جاء هذا البحث ليسلط الضوء على عهود الامان واثرها في الدولة العباسية والتي تشكل انعكاساً لأحوالها العامة وبما يحمل من نتائج واثار ايجابية وسلبية على الصعيد السياسي والاداري، فالأمان اجراء استحدث في ظل ظروف سياسية ليكون اساس لفض المنازعات والحروب ونبذ الخلافات والشعور بالحماية والامن والاستقرار، وهذا ما اقرته الشريعة الاسلامية ووضح مفاهيمه رسول الله في سنته، ويستهدف من وراء ذلك تقريب الدعوة الاسلامية الى عقول الناس وقلوبهم، والاطلاع على الشريعة العادلة والاخلاق الكريمة، فعهود الامان لها طرفان يترتب عليهما حقوق والتزامات متبادلة وشروط لابد من الالتزام بها من قبل الطرفين، كما ويهدف البحث الى التعرف على عهود الامان التي منحها الخلفاء العباسيين في جوانبها السياسية والادارية خلال مدة الاستيلاء البويهي والسيطرة السلجوقية والدولة العباسية قبيل سقوطها.
While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced GUI navigation agents, current approaches face limitations in cross-domain generalization and effective history utilization. We present a reasoning-enhanced framework that systematically integrates structured reasoning, action prediction, and history summarization. The structured reasoning component generates coherent Chain-of-Thought analyses combining progress estimation and decision reasoning, which inform both immediate action predictions and compact history summaries for future steps. Based on this framework, we train a GUI agent, \textbf{GUI-Rise}, through supervised fine-tuning on pseudo-labeled trajectories and reinforcement learning with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). This framework employs specialized rewards, including a history-aware objective, directly linking summary quality to subsequent action performance. Comprehensive evaluations on standard benchmarks demonstrate state-of-the-art results under identical training data conditions, with particularly strong performance in out-of-domain scenarios. These findings validate our framework's ability to maintain robust reasoning and generalization across diverse GUI navigation tasks. Code is available at https://leon022.github.io/GUI-Rise.
Guy Tennenholtz, Jihwan Jeong, Chih-Wei Hsu
et al.
Effective decision making in partially observable environments requires compressing long interaction histories into informative representations. We introduce Descriptive History Representations (DHRs): sufficient statistics characterized by their capacity to answer relevant questions about past interactions and potential future outcomes. DHRs focus on capturing the information necessary to address task-relevant queries, providing a structured way to summarize a history for optimal control. We propose a multi-agent learning framework, involving representation, decision, and question-asking components, optimized using a joint objective that balances reward maximization with the representation's ability to answer informative questions. This yields representations that capture the salient historical details and predictive structures needed for effective decision making. We validate our approach on user modeling tasks with public movie and shopping datasets, generating interpretable textual user profiles which serve as sufficient statistics for predicting preference-driven behavior of users.
IntroductionIn the 18th and 19th centuries AD, during the Timurid era in India, the subcontinent achieved a prominent position due to the presence of nobles and people of culture, relying on the history of its civilization, as well as a correct understanding of Iranian-Islamic civilization and studying a mixture of these two cultures. Studying and analyzing the works of literary elites of this period in various fields such as linguistics, literary criticism, lexicography, description of texts and Persian grammar confirms this claim. In these works, the element of nationality and supremacy of Iranian writers such as Hazin Lahiji was taken into consideration, while Indian writers stood up to defend their opinions and literary collections. One of the great writers who was able to play an influential role in the subcontinent along with great people like Siraj al-Din Ali Khan Arzu, Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami, and Munir Lahori is Imam Bakhsh Sahbai. He has created works in the field of text description, rhetoric, linguistics, and literary criticism, each of which include new insights, and offer new paths for further explorations. The works left by Sahbai show his knowledge and mastery in the conventional techniques of speech, research in Persian vocabulary and terms, text research, perfecting the art of riddles, and the description of Persian books and messages. Despite the considerable achievements of Sahbai, no comprehensive research has been done about his life, works, and thoughts. This article aims to take a small step in introducing him and his contributions. Literature ReviewSo far, three books have been written in Urdu and three articles have been written in Urdu, English, and Farsi, some of which are hasty transcriptions of the contents of those books. The books, which are among the first-hand sources, are Imam Bakhsh Sahbai by Khawaja Muhammad Hamed, Sahbai: A Brief Introduction by Muhammad Ansarullah, and Imam Bakhsh Sahbai Ki Adabi Khadamat by Muhammad Zakir Hussain. In these three works, useful information can be obtained about Sahbai’s life, the circumstances of his martyrdom, and his students; Nevertheless, due to their rarity and being in Urdu, it is difficult for researchers to use them. although the authors of these works provide useful insights about Sahbai, they do not analyze his linguistic and literary views in the text and merely state the subject of the works.The scholarly article “'Bringing Spring to Sahbai's Rose-Garden': Persian Printing in North India after 1857” written by Zahra Shah and published in the book The Global Histories of Books: Methods and Practices deals with the life and works of Imam Bakhsh Sahbai, as well as the significant contributions of his students, especially Monshi-e-Din Dayal and Dehram Narin, and the services of these two loyal students in collecting and lithographic printing of the works of their master. Additionally, the author reveals the personal goals and ambitions of people like Nawab Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān al-Qannawjī and the East Indian conspiracies in preventing the publication and promotion of literary works, especially those of Sahbai, in Persian.In 2018, Mehdi Rahimpour published an article titled “Sahbai” in the fifth volume of the Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature in the Indian Subcontinent. This article briefly discusses Sahbai's life and works, highlighting his literary and linguistic characteristics; however, the life events, the circumstances and reasons of Sahbai's martyrdom, his students and their influence in the subcontinent are not addressed. Another article written in Farsi is “Imam Bakhsh Sahbai: The First Persian Teacher of Delhi College” by Seyyedah Balqis Fatemeh Hosseini and published in the book Delhi in the Mirror of Persian Literature under the supervision of Rehana Khatun. Additionally, Pakistani writer Rukhsana Saba authored an article titled “Imam Bakhsh Sahbai: His Life, Works, and Death” published in the Urdu Development Association magazine, volume 95, number 1. Written in Urdu, this article is a summary of the three previously mentioned books and its important feature is the description of some events of the 1857 Delhi revolution and how Sahbai was martyred by the British. MethodologyIn writing this article and describing the events of Imam Bakhsh Sahbai's period, in addition to referring to the few sources written in Persian, we have cited various others in Urdu and English. We have tried to describe Sahbai's life, circumstances, and thought by referring to the available sources and criticizing and analyzing them to determine his scientific, linguistic, and literary position in the subcontinent. In parallel with the discussion of Sahbai's feelings and emotions, passions and desires, needs and wishes, we also examine his knowledge and scientific, cultural, and social relations. This article examines Sahbai's life and works focusing on several components: 1- The impact of genetic and other influential factors such as intelligence, talent, heredity; 2- The effect of education on the flourishing of Sahbai's talent; 3- The influence of the era and the living environment of Sahbai; 4- Experiences and mental abilities, knowledge, power of perception and thinking; 5- The role of Sahbai’s students in promoting the Persian language in the subcontinent; 6- Sahbai's works. DiscussionThe characteristics of the literary figures of the subcontinent in the 18th century, shaped by the rich culture ruling the area, include sobriety, contentment, appreciation, and etiquette. In addition to these characteristics, seclusion, unity of thought, and relentless work ethic which Iqbal Lahori describes as “blood of liver” are the notable behavioral and scientific attributes of this group, including Sahbai. In his treatise Mathmar, Khan Arzu examines different dialects, then investigates the works and status of Persian poets and raises the question “Are the works of Persian writers of India considered documented?”. On page 34 of his treatise, Arzu asserts that only those who have worked hard to become among the people of language and are “able to speak” are reliable. In fact, Sahbai was one of those eloquent speakers who spent his life until his martyrdom on the path of learning and writing numerous works in various fields such as text description, grammar, discursive trial and debate, and also in order to train scholarly students, each of whom was unique in his time. After Khan Arzu, literary criticism and linguistics reached new heights with Sahbai.ConclusionAs a result of his genius, research on Persian and Arabic texts and a remarkable memory, Sahbai is considered an opinionated and precise thinker, as well as an innovative critic.Sahbai's writings about Tarshizi's works such as Sharh-i Se Nathr-i-Zuhuri and Sharh-i Minabazar alongside his critical treatises like Nata’ij-i-Afkar, I‘la’-al-Haq, and Qol Faisal are of great importance among his prose works.
Multilingualism and multiculturalism have been integral aspects of human civilization throughout history, yet they continue to present significant communicative challenges. Jacques Derrida likened the effort to understand others through translation to the reconstruction of the Tower of Babel, emphasizing the difficulty of finding precise expressions across different languages and cultural contexts (Derrida, 1985). This paper argues that learning and studying diverse languages are essential not only for thriving in a multicultural world but also for fostering peace and mutual trust in an increasingly interconnected global society. The central thesis posits that global development trends and intercultural communication should be embraced as opportunities to promote multilingualism rather than as competitive barriers. Drawing on interculturalism theories by scholars such as Zapata-Barrero, Kymlicka, and Vertovec, this paper underscores the importance of creating a superdiverse world where multilingualism ensures cultural-linguistic inclusivity. The study further highlights the necessity of pragmatic approaches to integrate linguistic diversity into global and local policies, particularly in regions like Southeast Europe. By doing so, it seeks to position language studies as crucial to the era of globalization.
Traditional imitation learning focuses on modeling the behavioral mechanisms of experts, which requires a large amount of interaction history generated by some fixed expert. However, in many streaming applications, such as streaming recommender systems, online decision-makers typically engage in online learning during the decision-making process, meaning that the interaction history generated by online decision-makers includes their behavioral evolution from novice expert to experienced expert. This poses a new challenge for existing imitation learning approaches that can only utilize data from experienced experts. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inverse batched contextual bandit (IBCB) framework that can efficiently perform estimations of environment reward parameters and learned policy based on the expert's behavioral evolution history. Specifically, IBCB formulates the inverse problem into a simple quadratic programming problem by utilizing the behavioral evolution history of the batched contextual bandit with inaccessible rewards. We demonstrate that IBCB is a unified framework for both deterministic and randomized bandit policies. The experimental results indicate that IBCB outperforms several existing imitation learning algorithms on synthetic and real-world data and significantly reduces running time. Additionally, empirical analyses reveal that IBCB exhibits better out-of-distribution generalization and is highly effective in learning the bandit policy from the interaction history of novice experts.
We overview the history of primordial black hole (PBH) research from the first papers around 50 years ago to the present epoch. The history may be divided into four periods, the dividing lines being marked by three key developments: inflation on the theoretical front and the detection of microlensing events by the MACHO project and gravitational waves by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA project on the observation front. However, they are also characterised by somewhat different focuses of research. The period 1967-1980 covered the groundbreaking work on PBH formation and evaporation. The period 1980-1996 mainly focussed on their formation, while the period 1996-2016 consolidated the work on formation but also collated the constraints on the PBH abundance. In the period 2016-2024 there was a shift of emphasis to the search for evidence for PBHs and - while opinions about the strength of the purported evidence vary - this has motivated more careful studies of some aspects of the subject. Certainly the soaring number of papers on PBHs in this last period indicates a growing interest in the topic.
Huy Nguyen, Christoph Treude, Patanamon Thongtanunam
With the exponential growth of AI tools that generate source code, understanding software has become crucial. When developers comprehend a program, they may refer to additional contexts to look for information, e.g. program documentation or historical code versions. Therefore, we argue that encoding this additional contextual information could also benefit code representation for deep learning. Recent papers incorporate contextual data (e.g. call hierarchy) into vector representation to address program comprehension problems. This motivates further studies to explore additional contexts, such as version history, to enhance models' understanding of programs. That is, insights from version history enable recognition of patterns in code evolution over time, recurring issues, and the effectiveness of past solutions. Our paper presents preliminary evidence of the potential benefit of encoding contextual information from the version history to predict code clones and perform code classification. We experiment with two representative deep learning models, ASTNN and CodeBERT, to investigate whether combining additional contexts with different aggregations may benefit downstream activities. The experimental result affirms the positive impact of combining version history into source code representation in all scenarios; however, to ensure the technique performs consistently, we need to conduct a holistic investigation on a larger code base using different combinations of contexts, aggregation, and models. Therefore, we propose a research agenda aimed at exploring various aspects of encoding additional context to improve code representation and its optimal utilisation in specific situations.
Modeling policies for sequential clinical decision-making based on observational data is useful for describing treatment practices, standardizing frequent patterns in treatment, and evaluating alternative policies. For each task, it is essential that the policy model is interpretable. Learning accurate models requires effectively capturing the state of a patient, either through sequence representation learning or carefully crafted summaries of their medical history. While recent work has favored the former, it remains a question as to how histories should best be represented for interpretable policy modeling. Focused on model fit, we systematically compare diverse approaches to summarizing patient history for interpretable modeling of clinical policies across four sequential decision-making tasks. We illustrate differences in the policies learned using various representations by breaking down evaluations by patient subgroups, critical states, and stages of treatment, highlighting challenges specific to common use cases. We find that interpretable sequence models using learned representations perform on par with black-box models across all tasks. Interpretable models using hand-crafted representations perform substantially worse when ignoring history entirely, but are made competitive by incorporating only a few aggregated and recent elements of patient history. The added benefits of using a richer representation are pronounced for subgroups and in specific use cases. This underscores the importance of evaluating policy models in the context of their intended use.
Muhammad Shihab Rashid, Jannat Ara Meem, Vagelis Hristidis
Open Retrieval Conversational Question Answering (OrConvQA) answers a question given a conversation as context and a document collection. A typical OrConvQA pipeline consists of three modules: a Retriever to retrieve relevant documents from the collection, a Reranker to rerank them given the question and the context, and a Reader to extract an answer span. The conversational turns can provide valuable context to answer the final query. State-of-the-art OrConvQA systems use the same history modeling for all three modules of the pipeline. We hypothesize this as suboptimal. Specifically, we argue that a broader context is needed in the first modules of the pipeline to not miss relevant documents, while a narrower context is needed in the last modules to identify the exact answer span. We propose NORMY, the first unsupervised non-uniform history modeling pipeline which generates the best conversational history for each module. We further propose a novel Retriever for NORMY, which employs keyphrase extraction on the conversation history, and leverages passages retrieved in previous turns as additional context. We also created a new dataset for OrConvQA, by expanding the doc2dial dataset. We implemented various state-of-the-art history modeling techniques and comprehensively evaluated them separately for each module of the pipeline on three datasets: OR-QUAC, our doc2dial extension, and ConvMix. Our extensive experiments show that NORMY outperforms the state-of-the-art in the individual modules and in the end-to-end system.
The goal of the research. Introduction into scientific circulation of printed film posters from collection of the Fine Arts Department of the Institute of Book Studies of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine as visual information sources for studying the Ukrainian-Polish cultural relations of the 1960s-1980s. Methodology. The method of systematization was used to work out the collection of polonika in the fond of Ukrainian printed film posters of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine. The historical and cultural method is used to study the history of the Polish cinema, the activities of film organizations and joint projects of Polish filmmakers in cooperation with artists from other countries. Art criticism analysis is used for figurative and stylistic characteristics of film posters dedicated to the Polish cinema. Scientific novelty. Separated from the collection of Ukrainian printed film posters of the Fine Arts Department of the Institute of Book Studies of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, collection of posters on the Polish subjects, for the first time, became the object of study in the context of studies of the existence of the Polish cinema in the second half of the 1950s - early 1980s in Ukraine. Conclusions. A remarkable revival of the Soviet-Polish cultural cooperation in the early 1960s and the active arrival of new Polish films in Ukrainian distribution led to the emergence of such a phenomenal phenomenon as polonika in domestic printed film posters. Posters made by Ukrainian artists in the second half of the 20th century are now perceived as peculiar artifacts, original sheets of fine publications on the history of the Polish cinema art of the corresponding period, as documentary sources of cinematographic biographies and national film production in Poland. They represent a wide genre and thematic direction of Polish films advertised and promoted in Ukraine in the late 1950s - early 1980s and at the same time are important visual and informational sources for the study of the Ukrainian-Polish cultural and artistic relations. A detailed analysis of individual samples of film posters clearly demonstrates the specifics of this type of poster graphics and illustrates the peculiarities of creative experiments of Ukrainian artists in artistic advertising of Polish films.
This study evaluates the historical significance of canaries in human history as
well as their position in late Ottoman culture and daily life. The relationship, that
people have developed with nature since hunter-gatherer societies, has evolved
to its present state by becoming integrated with the advancement of civilization.
The genus Serinus, to which the canaries belong, and which is one of the original
examples of this bond, has been in the field of interest of human relations and
communications since early times. However, the original Serinus genre of the
Canary Islands, was transformed into a capitalist consumption commodity as
a result of new geographic discoveries in the XV and XVI centuries. Curiosity
regarding canaries and their trade was met with interest in the Ottoman society too.
The bonds that the nomadic Turks formed with animals and birds influenced Seljuk
and Ottoman cultural elements, making the canary a part of Ottoman daily life. It
is noteworthy that this creature was reflected in literary texts, folkloric elements,
books, and archive documents with various narratives, particularly in the last years
of the Ottoman Empire. This study is a qualitative inquiry into the history of the
Canaries and how they influenced Ottoman cultural life. The data of the study
were obtained from documents, books, and articles from the late XIX and early
XX centuries, including today’s literature. This study reveals that throughout the
course of human history, canaries have been subjected to cultural, economic, and
aesthetic definitions and perceptions.
This paper presents stamped Rhodian containers from the excavations of ancient monuments of the Kuban river region, stored in the Krasnodar State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve named after E.D. Felitsyn. The greater part of the amphorae was found as a result of excavations of Maeotian burials mainly, which contained other imports: black-glazed or red-glazed ceramics, relief bowls, etc. The first part of the publication focuses on characterizing the complexes. It is noted that in some instances we encounter inconsistencies in the dating of different inventory items originating from the same burial. In the second part of the article, single amphorae, which origin cannot reliably be identified, are analyzed. The stamps imprinted on them are of special significance. There are stamps containing new previously unknown combinations of eponyms and fabricants names on three of the amphorae. In two cases, the commonly accepted period of activity of the fabricants Διονύσιος and ΙΜΑ(-) should be prolonged for 10–15 years. The situation with the fabricant Ζωίλος is different. Traditionally, his name was associated with eponyms of the III period (198–161 BC), however, in our case his stamp is on the amphora in combination with the stamp of the eponym dated to the Vb period (125–121 BC) – Τεισαμένος. It is thought that here the point at issue is a homonym. An indirect proof of this is the different typological affiliation of the fabricants’ stamps. Among the Rhodian stamps, there are rectangular unemblemed imprints with the name Ζωίλος and round imprints with the same name around the rose. In the final part, examples of new combinations of stamps of eponyms and fabricants, whose activities do not have chronological gaps, are given as well as vessels with stamps of previously unknown stamps are considered. The amphora stamped by fabricant Μένων II, who worked in the time of the eponyms of periods II and III, is of special interest; the eponymous stamp is reconstructed as may be supposed. In this case, the vessel itself is of interest, representing a later, previously unknown variety of amphorae of the “koroni” variant.
The study of cultural artifact provenance, tracing ownership and preservation, holds significant importance in archaeology and art history. Modern technology has advanced this field, yet challenges persist, including recognizing evidence from diverse sources, integrating sociocultural context, and enhancing interactive automation for comprehensive provenance analysis. In collaboration with art historians, we examined the handscroll, a traditional Chinese painting form that provides a rich source of historical data and a unique opportunity to explore history through cultural artifacts. We present a three-tiered methodology encompassing artifact, contextual, and provenance levels, designed to create a "Biography" for handscroll. Our approach incorporates the application of image processing techniques and language models to extract, validate, and augment elements within handscroll using various cultural heritage databases. To facilitate efficient analysis of non-contiguous extracted elements, we have developed a distinctive layout. Additionally, we introduce ScrollTimes, a visual analysis system tailored to support the three-tiered analysis of handscroll, allowing art historians to interactively create biographies tailored to their interests. Validated through case studies and expert interviews, our approach offers a window into history, fostering a holistic understanding of handscroll provenance and historical significance.
The article explores the different perspectives the French and English had towards the looting and burning of Yuanming Yuan. It will also explore how the media portrayed the events that occurred at Yuanming Yuan, during the Second Opium War, and how it fits in the scope of how China was perceived as a civilized or barbaric nation. The idea of civilization and barbarism through the Europeans was challenged with the event of Yuanming Yuan’s ultimate controversial destruction. European supremacy called for justifications on race, religion, and the idea of being civilized. Alongside European global supremacy was the pacification of barbaric people who once within history set out to destroy Western civilizations; this was a recent occurrence, which came about in the study of Asian history and using enlightenment ideas to justify European supremacy in Asia.
Este trabajo analiza la influencia y repercusiones que tuvo la doctrina teológica escolástica de Santo Tomás de Aquino en su categorización de los pecados de palabra en las obras de los autores moralistas castellanos y catalanes de los siglos XVI-XVIII, su influjo en la práctica pastoral cotidiana de estrategia clerical de erradicación del mal hablar entre muchos cristianos, y la incidencia sobre el Derecho procesal civil y canónico en la represión del delito de injuria. En una segunda parte, se aborda la contribución filosófica y moral ejercida por las enseñanzas del santo italiano y otros escritores adheridos a la corriente de pensamiento escolástico en los procesos abiertos por injurias en la jurisdicción territorial del monasterio cisterciense de Poblet, uno de los importantes señoríos eclesiásticos en la historia de la Cataluña de la Baja Edad Media y Moderna.
The history of meta-learning methods based on gradient descent is reviewed, focusing primarily on methods that adapt step-size (learning rate) meta-parameters.
نقوش الصرح الثانى للملك رعمسيس الثانى فى أبيدوس
يتناول البحث وصف وترجمة النصوص المدونة على جدران الصرح الثانى لمعبد الملك رعمسيس الثانى والذي شيد على مبعده 300 متر شمال غرب معبد والده ولقد شيد الَملك رعمسيس الثانى هذا المعبد خلال السنوات الأربع أو الخمس الأولى من عهده وذلك فيما عدا جدرانه الخارجية وأطلق عليه اسم «منزل ملايين السنين». وشيد المعبد من الحجر الجيرى الجيد والذي تم جلبه من المحاجر المحليه في المنطقه. وتناول البحث النقوش المسجلة على البرج الجنوبى للصرح وكذلك النقوش المسجلة على البرج الشمالى وكذلك نقوش البوابة الجرانيتية الحمراء والنقوش المسجلة على الأكتاف الداخلية للبوابة.
[En] This paper deals with the inscriptions of the second pylon of king Ramesses II at Abydos. He built this temple to sanctify the three principal deities of Abydos: Osiris, Isis, and Horus, and to deify himself in it, and to be a house of a million years in which to be worshipped with religious rituals performed for him after his death.
BACKGROUND There is an increasing demand for high quality subnational estimates of under-five mortality. In low and middle income countries, where the burden of under-five mortality is concentrated, vital registration is often lacking and household surveys, which provide full birth history data, are often the most reliable source. Unfortunately, these data are spatially sparse and so data are pulled from other sources to increase the available information. Summary birth histories represent a large fraction of the available data, and provide numbers of births and deaths aggregated over time, along with the mother's age. OBJECTIVE Specialized methods are needed to leverage this information, and previously the Brass method, and variants, have been used. We wish to develop a model-based approach that can propagate errors, and make the most efficient use of the data. Further, we strive to provide a method that does not have large computational overhead. CONTRIBUTION We describe a computationally efficient model-based approach which allows summary birth history and full birth history data to be combined into analyses of under-five mortality in a natural way. The method is based on fertility and mortality models that allow direct smoothing over time and space, with the possibility for including relevant covariates that are associated with fertility and/or mortality. We first examine the behavior of the approach on simulated data, before applying the model to survey and census data from Malawi.