Hasil untuk "History of France"

Jeremie Huet, Antoine Nordez, Aurélie Sarcher et al.

ABSTRACT Background Sarcopenia is a devastating disease for older adults, but it lacks accessible and reliable tools for measuring total appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM). Two‐dimensional muscle ultrasound (US) has been developed for its bedside clinical advantages and feasibility but lacks standardization and prediction performance. We previously validated a new 3D‐US technique to measure muscle volume (MV) at bedside and applied it in a geriatric rehabilitation setting. Objectives were to analyse the concordance between 3D‐US MV and ASMM and compare concordance between 3D‐US MV and 2D‐US parameters with ASMM. Methods Participants were recruited in a Geriatric rehabilitation ward in Nantes, France, from May to October 2022. Exclusion criteria were as follows: oedema in the lower limbs or recent history of unilateral lower limb damage or stroke. ASMM was measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis; 3D‐US and 2D‐US acquisitions were performed on three muscles of the right lower limb. Measures of strength (hand grip, knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion) were also recorded. Reliability of 3D‐US MV measurements on 10 participants was high (ICC = 0.99). We used Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and bias correction factor for agreement between variables and linear regression models for prediction equations. Results Fifty‐eight participants had an interpretable ASMM of whom 17 (29%) had a diagnosis of sarcopenia. Volumes of TA, RF and VL were all significantly concordant with ASMM measured by BIA (all p values < 0.001), with CCCs respectively of 0.72, 0.61 and 0.60. MV were all significantly concordant with isometric strength (p values < 0.001). Concordance and correlation with ASMM were higher with 3D‐US than 2D‐US measurements regardless of the muscle. Prediction of ASMM reached an adjusted R2 of 0.8 with tibialis anterior volume, biometrics and 2D measurements. Conclusions This study was the first to use 3D‐US in a geriatric setting and develop a model to predict ASMM in very old hospitalized patients. MV measurements with 3D‐US proved to be reliable and more concordant with appendicular muscle mass and strength than 2D parameters.

M. Christopher Dean, Jan Garrevoet, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen et al.

Zinc is incorporated into enamel, dentine and cementum during tooth growth. This work aimed to distinguish between the processes underlying Zn incorporation and Zn distribution. These include different mineralisation processes, the physiological events around birth, Zn ingestion with diet, exposure to the oral environment during life and diagenetic changes to fossil teeth <i>post-mortem</i>. Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) was used to map zinc distribution across longitudinal polished ground sections of both deciduous and permanent modern human, great ape and fossil hominoid teeth. Higher resolution fluorescence intensity maps were used to image Zn in surface enamel, secondary dentine and cementum, and at the neonatal line (NNL) and enamel–dentine–junction (EDJ) in deciduous teeth. Secondary dentine was consistently Zn-rich, but the highest concentrations of Zn (range 197–1743 ppm) were found in cuspal, mid-lateral and cervical surface enamel and were similar in unerupted teeth never exposed to the oral environment. Zinc was identified at the NNL and EDJ in both modern and fossil deciduous teeth. In fossil specimens, diagenetic changes were identified in various trace element distributions but only demineralisation appeared to markedly alter Zn distribution. Zinc appears to be tenacious and stable in fossil tooth tissues, especially in enamel, over millions of years.

Anna Tropnikova

This study offers a post-humanist framework for the analysis of Władisław Starewicz’s entomological animations from Imperial Russia, arguing that these unique artefacts of film history provide a non-anthropocentric alternative to so-called post-Disney practices. It demonstrates that Starewicz’s work with nonhuman protagonists in Prekrasnaia Liukanida / The Beautiful Leukanida (1912, Russian Empire) and Mest’ kinematograficheskogo operatora / The Cameraman’s Revenge (1912, Russian Empire) generates an idiosyncratic approach to animated movement that the director retains throughout his oeuvre, arguing that even Starewicz’s most anthropomorphic films, such as Fétiche Mascotte / The Mascot (1933, France) and Reinicke Fuchs / The Tale of the Fox (1937, Germany) mimic the entomology-driven animation style that the director developed in his early films. This trajectory from animating insect bodies to dolls has previously been treated teleologically by some scholars, with The Tale of The Fox cited as the apotheosis of Starewicz’s career and the oft-neglected insect films presumed to be inchoate predecessors to his later dolls. However, this article takes a different position, arguing that Starewicz’s innovations in later films were only possible thanks to the tremendous popularity and developments of his earlier entomological endeavours. This approach considers Starewicz’s use of the nonhuman to be foundational for his filmography, suggesting that all Starewicz's stop-motion films remain entomological. When his films are approached through Jussi Parikka’s challenge to consider natural media as a tool for rethinking human media, opportunities for action vis-a-vis animation and novel considerations in issues of scale, content, and style are revealed.

Charlotte De Pauw, Luigi Barazzetti, Aziliz Vandesande et al.

Neglected and abandoned heritage sites are a complex research topic, which always requires a thorough understanding of the site’s past and current condition. This article examines how research on history, architecture, and participation can contribute to creating a suitable re-use project for such heritage sites, focusing on a single case study: the Royal Citadel of Messina, Italy. Within the field of history, the city and fortification’s past underscores the importance of the site’s architectural and historical value. An urban analysis and documentation campaign were carried out during the field architecture. The urban analysis focused on the site as a remarkable natural landscape with industrial surroundings. The digital documentation, concentrating on the so-called cistern, emphasized the site’s values. Within a revalorization process, community participation is vital and is, therefore, one of the suggestions to consider in further developments. The last applied method is a comparative case study, namely, the submarine base at Saint-Nazaire, France. Considering the complexity and fragilities of the site, a framework is designed that provides suggestions for the conservation, revalorization, and re-use of the site of the Royal Citadel.

Sterenn Le Maguer

This article aims to show the role of archaeological research and heritage enhancement in the political, social and economic development of the Sultanate of Oman. Although archaeological research in the Sultanate of Oman began well before the accession to the throne of Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said, it became a real political and social issue during his reign. Archaeological excavations were first entrusted to Western researchers (mostly from institutions located in the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy or Germany), thus contributing to the country's emergence on the international scene. The Sultanate now has its own archaeological service and trains Omani archaeologists. This archaeological research will not only shed light on the Prehistory and history of this territory, it will also define a heritage that will mark the identity of the Sultanate of Oman. The Omani heritage is highlighted by the inscription of five sites on the Unesco World Heritage List between 1987 and 2018. This heritage, unique in the Gulf region, is a response to the choice of high-end tourism development in order to diversify the country's economy. The Sultanate of Oman is thus building the image of an open and culturally rich country to which UNESCO, an internationally recognised institution, provides a choice guarantee. At the same time, university courses in the fields of culture and heritage are offered to encourage young Omanis to work in the tourism sector. The development of this sector has also contributed to the modernisation of the country and its infrastructure in order to link the most important sites to the capital, Muscat, thus opening up previously isolated regions.

Haris Mrkaljevic

Considéré comme le « Lourdes allemand », le village sarrois de Marpingen a fait l’actualité allemande en 1876, dans un contexte encore marqué par la guerre franco-prussienne. Cet article étudie la circulation des miracles entre la France et l’Allemagne à travers une démarche comparative et l’étude de documents d’époque (essais, témoignages, presse). Après avoir présenté les événements de Marpingen, nous analysons les modalités de réception de Lourdes en Allemagne et dans ce village de la Sarre, mais aussi les causes possibles de l’identification des visionnaires avec Bernadette Soubirous. Une analyse de la réception médiatique de Marpingen sert enfin à s’interroger sur les spécificités des territoires situés près de la frontière franco-allemande héritée de la guerre de 1870.

Saeid Alirezazadeh, Saeid Alirezazadeh, Paulo A. V. Borges et al.

Ecology, biogeography and conservation biology, among other disciplines, often rely on species identity, distribution and abundance to perceive and explain patterns in space and time. Yet, species are not independent units in the way they interact with their environment. Species often perform similar roles in networks and their ecosystems, and at least partial redundancy or difference of roles might explain co-existence, competitive exclusion or other patterns reflected at the community level. Therefore, considering species traits, that is, the organisms’ functional properties that interact with the environment, might be of utmost importance in the study of species relative abundances. Several descriptive measures of diversity, such as the species-area relationship (SAR) and the species abundance distribution (SAD), have been used extensively to characterize the communities and as a possible window to gain insight into underlying processes shaping and maintaining biodiversity. However, if the role of species in a community is better assessed by their functional attributes, then one should also study the SAR and the SAD by using trait-based approaches, and not only taxonomic species. Here we merged species according to their similarity in a number of traits, creating functional units, and used these new units to study the equivalent patterns of the SAR and of the SAD (functional units abundance distributions - FUADs), with emphasis on their spatial scaling characteristics. This idea was tested using data on arthropods collected in Terceira island, in the Azorean archipelago. Our results showed that diversity scales differently depending on whether we use species or functional units. If what determines species communities’ dynamics is their functional diversity, then our results suggest that we may need to revaluate the commonly assumed patterns of species diversity and, concomitantly, the role of the underlying processes.

Yann Lecieux, Emmanuel Rozière, Virginie Gaillard et al.

This paper presents the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system developed for a port wharf of a freight terminal, in Saint-Nazaire, France. This concrete structure has been equipped with a multi-sensor system for the monitoring of concrete ageing. The measurement chain is designed to detect the penetration of chloride ions in order to quantify the risk of reinforcement bars corrosion. Modifications of the mechanical behavior of the structural elements of the wharf are also monitored. At first, the sensors embedded within the structure and the acquisition devices are described. The data from the monitoring performed during the first months of the structure service life are then presented. The concrete monitoring at early age providing data like temperature history, strain and resistivity is useful both for the wharf owner and the construction company since it indicates where concrete shrinkage is likely to cause cracking and gives an indicator of material hardening. These data were compared to the results of material tests carried out on concrete. The study shows that a measurement chain dedicated to the SHM could be a useful tool for validating the quality of the construction of a reinforced concrete structure before being used in the framework of long-term monitoring.

Werner Eck

Für den FIEC-Kongress in London 2019 wurde im Rahmen einer Diskussion über die Geschichte der Roman Society der Autor aufgefordert, über das Thema Development of Roman Studies in Britain from an Overseas Perspective zu spre­chen. Die Thematik wurde an der Verwendung der prosopographischen Metho­den seit der Publikation der Prosopographia Imperii Romani erörtert, wie sie sich overseas und in Großbritannien entwickelt haben. Dabei wurden die verschiedenen Methoden der Auswertung solcher Daten in Deutschland und Frankreich mit denen in England verglichen und deren wichtiger kritischer Beitrag seit den späten 30er Jahren bis zur Veröffentlichung der Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire hervorgehoben. At the FIEC 2019 Congress in London, as part of a panel discussion about the history of the Roman Society, the author was asked to speak on ‘The Develop­ment of Roman Studies in Britain from an Overseas Perspective’. In this paper, which stems from that presentation, the topic is discussed through a focus on the development of prosopographical methods since the publication of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani, both overseas and in Great Britain. The differ­ent methods of evaluating such data in Germany and France are com­pared with those in England, and the important critical contribution of British histori­ography from the late 1930s until the publication of the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire is given special attention.

Philippe Dujardin

In this article, the problematic of the relationship to images is discussed in the context of Reformation and Counter-Reformation, through the iconophobia of one and the iconophilia of the other. What is at stake in this opposition is the status of the mediations that the Protestants and their Roman Catholic adversaries tolerated, refuted or hoped for within their own relationship to worldly and otherworldly realities. Henceforth the problem of the relationship to images necessarily doubled with that of the cult of saints and their supposed powers of intercession. Here this argument is tested through a rigorous examination of the Virgin Mary’s theological, pictorial and cult status, as it has developed over the centuries, and redeployed in these times of heated controversy. Such an examination eventually allows the re-examination of the inherent power of images.

Jean Boutier

Alain Dewerpe’s spatialised historical anthropology. During the almost forty years he devoted to the historian’s profession, Alain Dewerpe remained loyal to two major precocupations beyond the other central questions and objects that marked his research. We could even see them as his trademarks : the anthropological approach and the spatial approach to historical phenomena. Both were present from the Tour de France royal, co-authored with Jean Boutier and Daniel Nordman (1984), to the book he was working on when he died, on the workers of Ansaldo from the middle of the19th century to the 1930s (2017). These two closely entwined requirements gave birth to a work in which Dewerpe advanced a series of proposals, two of which are examined here : the protoindustrial proposal, tested in the frame of the genesis of the Italian industrial triangle in the years 1780-1914 ; the factory proposal, outlined with his study of the workers of the factory of Oberkampf in the second half of the 18th century and developed subsequently in his History of Work in France (1989) and the experience of the « big Genoese factory ».

Andrzej Franaszek

The year 1967 saw an unprecedented event in Paris: Polish poets, both from Poland and from the diaspora, came together with translators from France, Germany and the USA. The congress was organized by the émigré critic and essayist Konstanty Jeleński. Among the participants was Zbigniew Herbert, who had settled near Paris. This was a key moment in postwar Polish literary history as well as in Herbert’s life, as he was going through the nervous breakdown that would weigh over him for the rest of his life. This article, a contribution to the poet’s biography, portrays these moments as well as Herbert’s friendship with Aleksander Wat.

Julien Beaufils, Solenne Carof, Anne Seitz et al.

Carole Jousseins, Jocelyn Fagon, Julien Belvèze et al.

The Livestock Farm Networks system is dedicated to the development of her­bivore farming. As the Networks result from the history of French agricultural development, they are found throughout France and are organized at local level. The originality of the system lies in the partnerships between farmers, cham­bers of agriculture and the French Livestock Institute, and in that it uses a global approach to take into account the diversity of livestock farming regions and the study of livestock farming systems. The aim is not to be exhaustive, but to be representative of herbivore farming systems based on the selection of the studied systems. The aim is also to assess the evolution of these systems and to dissemi­nate the benchmarks obtained from the monitoring of 1900 farms by 210 cham­ber-of-agriculture agents, guided by 35 project leaders from the French Livestock Institute, and financed and supported by public authorities and the professional agriculture bodies. The regional and national enhancement of the Networks are aimed at different audiences: farmers, advisers, teachers (for advice or training), individuals or collectives, and local and national decision makers to improve their understanding of livestock farming systems and to measure the impact of new farming policies and lead their implementation. We also show the capac­ity of the Networks to mobilize themselves on emerging themes. Sustainability, competitiveness, working conditions or even environmental issues have been covered by the study fields of the system, well before sustainable development became a central theme. The Networks as a partnership system are sometimes complex to manage and may appear costly, but the strong and well-recognized partnership has made them a valuable resource and ensures their recognition and legitimacy. The variety of farming productions and the heterogeneous nature of the farming systems are good promoters of innovations and enable French agriculture to adapt to new challenges. The Networks not only enable the obser­vation of these evolutions, but they also act as their catalyst and guide, and help disseminate them.

R. Atkinson, A. Macintyre

Florence Descamps

Over the last few years, the French State has made considerable efforts to preserve the country's religious heritage - its church architecture and church furnishings - and to promote better understanding of this heritage. As the UNESCO's 2003 convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage comes into force in France, the time seems to be ripe, in parallel with inventory and restoration work on liturgical and sacred objets, to set up oral history recording programs in order to safeguard the traditions of individual and collective religious practices, traditions without which the objects preserved will lose their meaning.

François Verdier

The Butter-tower of the cathedral and the Crowned-tower of the abbey of Saint-Ouen which rise together, since the middle-ages, into the sky at Rouen, have many features in comon. This paper will not add new elements nor pretend to complete genesis, analysis and development of these master-pieces, but, with reference to existing knowledge, places these two important buildings in the context of "flamboyante architecture" at the beginning of the Renaissance period in Rouen.

R. Darnton

A great book about an even greater book is a rare event in publishing. Darnton's history of the "Encyclopedie" is such an occasion. The author explores some fascinating territory in the French genre of "histoire du livre," and at the same time he tracks the diffusion of Enlightenment ideas. He is concerned with the form of the thought of the great philosophes as it materialized into books and with the way books were made and distributed in the business of publishing. This is cultural history on a broad scale, a history of the process of civilization. In tracing the publishing story of Diderot's "Encyclopedie," Darnton uses new sources--the papers of eighteenth-century publishers--that allow him to respond firmly to a set of problems long vexing historians. He shows how the material basis of literature and the technology of its production affected the substance and diffusion of ideas. He fully explores the workings of the literary market place, including the roles of publishers, book dealers, traveling salesmen, and other intermediaries in cultural communication. How publishing functioned as a business, and how it fit into the political as well as the economic systems of prerevolutionary Europe are set forth. The making of books touched on this vast range of activities because books were products of artisanal labor, objects of economic exchange, vehicles of ideas, and elements in political and religious conflict. The ways ideas traveled in early modern Europe, the level of penetration of Enlightenment ideas in the society of the Old Regime, and the connections between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution are brilliantly treated by Darnton. In doing so he unearths a double paradox. It was the upper orders in society rather than the industrial bourgeoisie or the lower classes that first shook off archaic beliefs and took up Enlightenment ideas. And the state, which initially had suppressed those ideas, ultimately came to favor them. Yet at this high point in the diffusion and legitimation of the Enlightenment, the French Revolution erupted, destroying the social and political order in which the Enlightenment had flourished. Never again will the contours of the Enlightenment be drawn without reference to this work. Darnton has written an indispensable book for historians of modern Europe.

Y. Yeung, C. Lo, Chi-leung Liu et al.

P. Erickson, L. Murphy