Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Vikram Ravi, Kritti Sharma, Liam Connor

The dispersion measures (DMs) of fast radio bursts (FRBs) encode the total ionized-gas column densities along their sightlines. Most observed FRBs originate at distances where the cosmological principle applies. Thus, variations in the DM distribution of FRBs observed in different regions on the sky trace local sources of anisotropy, such as the warm ionized medium and circum-galactic medium of the Milky Way, and local large-scale structure. We present a map of extragalactic DM variations across the Northern sky using a few thousand FRBs from the second \chime{} catalog. We detect a $\gtrsim 4σ$ excess of $\sim$150 pc cm$^{-3}$ above the global mean, extended over $\sim$30$^\circ$ scales and centered near $α\approx$ $12^{\rm h}$, $δ\approx$ $55^\circ$. This excess, termed Wall 1, is robust to variations in sample selection and jackknife resampling, and cannot be explained by Galactic-disk DM-model uncertainties. The excess is likely too large to correspond to anisotropy in the Milky Way halo. The signal spatially coincides with the Ursa Major supercluster and associated large-scale structures. A secondary, more tentative Wall 2 near $α\approx 2^{\rm h}$, $δ\approx$ $45^\circ$ is spatially coincident with the Perseus-Pisces supercluster. Although the spatial coincidences suggest that the Walls may correspond to baryons in the local large-scale structure, the probability of chance coincidence is likely too high ($\sim10-20\%$) to claim confident associations. These results highlight the potential of using FRB DMs to detect baryon overdensities associated with local large-scale structure, and have important implications for near-field baryon mapping and FRB cosmology.

Shun Ishihara, Taka Matsutsuka

Data spaces are evolving rapidly. In Europe, the concept of data spaces, which emphasises the importance of trust, sovereignty, and interoperability, is being implemented as a platform such as Catena-X. Meanwhile, Japan has been developing its approach to data sharing, in line with global trends but also to address unique domestic challenges, resulting a platform such as DATA-EX. Achieving interoperability between European and Japanese data spaces remains a critical challenge due to the differences created by these parallel advances. Although interoperability between data spaces has several aspects, compatibility of trust in the participating entities and the data exchanged is a significant aspect due to its influence on business. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of DATA-EX and Catena-X while focusing on aspect of trust, to explore the challenges and opportunities for achieving interoperability between Japanese and European data spaces. By examining common data exchange processes, key objects such as datasets, and specific evaluation criteria, the study identifies gaps, challenges, and proposes actionable solutions such as inter-exchangeable topology. Through this analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on global data interoperability.

Alexandra Klymenko, Stephen Meisenbacher, Patrick Gage Kelley et al.

The proliferation of AI has sparked privacy concerns related to training data, model interfaces, downstream applications, and more. We interviewed 25 AI developers based in Europe to understand which privacy threats they believe pose the greatest risk to users, developers, and businesses and what protective strategies, if any, would help to mitigate them. We find that there is little consensus among AI developers on the relative ranking of privacy risks. These differences stem from salient reasoning patterns that often relate to human rather than purely technical factors. Furthermore, while AI developers are aware of proposed mitigation strategies for addressing these risks, they reported minimal real-world adoption. Our findings highlight both gaps and opportunities for empowering AI developers to better address privacy risks in AI.

Emily Beyer, Kirsten Wolf

Pulmonic ingressive speech – utterances spoken on the in-breath – is a common feature of many languages including Icelandic. This paper presents findings from a survey-based study on the use of ingressive speech in Icelandic. The research was conducted in Iceland and Icelandic-speaking communities in North America. The study confirms our first hypothesis—that ingressive speech in Icelandic is used primarily by women. Our second hypothesis – that it is on the wane – was confirmed by the North American respondents, but results from Iceland were mixed. Our third hypothesis – that ingressive speech is non-existent in North American Icelandic was not confirmed. The article concludes with a comparison of our findings with scholarship on ingressive speech in the North Atlantic/Baltic Zone.

Katelin Parsons

Thomas Söder

William Sayers

The essay examines Egill Skallagrímsson’s renunciation of his veneration of Óðinn, the god of war and poetry, in the poem Sonatorrek.  References to this patron and to the whole corpus of early Scandinavian mythology almost entirely disappear from the verse Egill composed over the last decades of his life. The events and emotional state that prompted this decision and the procedure by which it was effected is examined in detail.

Leonardo Castellani, Anna Gabetti

The formalism of generalized quantum histories allows a symmetrical treatment of space and time correlations, by taking different traces of the same history density matrix. We recall how to characterize spatial and temporal entanglement in this framework. An operative protocol is presented, to map a history state into the ket of a static composite system. We show, by examples, how the Leggett-Garg and the temporal CHSH inequalities can be violated in our approach.

Liliana Harding, Ciprian Panzaru

This study explores how refugees' destination preferences evolve during transit, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Romania. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyse data from the International Organization for Migration's (IOM) Flow Monitoring Surveys and complement it with qualitative insights from focus group discussions with refugees. The quantitative analysis reveals that refugees' preferences for destination countries often change during transit, influenced by factors such as safety concerns, asylum conditions, education, and the presence of relatives at the destination. Our results support the application of bounded rationality and human capital theory, showing that while economic opportunities are important, safety becomes the dominant concern during transit. The qualitative analysis adds depth to these findings, highlighting the role of political instability, social networks, and economic hardships as initial migration drivers. Additionally, the study reveals how refugees reassess their destination choices based on their experiences in transit countries, with Romania emerging as a viable settlement destination due to its relative stability and access to asylum procedures. This research contributes to migration studies by challenging the traditional view of transit countries and offering new insights into the fluid nature of refugee decision-making.

Sigrun Høgetveit Berg

Steffen Werther

Dieser Artikel behandelt die Wissensproduktion über nichtsesshafte Bevölkerungsgruppen wie Nachtmänner, Roma und Reisende in Dänemark zwischen 1800 und 1950. Hierbei wird die These eines dahingehenden dänischen Sonderweges vertreten, nicht nur im Vergleich zu Deutschland, sondern auch zu den skandinavischen Nachbarn. Dieser äußerte sich in einem unterentwickelten Interesse von Wissenschaft und Staat für entsprechende Gruppen und mündete in einer Ablehnung eugenischer Zwangsmaßnahmen. Die Analyse dieses Sonderweges erfolgt anhand von Schlüsseltexten aus drei Perioden: einer nationalromantischen ab ca. 1800, einer durch den dänischen Gypsy Lorist Johan Miskow geprägten zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts und einer eugenischen ab 1938. Ein besonderes Interesse gilt hierbei Kontinuitäten und Brüchen in Narrativen von Reinheit vs. Vermischung. // This article analyses knowledge production about itinerant groups such as Nightmen, Roma and Travellers in Denmark between 1800 and 1950. It puts forward the thesis of a Danish Sonderweg in this regard, not only compared with Germany, but also the Scandinavian neighbours. This Sonderweg was characterized by an underdeveloped interest of science and state authorities for respective groups and culminated into a rejection of forced eugenic measures. The analysis is based on key texts from three periods: a national romantic one from approximately 1800 onwards, one shaped by the Danish Gypsy Lorist Johan Miskow at the beginning of the 20th century, and one eugenic from 1938. Special interest is given to continuities and fractions in narratives of purity vs. mixture.

John Ragnar Myking

Johannes Köck, Jan Trna

F. Lomoc, A. P. Boette, N. Canosa et al.

We analyze the application of the history state formalism to quantum walks. The formalism allows one to describe the whole walk through a pure quantum history state, which can be derived from a timeless eigenvalue equation. It naturally leads to the notion of system-time entanglement of the walk, which can be considered as a measure of the number of orthogonal states visited in the walk. We then focus on one-dimensional discrete quantum walks, where it is shown that such entanglement is independent of the initial spin orientation for real Hadamard-type coin operators and real initial states (in the standard basis) with definite site parity. Moreover, in the case of an initially localized particle it can be identified with the entanglement of the unitary global operator that generates the whole history state, which is related to its entangling power and can be analytically evaluated. Besides, it is shown that the evolution of the spin subsystem can also be described through a spin history state with an extended clock. A connection between its average entanglement (over all initial states) and that of the operator generating this state is also derived. A quantum circuit for generating the quantum walk history state is provided as well.

Václava Beyerová

In Marianne Gruber's latest novel Erinnerungen eines Narren (2012), the theme of fear appears in various forms – first as a part of life and later as an inexplicable fear. This paper examines the forms of fear in Marianne Gruber's novel, basing the research on Sigmund Freud's conceptualization of fear. Another aim of the paper is to find out how dealing with fear is treated in literature.

Udi Boker, Karoliina Lehtinen

Automata models between determinism and nondeterminism/alternations can retain some of the algorithmic properties of deterministic automata while enjoying some of the expressiveness and succinctness of nondeterminism. We study three closely related such models -- history determinism, good for gameness and determinisability by pruning -- on quantitative automata. While in the Boolean setting, history determinism and good for gameness coincide, we show that this is no longer the case in the quantitative setting: good for gameness is broader than history determinism, and coincides with a relaxed version of it, defined with respect to thresholds. We further identify criteria in which history determinism, which is generally broader than determinisability by pruning, coincides with it, which we then apply to typical quantitative automata types. As a key application of good for games and history deterministic automata is synthesis, we clarify the relationship between the two notions and various quantitative synthesis problems. We show that good-for-games automata are central for "global" (classical) synthesis, while "local" (good-enough) synthesis reduces to deciding whether a nondeterministic automaton is history deterministic.

Somil Gupta, Neeraj Sharma

The rise of intelligent assistant systems like Siri and Alexa have led to the emergence of Conversational Search, a research track of Information Retrieval (IR) that involves interactive and iterative information-seeking user-system dialog. Recently released OR-QuAC and TCAsT19 datasets narrow their research focus on the retrieval aspect of conversational search i.e. fetching the relevant documents (passages) from a large collection using the conversational search history. Currently proposed models for these datasets incorporate history in retrieval by appending the last N turns to the current question before encoding. We propose to use another history selection approach that dynamically selects and weighs history turns using the attention mechanism for question embedding. The novelty of our approach lies in experimenting with soft attention-based history selection approach in an open-retrieval setting.

Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of

While an integration by parts formula for the bilinear form of the hypersingular boundary integral operator for the transient heat equation in three spatial dimensions is available in the literature, a proof of this formula seems to be missing. Moreover, the available formula contains an integral term including the time derivative of the fundamental solution of the heat equation, whose interpretation is difficult at second glance. To fill these gaps we provide a rigorous proof of a general version of the integration by parts formula and an alternative representation of the mentioned integral term, which is valid for a certain class of functions including the typical tensor-product discretization spaces.

Raoul Buurke, Hedwig Sekeres, Wilbert Heeringa et al.

This article reports ongoing investigations into phonetic change of dialect groups in the northern Netherlandic language area, particularly the Frisian and Low Saxon dialect groups, which are known to differ in vitality. To achieve this, we combine existing phonetically transcribed corpora with dialectometric approaches that allow us to quantify change among older male dialect speakers in a real-time framework. A multidimensional variant of the Levenshtein distance, combined with methods that induce realistic phonetic distances between transcriptions, is used to estimate how much dialect groups have changed between 1990 and 2010, and whether they changed towards Standard Dutch or away from it. Our analyses indicate that language change is a slow process in this geographical area. Moreover, the Frisian and Groningen dialect groups seem to be most stable, while the other Low Saxon varieties (excluding the Groningen dialect group) were shown to be most prone to change. We offer possible explanations for our findings, while we discuss shortcomings of the data and approach in detail, as well as desiderata for future research.

Aleš Urválek

The paper introduces the topic of the lecture series and outlines the problem areas to which the cycle sought an answer. It briefly presents the program of several magazines of the first post-war years (Wandlung, Frankfurter Hefte, Der Ruf), then focuses on the program statements of the magazine Merkur by interpreting them from contemporary contexts. Finally, he presents one of the publishers of the magazine, Joachim Moras, whose projects from 1947– 1961 demonstrate that post-war research cannot be carried out without a network analysis of "longer-lasting" continuities and discontinuities, at least of the period 1930–1960.