусловленной войной. Но отсюда формируется другое направление: за счет чего, какими методами удалось провести массовую мобилизацию женского труда? В классической версии советской историографии этот процесс однозначно характеризовался как трудовой подвиг, основанный на высоком всенародном чувстве патриотизма. Некоторые постсоветские и многие западные историки видят в нем по преимуществу результат советской пропаганды и государственного принуждения. Наконец, положение женщин на производстве в годы Великой Отечественной войны, условия их труда и быта рассматриваются в русле «новой социальной истории», в частности, истории повседневности, гендерной истории и т. п. В статье суммируется эмпирический материал и доказывается на основе статистических показателей, что советские женщины фактически впервые в мире оказались определяющей силой в обеспечении потребностей военной экономики. Их трудовые достижения, материальная поддержка фронта через Фонд обороны, донорское движение были главным образом следствием искреннего самоотверженного стремления. Оно было вызвано ненавистью к врагу и желанием поддержать воюющих мужчин, что в том числе примиряло их с жестким трудовым законодательством и тяжелыми условиями труда и быта, неизбежными в условиях тотальной войны.

Dmitry Tsigankov, Ludmila Pivkina

This article is devoted to the fi gure of Moscow Governor-General Vladimir Andreevich Dolgorukov, who received extremely diff erent assessments from his contemporaries. The authors believe that Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, who wrote memoirs at the time of Dolgorukov’s resignation from the post of Moscow governorgeneral in 1891, deliberately mythologised the image of this politician, presenting him as a symbol of the traditions of governance in Russia going back in time. Chicherin contrasted the Russian intellectuals of the 1840s and 1850s, who grouped around Moscow University with T. N. Granovsky as their main representative, with the people of bureaucratic St. Petersburg of the Nikolay’s era. They left rich memories about the Moscow society and infl uenced the active Moscow merchants, whose active work for the benefit of the city Chicherin directly observed. According to Chicherin, the Union of Scribes and Merchants developed a local initiative and contributed to the formation of new relations between the people of Moscow society and people in power. Chicherin considered his work as chairman of Moscow City Duma as the fi rst attempt to make the values of Moscow society tangible in dialogues with representatives of the St. Petersburg authorities. Chicherin understood that he had lost in the course of a real historical process. However, Chicherin considered that what he did for Moscow city government in the 1880s to be important as Granovsky’s contribution to the formation of ideas about civil consciousness among Muscovites in the 1840s. Chicherin considered his liberalism as a development of the traditions of Granovsky’s liberalism. It is these questions that he paid close attention to in his memoirs.

Екатерина Викторовна Байдалова

Граница – одна из наиболее ярко выраженных пространственных доминант в творчестве Сергея Жадана. Художественный концепт «граница» представлен в его произведениях такими языковыми единицами, как «кордон», «межа» и др., может включать в себя лексему «остров» как ограниченное пространство и «вокзал» как метафорические ворота, место выхода в другую локацию. Он тесно связан с мотивом путешествия, дороги, вечного движения. В прозе и поэзии 2010-х гг. концепт «граница» становится более фундаментально связан с геополитическими, историческими, этнопсихологическими реалиями, находящимися вне литературного произведения, что характерно в целом для творчества Жадана, совмещающего злободневные вопросы современной действительности и неомифологизм. В этот период, в отличие от раннего, «граница» теряет семантику перехода. Линия границы перестает быть условной чертой, которую нужно преодолеть. Она становится местом постоянного пребывания, как пространственного, так и онтологического. Вокзал же, который раньше был символическими воротами перехода на другую сторону пространства, теряет свою основную функцию. Он становится местом, где люди могут найти приют, возможно, последний в своей жизни. Статья поступила в редакцию 13.02.2025. Рецензирование завершено 25.02.2025. Статья принята к публикации 18.03.2025. Цитирование: Байдалова Е. В. Художественный концепт «граница» в творчестве Сергея Жадана середины 1990-х гг. – 2010-х гг. // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 1–2. С. 325–339. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.1-2.15

Mussa B. Ketenchiev

The content of B.A.-K. Musukov’s monograph “The formal semantic paradigm of color vocabulary in Turkic languages,” which was published in Nalchik in 2023, is given and studied. The reviewer characterizes the two chapters of the book consistently by surveying the lexico-semantic and structural aspects of a considerable layer of vocabulary from Turkic languages representing nominations of various colors. The author’s use of the comparative historical technique in the examination of colorants is emphasized. A multivector analysis of the adjectival colorative vocabulary led the author to the conclusion that coloronyms differ from other categories of adjectival words in their specific semantics and individual grammatical features, as well as in ethnocultural terms, which are influenced not only by the Turkic language system but also by their speakers’ cultural and historical experiences. It is suggested that the author adopt the anthropocentric paradigm of modern humanities and linguistics to study the issue in question in future research.

Марина Михайловна Фролова

В статье на основе значительного корпуса опубликованных источников воссоздана церемония вручения Самарского знамени 3-й дружине Болгарского ополчения 6 мая 1877 г. в г. Плоешти. Указаны и объяснены ошибки и неточности предшествующей историографии в освещении этого события с позиций новой исследовательской парадигмы. Так, в начале 1950-х гг. советские и многие болгарские историки, упоминая факт вручения Самарского знамени, обходили молчанием саму церемонию. При публикации в сборнике документов «Освобождение Болгарии от турецкого ига» (М., 1964) докладной записки Е. Т. Кожевникова и П. В. Алабина от 25 мая 1877 г. из нее вырезали текст о пребывании делегатов в Москве, а также эпизоды, рассказывавшие о приеме посланников Самары главнокомандующим великим князем Николаем Николаевичем (Старшим). Замалчивание в литературе участия главнокомандующего в этом торжестве или упоминание о нем вскользь, а также умолчание о благоговейном прикладывании к знамени, лежавшему на мощах св. Алексия в Чудовом монастыре, императора и его семейства снижали статус самого ритуала, опуская его на уровень пусть не заурядного, но все же обычного полкового мероприятия. Не начальник Болгарского ополчения генерал-майор Н. Г. Столетов, а главнокомандующий, брат императора России, возглавил церемонию, что придало ей особую торжественность, значительность и масштабность, возводя в ранг международного события – признания Болгарского ополчения, ядра будущей армии будущего болгарского государства.  Статья поступила в редакцию 27.05.2024.  Рецензирование завершено 11.06.2024.  Статья принята к публикации 24.09.2024.  Цитирование Фролова М. М. Церемонии вручения Самарского знамени Болгарскому ополчению 6 мая 1877 г. // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 3–4. С. 352–375. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2024.3-4.19

Kirill Borusyak, Matan Kolerman-Shemer

We extend the regression discontinuity (RD) design to settings where each unit's treatment status is an average or aggregate across multiple discontinuity events. Such situations arise in many studies where the outcome is measured at a higher level of spatial or temporal aggregation (e.g., by state with district-level discontinuities) or when spillovers from discontinuity events are of interest. We propose two novel estimation procedures - one at the level at which the outcome is measured and the other in the sample of discontinuities - and show that both identify a local average causal effect under continuity assumptions similar to those of standard RD designs. We apply these ideas to study the effect of unionization on inequality in the United States. Using credible variation from close unionization elections at the establishment level, we show that a higher rate of newly unionized workers in a state-by-industry cell reduces wage inequality within the cell.

Jiawang Nie, Linghao Zhang

This paper studies the polynomial optimization problem whose feasible set is a union of several basic closed semialgebraic sets. We propose a unified hierarchy of Moment-SOS relaxations to solve it globally. Under some assumptions, we prove the asymptotic or finite convergence of the unified hierarchy. Special properties for the univariate case are discussed.The application for computing $(p,q)$-norms of matrices is also presented.

Erhard Aichinger, Mike Behrisch, Bernardo Rossi

In universal algebraic geometry, an algebra is called an equational domain if the union of two algebraic sets is algebraic. We characterize equational domains, with respect to polynomial equations, inside congruence permutable varieties, and with respect to term equations, among all algebras of size two and all algebras of size three with a cyclic automorphism. Furthermore, for each size at least three, we prove that, modulo term equivalence, there is a continuum of equational domains of that size.

O. A. Braun, M. A. Bilan, M. G. Arkuzin et al.

Higher education is not only about professional knowledge and skills: it also develops one’s self-awareness. Students’ self-identity changes as they expand their competencies and self-awareness, master new activities, and develop  professional values. According to the systemic and constructivist approaches, self-identity is a system of identities that develop in during one’s life and based on one’s conscious identity with any subjects of psychic reality. During  their university years, students' self-identity transforms in terms of structure, general state, and attitudes towards certain types of identity. In this empirical research, senior students identified more with family, close social  environment, external representation, and personality assessment. They demonstrated a positive attitude towards ethnicity and family roles as their self-identity system grew less stable and autonomous. As a result, self-identity became more dependent and blurred. The same tendencies manifested themselves in the dynamics of professional identity. The more they learnt about their future profession, the more they grew aware of its limitations, and the image of the profession became more ambiguous. All these changes led to self-identity crisis in some graduates.

Maria Barabanova

Revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya party used a terrorism as a method of disorganization of government. As objects of that except emperor became the most odious statemen and general Vassily Strelnikov, who was attorney of Kyiv military district court. He truly hates revolutionary youth, attorney activizes massive searches and arrests. Strelnikov intimidates them by death penalty that bring them to give wanted testimonies. As the inquiry progresses attorney shuffles and overcharges facts for exact death penalty. Negative recalls about Strelnikov leaved his coworker Vassily Novitzky, lead of Kyiv gendarme province governance and liberal professor of law Fyodor Kistyakovsky. These reports allow to have trust to revolutionary memoirs. A populist Vera Figner propose to kill Strelnikov. She compiles reports about his directions and everyday life. Then to Odessa came Stepan Khalturin, one of executors, the second arrived only in two months – Nikolay Zhelvakov. Khalturin invents a plan of attempt, after a murder he has to drive away a comrade in cart that waits at neighbor street. Khalturin behave uncompromisingly and don’t listen other points of view. 18 march of 1882 Zhelvakov shoot and kill an attorney Strelnikov, but both Zhelvakov and Khalturin was grabbed by people in the crowd. At inquiry Zhelvakov behave hardy and only explicate reasons of his action. But Khalturin make to excuse himself and just before an execution he gave honest testimonies. Probably he makes to put off his death penalty. This successful for revolutionists act of terrorism was prepared very bad and mirrors a state of Narodnaya Volya party after one year of Alexander II assassination.

Maria Leskinen, Ekaterina Boltunova

With the permission of the editorial board of the journal Historical expertise we publish the interview with Maria Voittovna Leskinen, Doctor of Historical Sciences, lead researcher of the Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Science. She was interviewed by Ekaterina Mikhailovna Boltunova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, head of the International Laboratory for the Regional History of Russia in the National Research University Higher School of Economics. The text of the interview was first published on the website of the journal Historical expertise in the April 2021 and hasn’t been printed before. Area of Maria Leskinen’s expertise is study of the images and perceptions of ethnocultural distinctivness of the peoples in the public and scientifi c discources. She analyzed the issues of formation of the Polish Sarmatian ideology of the 16th–17th centuries, also history and evolution of the hetero- and autostereotypes of the Poles and Finns in the ethnological and educational conceptions of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. Her last papers are dedicated to reconstruction of the perceptions of Great Russians and Little Russians as the „branches“ of the triune Russian people by russian academic community, and also to the debates about the ways of representation of the ideal type of a Great Russian during the period of emperial nationmaking. The interview touches on an issue of situation with reviewing in the national historical science, its quality and the state of the professional critisizing and polemic.

Karl Bringmann, Nofar Carmeli

We study the enumeration of answers to Unions of Conjunctive Queries (UCQs) with optimal time guarantees. More precisely, we wish to identify the queries that can be solved with linear preprocessing time and constant delay. Despite the basic nature of this problem, it was shown only recently that UCQs can be solved within these time bounds if they admit free-connex union extensions, even if all individual CQs in the union are intractable with respect to the same complexity measure. Our goal is to understand whether there exist additional tractable UCQs, not covered by the currently known algorithms. As a first step, we show that some previously unclassified UCQs are hard using the classic 3SUM hypothesis, via a known reduction from 3SUM to triangle listing in graphs. As a second step, we identify a question about a variant of this graph task that is unavoidable if we want to classify all self-join-free UCQs: is it possible to decide the existence of a triangle in a vertex-unbalanced tripartite graph in linear time? We prove that this task is equivalent in hardness to some family of UCQs. Finally, we show a dichotomy for unions of two self-join-free CQs if we assume the answer to this question is negative. In conclusion, this paper pinpoints a computational barrier in the form of a single decision problem that is key to advancing our understanding of the enumeration complexity of many UCQs. Without a breakthrough for unbalanced triangle detection, we have no hope of finding an efficient algorithm for additional unions of two self-join-free CQs. On the other hand, a sufficiently efficient unbalanced triangle detection algorithm can be turned into an efficient algorithm for a family of UCQs currently not known to be tractable.

Tian Han, Rajitha Senanayake, Peter Smith et al.

In this paper, we propose a new upper bound on the error probability performance of maximum-likelihood (ML) detection. The proposed approach provides a much tighter upper bound when compared to the traditionally used union bound, especially when the number of pairwise error probabilities (PEPs) is large. In fact, the proposed approach tightens the union bound by first assuming that a detection error always occurs in a deep fading event where the channel gain is lower than a certain threshold. A minimisation is then taken with respect to the gain threshold in order to make the upper bound as tight as possible. We also prove that the objective function has a single minimiser under several general assumptions so that the minimiser can be easily found using optimisation algorithms. The expression of the new upper bound under correlated Rayleigh fading channels is derived and several analytical and numerical examples are provided to show the performance of the proposed bound.

Olga I. Sekenova

The present paper studies ego-documents of Russian female historians written in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries, with a focus on the works of N.I. Gagen-Thorn, E.V. Gutnova, M.M. Levis, V.N. Kharuzina, S.V. Zhitomirskaya, E.N. Shchepkina, and N.D. Flittner. How do these authors, in their childhood descriptions, discuss their professional choices? By producing ego-documents, the female historians wanted to preserve their memory of childhood events in the form of a new historical source. In so doing they followed the principles that they also adhered to when wri- ting historical essays. At the same time their texts are very subjective: each reflects the respective researcher's personal experiences. Each text is unique, and there are few overlaps with the memoirs of other female historians of their time, or with those of younger colleagues. In many ways, the women were influenced by authors of the Russian memoirist tradition; they often adhered to self-censorship (even when there was no clear ideological pressure from society). As a result, the narrative about childhood turned into a narrative about the prerequisites for the self-identification of women as scientists. Memories became a form of self-representation, and this conditioned the selective nature of childhood narratives; later success in the profession was projected back onto childhood memories. The childhood narratives of Russian female historians differ from texts of their male colleagues: women preferred to describe their impressions with references to material artifacts and to everyday rituals, writing carefully about their emotional experiences. One of the most important subjects in these womens memoirs and diaries was when they for the first time experienced the gender conflict in their lives: when they understood that their scholarly ambition runs against the common attitudes about gender attitudes that they had internalized in early childhood.

Dipanwita Ghoshal, Ashwin Joy

Super cooled liquids display increasingly heterogeneous dynamics as temperature is lowered towards the glass transition ($T_{g}$). A hallmark of this dynamical heterogeneity is the spontaneous emergence of cooperative rearranging regions (CRRs) composed of fast moving particles. While these CRRs in passive glass formers have been explored in great detail, thus understanding is severely limited in active glass formers. The existing consensus on the morphology of CRRs in a passive glass former prioritizes its fast subsets, composed of fast moving particles. In the present study, we focus on a synthetic athermal active glass former and show an equal contribution for the morphology of CRRs from slow subsets as well. Both these subsets exhibit an exponential distribution in their structure which strongly correlates with the existence of CRRs. Interestingly, we also observe that the fractal dimensions ($d_{\text{f}}$) of these subsets share both string and compact like morphology that tends to vary in opposite fashion with the control parameters, namely the persistent time ($τ_{p}$) and the effective temperature ($T_{\text{eff}}$). The fractal dimension $d_{\text{f}}$ measures the roughness or put simply the compactness of fractal objects at their boundaries. More precisely, molecules are loosely bound in a structure for which boundary is rough and thereby this condition facilitates its structural change in terms of size and shape. It is also a fact that any structural change is a signature of relaxation dynamics in the context of glass forming liquids. Thus, in the present study, we observe a change in $d_{\text{f}}$ with $T_{\text{eff}}$ and $τ_{p}$ from the insights of morphology variation that causes structural change, both in the BD limit and non-equilibrium limit.

Yakov P. Lobachevsky, Yuliya S. Tsench

On the basis of archival materials and scientific literature, the article examines the history of agro-engineering education in the USSR during the global socio-economic and political transformations of the 1920s - 1930s. The article shows the importance of radical restructuring of the entire system of vocational education in accordance with the first Five-Year Plans. Presented are the major normative documents regulating the organization and further development of agricultural engineering universities. It is noted that the establishment of educational institutions took into account the specifics of soil and climatic zones, so that agricultural engineering universities would produce specialists familiar with the characteristics of the soil, climate, landscape of the respective zone, and able to work with equipment designed for the particular region. Between 1930 and 1941, nine agro-engineering universities were created, each designed with an eye for the regional specifics. The article highlights the key features of the formation of agro-engineering education, which consists in the use of local resources (primarily human and material) and of the technical base of industrial enterprises and advanced Sovkhoz state farms. The authors come to the conclusion that the creation of specialized higher educational institutions to train engineers for agricultural production became an urgent need as the collectivization of agriculture and the industrialization of production was unfolding; it established a powerful foundation for the further development of agricultural engineering education, of science, and of agricultural machine production in our country.

Alexander Shen

Vladimir Andreevich Uspensky [1930-2018] was one of the Soviet pioneers of the theory of computation and mathematical logic in general (and my teacher and thesis advisor). This paper is the survey of his mathematical works and their influence. (His achievements in linguistics and his organizational role are outside the scope of this survey.) The Russian version follows the English one.

K. Nurgaliyeva, A. Amirova, A. Nurtazinova

A social market economy is predicated on the principle that sustainable development is possible only if there is a solid focus on key economic, social, and environmental issues. The purpose of the research reported in this paper is to explore the outcomes of market reforms related to the shift to a green economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The findings from the authors’ study indicate that today the Kazakh economy is one of the world’s most energy-intensive economies, which is due to the use of outmoded infrastructure, technology, and standards, most of which were inherited from as early as the Soviet period. As a result of its market reforms, Kazakhstan has experienced tangible economic growth, but the nation’s environmental indicators remain a serious concern in relation to the health of its citizens. In the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), Kazakhstan has fallen far behind not only most developed market-oriented countries but some of the developing nations that used to be part of the former Soviet Union as well, like Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and others. To galvanize the process of shifting to a “green” economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it may help to implement some of the new instruments that have been employed as part of environmental policy in certain market-oriented countries and have proven to be efficient. These instruments and approaches include environmental taxes and levies, permit trading systems, deposit return systems, environmentally motivated subsidies, and organizations and enterprises displaying a willing, voluntary attitude toward improving their environmental performance.