This article aims to look at the changes that took place in Red Ruthenia in the context of social assimilation and acculturation and the interdependencies between them. These two types of integration considered by anthropological and sociological models of assimilation to be particularly relevant from the point of view of social change are the starting point for an analysis of the changes that took place in Red Ruthenia as a result of the clash of different ethnic groups formed within different legal systems, religions and cultural patterns. The changes were exemplified by the example of the upper social strata (boyars and nobility) living in the territory of the Hrubieszów district in the Chelm region. It will be important to examine to what extent the representatives of Orthodox Rusyns underwent integration processes under the influence of currents coming from outside in the form of Polish law, administration and cultural patterns. Structural assimilation will in this case be understood as the entry of boyars into new structures of state and social organizations. Acculturation, on the other hand, occured in the adoption of cultural elements such as language, religion and customs or traditions. Thus, the relationship between structural assimilationand acculturation will be shown. The article will apply a view of the transformations taking place from the point of view of the society living in these areas, using the example of a group of boyars/nobles. Based on an analysis of the sources, an attempt will be made to determine to what extent the changes that took place were the initiative of the local population (Ruthenians), and to what extent they were imposed by external factors in the form of state power or external population (immigration). It willalso be important to consider the tendency of the population to stick to the old established system.
The paper studies international legal recognition of a state using the example of the recognition of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1919-1920. One aspect of the paper is based on historiographical literature, presenting and analysing the factual situation, which forms the basis for the legal analysis. The legal analysis is based on the nature of state recognition, as perceived at the beginning of the 20th century. The backbone of the paper is the actual course of recognition of the Kingdom of SCS. Nevertheless, the paper also touches on the topic of the origin of the Kingdom of SCS and problematizes the issue of whether that state was new or old. The main emphasis for the topic is the exploration of whether the Kingdom of SCS, at the time when it was striving to obtain recognition from the allies in the Great War, satisfied the conditions of statehood from the point of view of the then relevant norms of International Public Law. The paper follows a dual theoretical understanding of the international legal concept of recognition through both declarative and constitutive theories, reflecting different understanding of recognition both in the period following the end of the First World War and today in the 21st century. To that extent, consideration of the historical concept of legal recognition contributes to a more complete understanding of this issue in contemporary international law as well.
Lesja Ukrajinka’s Lisova pisnja (1911) can be read as an eco-parable about Mavka, the forest nymph who transforms into a willow tree in danger of being felled. This paper provides a pioneering ecofeminist analysis of Lisova pisnja; it revises traditional approaches to the depiction of nature in the drama by combining them with an awareness of anthropogenic environmental degradation (the deforestation of the Volyn’ Polissja where it is set) and androcentrism, which is largely responsible for this degradation. After a brief review of key concepts in ecocriticism and ecofeminism, along with an overview of the state of eco-scholarship in Ukrainian studies and the scholarship on Lesja Ukrajinka within Ukrainian literary criticism, the paper analyzes the interrelated depiction of gender and nature, revealing Ukrajinka’s environmentalism and feminism and, at the same time, the ways in which she represents the world of the forest as mimicking and perniciously reinforcing human gender hierarchies.
History of Eastern Europe, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
P. S. Hnativ, V. V. Snitunskyj, V. M. Polovyy
et al.
Fluctuations in the climate of Eurasia during the Middle Holocene led to various adaptations of agriculture and livestock, which were engaged in the primitive ethnic groups in the current territory of Ukraine. Using the methods of paleogeography, paleoclimatology, paleobiology, the dynamics of landscape ecosystems are reconstructed and presented in the form of verbal and graphic models of the past dynamics. This allows us to understand the nature of agricultural sustainability, climatogenic transformation of landscapes and the peculiarities of the formation of the Ukrainian ethnic group in a dynamic natural environment. We show the decisive role of natural properties of local primary landscape ecosystems in the history of Ukrainian society from the time of the collapse of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the small ice age in Ukraine. The dynamics of the global and local climate (mesoclimate) is traced and analyzed and its connection and significant influence on the motivation of tribal movement in Central and Eastern Europe are shown. Migration waves, population outbreaks in some tribes, and the decline and assimilation of others are linked to the biotic, behavioral, and ultimately social and economic adaptation of peoples and the changing natural environment. The most effective and efficient adaptation is determined by the bioethological advantages of aboriginal (indigenous - those formed in the primary ecosystem) human tribal populations, prone to use their own ways of survival in local natural landscapes and often able to assimilate immigrant cultures. customs. According to our conclusions, based on the study of climate history and age dynamics of landscape ecosystems, the agricultural adaptability of primitive ethnic groups was the key to the survival and transformation of tribes into a nation during the Middle Holocene. The relatively stable ten-thousand-year climatic period of the Holocene already had extremes of high temperatures in the Minoan (Trypillia period), Roman warm subperiods (the period of prosperity of the Russian state), which are not yet surpassed. Ending in the middle of the twentieth century. it passes into the Anthropocene, and the climate changes rapidly in the direction of warming. Without an in-depth paleoecological analysis of the dynamics of landscape and biome ecosystems, it will be impossible to develop rational ways to adapt the agro-complex and environmentally safe nature management to the modern transformation of the Earth's climate and mesoclimate.
The twelfth–century forgeries for monasteries Kladruby and Opatovice in West– and East Bohemia are fascinating texts. These documents were written at the end of the eleventh century and in twelfth century. They recorded the beginnings of these monasteries in series of the deeds, and not in one single act, but all these deeds were in the second half of the twelfth century reshaped in one single document. As such, they are important sources for the establishment of the bonds between the central power and "periphery".
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
The emergence of the Slovak state in 1939 constituted a fundamental change which affected all areas of society, including trade unions. The paper aims to answer the question whether the changes that the Slovak trade union movement has affected can be described as its transformation or rather the extinction. By its very nature, the Slovak state was heavily influenced by foreign countries, especially Nazi Germany. At some stage in the development of the regime, however, he sought inspiration even in fascist Italy. Subsequently these patterns embraced in their political and organizational practice. For this reason, the study will also deal with trade union status in Germany and Italy. In the comparative context, the paper will also examine which types of foreign patterns have been taken over in Slovakia, who was their originator, and what were the activities of the trade unions in the Ludak regime?
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
The paper is an attempt to show the role of the Jasenovac concentration camp in the destruction of peoples from different parts of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) based on partially revised list „Victims of War 1941–1945” from 1964. On the basis of achieved results in the process of revision of the census list, a calculation of the total losses of the civilians of Yugoslavia, of those in the NDH and its regions, with particular focus on losses in the Jasenovac camp was made. The losses in Jasenovac were analyzed through the prism of the general losses of the civilian population of NDH during the war, in all its parts. They were all compared with the demographic structure of the population of the NDH and its regions.
Jasenovac camp system, was the largest concentration camp in the NDH, where a quarter of all killed civilians in this territory lost their lives (24.53%). The scope of the crimes committed in the Jasenovac camp clearly identify it as a destruction camp. The victims in Jasenovac were brought to the camp from all parts of the NDH. Most of the dead were originally from the two regions with which the camp was bordering, 30.60% from Slavonia and 25.13% from Bosanska Krajina, with 12.62% of losses originating from Eastern Bosnia. The victims from 4 regions had a greater share in losses in Jasenovac than their representation in the population of NDH, Banija 2.25 times, Bosnian Krajina 2.14 times, Slavonia 2.13 times and Srem 1.19 times, while Kordun had equal share. The victims of the other 7 NDH regions had much less participation in the losses in Jasenovac than their representation in the population, from 19.12 and 11.21 times lower in the part of Dalmatia and Lika, up to 2.27 and 1.23 times lower in Northwestern Croatia and Eastern Bosnia. Jasenovac was the site of the death of half of all killed Slavonia civilians (54.11%), two fifths from Srem (38.30%), one third of killed civilians from Banija (32.73%), a quarter from Northwestern Croatia (26.70% ) and Bosanska Krajina (23.27%), but also minimal parts of the killed civilians from Lika (1.28%), Dalmatia (3.49%) and Herzegovina (5.57%).
Jasenovac was the central place of death in the NDH, where 78.08% of all victims of the Roma lost their lives, 61.68% of the victims of the Jews, 23.24% of Serbian civilian victims, 11.81% of Croats, 3.50% of Muslims and 4.39% of members of other and unknown nationalities. In nine of the twelve NDH regions, Serbs accounted for the bulk of the loss of prisoners in the camp, everywhere with a predominant majority of 92.43% in the Bosnian Krajina and 91.85% in Banija, up to 54.87% in Srem, the Jews were majority in two regions (Eastern Bosnia 55,35% i Northwest Croatia 36,21%), and the Romas in one. Three-quarters of Serbs killed the Jasenovac (74.61%) come from three regions (36.88% from Bosanska Krajina, 27.20% from Slavonia, 10.53% from Banija). Of all Serb civilians victims from Slavonia, 55.54% lost their lives in Jasenovac, as well as 33.99% of Serb civilian victims from Northwestern Croatia, 33.70% from Banija, 28.34% from Srem, 23.50% from Bosanska Krajina, while the share of victims of Jasenovac in the other seven regions was far smaller or minimal (Lika 0.89%). Half of all Jews victims in Jasenovac were from Eastern Bosnia (47.65%), with 21.27% from Northwestern Croatia and 18.63% of Slavonia, while 12.45% were from the other nine regions. While in Eastern Bosnia almost all Jews lost their lives in Jasenovac (90.74%), from Jews from Slavonia and Northwestern Croatia, 54.69% and 35.89% of them were killed in that camp. Of the dead Roma in Jasenovac, 59.95% originated from Slavonia, where life was lost by four fifths of all the Romas victims from Slavonia, Srem and Northwestern Croatia. Of the Croats killed in Jasenovac, 45.92% were from northwestern Croatia, while 43.22% of the Muslims killed in the camp were from the Bosnian Krajina.
У статті проведено аналіз етнокультурної та етногенетичної проблематики у наукових працях В. Барана, опублікованих ним у 1955–1991 рр. З’ясовано, що у тоталітарну добу гуманітарна наука перебувала під потужним контролем комуністичної влади, яка вимагала від радянських вчених сповідувати марксизм-ленінізм, виконувати всі завдання режиму й не відхилятися від ідеологічної матриці, це стосувалося дотримування ними теорії стадіального розвитку людства, існування у Давній Русі так званої давньоруської народності тощо. Показано, що етногенез слов’ян та їх етнокультурний розвиток перебували серед пріоритетних напрямків радянської археології, тому В. Баран зі своїми слов’янознавчими зацікавленнями був постійно задіяний, але попри ідеологічний тиск уникав зайвої кон’юнктури і надавав перевагу виваженій дослідницькій праці, це стосувалося як дещо заполітизованої черняхівської проблематики зокрема, так і слов’янського етногенезу загалом. З’ясовано, що науковцю не завжди вдавалося втримати незалежну позицію, тому він змушений був підтримувати концепт існування єдиної давньоруської народності. Так, у деяких своїх текстах, але саме в тих, які набули найбільшого суспільного розголосу, зокрема у колективній монографії «Славяне Юго-Восточной Европы в предгосударственный период», В. Баран обстоював існування давньоруської народності у часи функціонування першої східнослов’янської держави – Давньої Русі. Доведено, що В. Барану, фундатору Київської наукової школи славістів, та його колегам-однодумцям вдалося створити власну, якісно нову концепцію слов’янського етногенезу, засадничим підґрунтям якої було положення про автохтонність слов’янства між Дніпром і Одрою. Встановлено, що в результаті складних етнокультурних, соціальних і етнополітичних процесів, у яких були залучені низка культур і культурних груп Південно-Східної і Центральної Європи І–IV ст., наприкінці IV–V ст. твориться ранньосередньовічна празько-корчацька культура.
Written seven years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, as the shockwaves of the Yugoslav wars still reverberated through the continent, Ugrešić’s essays spoke to a period of European history in which the West's lack of familiarity with the East was particularly marked. In part owing to this Western incomprehension, the period of the 1990s were a rich one for theoretical discussions within the field of Eastern European Studies, as scholars sharing Ugrešić’s concerns turned their attention to the ways in which Eastern Europe had come to be imagined as that great blank space beyond the wall.
This is the first article dealing specifically with Brezhnev in Soviet Moldavia. The article draws mainly on recently disclosed files from the Archive of the Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova, the former archive of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia. The authors are trying to understand the importance of the period when Brezhnev served as First Secretary of Central Committee of Moldavia from 1950 to 1952 for his subsequent career. In order to understand better the results of Brezhnev’s rule in Moldavian SSR and the impact on his leadership style, the authors discuss the previous career of Brezhnev as well as the activity of the previous First Secretaries in Soviet Moldavia. One of the main results of Brezhnev period in Moldavia was the consolidation of kolkhozes. In a broader sense, since this period at least, Brezhnev favoured quantity over quality.
The author deals with economic thinking in the general determination of production and exchange of material and ideal values between people going beyond the common determination of description and reflection of economic activity of manufacturing, trade and services. He ascertains that in the beginnings of the Bohemian Reformation not only understanding of the difference between the church and the society was formed, but also the foundations for the modern right-wing and left-wing thinking emerged. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that Catholic reformists and conservative Hussites maintained the opinions which may be labelled as radically liberal, while the opinions of radical reformers may be termed (proto)socialist.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Central Europe
Lithuanian Metrica contains a lot of information on the Turkic khanates of Eastern Europe of the 15th–16th centuries. It consists mainly of documents related to foreign relations of the Polish-Lithuanian State and covers its contacts primarily with the Crimean Yurt. In Lithuanian Metrica can be also found valuable information about the Great Horde and the Nogai Horde. Information reflecting contacts of Vilna and Cracow with Kazan and Astrakhan khanates is also presented in metrica although very fragmentary. The Polish-Lithuanian State inherited policy of Vilnius rulers in relation to the khans. This policy emerged in the era of the weakening and disintegration of the Golden Horde during the reign of the Grand Dukes Algirdas and, especially, Vytautas and was expressed in the form of patronage of deposed Tokhtamysh and his children. Later it continued in contacts with the Crimean Girays and (until the beginning of the 16th century) with the khans of Great Horde.
In respect of the Golden Horde, the documents of Lithuanian Metrica contain separate memories of participants of diplomatic correspondence concerning order that once existed in this State. In general, such memories occur both as references to the deeds and decrees of the former Horde’s “tsars” justifying the legitimacy of the current policies, and as norms of relations adopted at the time, presented as a model to be followed by descendants. The memory of the Horde-Lithuanian relations of the 13th – the first half of the 15th centuries are reflected in the materials of Lithuanian Metrica in the form of an equally abstract references to the relationship that existed in the times of ancestors. Tatar and Polish-Lithuanian side constantly referred to the relationship of the “brotherhood”, i.e. status equality, which were established between the Grand Duke Algirdas and Vitautas and king Casimierz on the one hand, and the Horde khans on the other.
The documents contained in Lithuanian Metrica seem to be a necessary element of the source base for the study of the later Golden Horde and ‘post-Horde’ khanates of the 15th–16th centuries (and of the 17th century for Crimea).
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization