Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

P. Maisonneuve, E. Botteri, A. Lowenfels

Marie Macková

M. Beaumont

J. Kanis, P. Delmas, P. Burckhardt et al.

Adrian M. V. Brânzanic, Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu

The term Quale Mechanics is proposed here as describing the qualitative aspects of Quantum Mechanics that are susceptible of metaphysical considerations. The aim of Quale Mechanics is to distill the quantum discourse to its pillars in order to construct its proper – philosophical in nature – quale discourse. The framework of the discussion is initiated by revisiting the platonic approach of the manner in which knowledge is perceived/processed, and then by discussing the four sapiential stages before arriving at concept of the eide. The sensible-suprasensible dichotomy is exposed by contrasting aistheta to the eide. A discussion on the historical development and the foundation of the pillars of Quantum Mechanics is followed. This includes Planck’s solution for the black-body radiation problem with the introduction of quanta – in conflict with Newtonian physics – followed by Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect and the implications involving the dual nature of light (particle vs. wave) and two generalizations of the quantum character of matter: the planetary model of the atom by Bohr, and the dual particle-wave character of electron demonstrated by de Broglie. The subsequent distillation of these semi-classical concepts into more abstract mathematical concepts by Heisenberg, Born, Dirac and Pauli are then reviewed – with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and with the concept of wavefunction as landmarks that unmistakably departs from the classical deterministic view of matter. A representative illustration of these achievements is given by the Casimir effect – with implications for gravity and an illustration of how vacuum can in fact not be considered to be truly void. Quantum Mechanics, as the most accurate mathematical framework which can be employed in order to describe and predict the natural phenomena occurring at the atom-size dimensions of reality, may thus be considered as the root from which the concept of Quale Mechanics is emerged in order to construct the parallel between the metaphysical existence and the quantum physical wavefunction collapse. It is concluded that, within its underlying, Quantum Mechanics is a (hopefully fruitful) reiteration of the Ancient Greek Weltanschauung.

Elsa Lafaye de Micheaux, Muriel Périsse

As China has taken its place at the heart of the ASEAN economy, as well as global maritime and financial traffic, it has continued to internationalise its businesses at an accelerated rate and in some of the most technologically advanced ways. Singapore has been a key destination since it began its massive investments in the region. Like other foreign investors, Chinese companies have targeted logistics, manufacturing and high value-added services. But now it seems that Chinese investment is focusing on the digital economy, which can be traced through the study of the projects and acquisitions of two key players: Alibaba and Huawei. This paper measures, characterises and contextualises Chinese OFDIs in Singapore from 2000 to 2022 in order to show how, through increasing investment in Southeast Asia's richest economy, China is consolidating both its own power in the digital domain and Singapore's position of regional superiority.

Carolina Cerrano, José Antonio Saravia Bianchimano

Este artículo aborda la campaña electoral del Partido Nacional uruguayo en la elección nacional de noviembre de 1958. Ese año el nacionalismo alcanzó la mayoría del poder ejecutivo colegiado después de esperar esa victoria por noventa y tres años, lo que implicó un cambio de conducción en el país. Esta investigación analiza las propuestas de las diferentes agrupaciones partidarias y cómo éstas interpretaron en sus medios de prensa el ansiado triunfo. Asimismo, se estudia la figura de Luis Alberto de Herrera en sus últimos comicios como candidato, después de jugar un rol gravitatorio en el Partido Nacional por varias décadas.

A. Jagodzinski, C. Johansen, U. Koch-Gromus et al.

The Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) is a large, prospective, long-term, population-based cohort study and a unique research platform and network to obtain substantial knowledge about several important risk and prognostic factors in major chronic diseases. A random sample of 45,000 participants between 45 and 74 years of age from the general population of Hamburg, Germany, are taking part in an extensive baseline assessment at one dedicated study center. Participants undergo 13 validated and 5 novel examinations primarily targeting major organ system function and structures including extensive imaging examinations. The protocol includes validate self-reports via questionnaires regarding lifestyle and environmental conditions, dietary habits, physical condition and activity, sexual dysfunction, professional life, psychosocial context and burden, quality of life, digital media use, occupational, medical and family history as well as healthcare utilization. The assessment is completed by genomic and proteomic characterization. Beyond the identification of classical risk factors for major chronic diseases and survivorship, the core intention is to gather valid prevalence and incidence, and to develop complex models predicting health outcomes based on a multitude of examination data, imaging, biomarker, psychosocial and behavioral assessments. Participants at risk for coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, stroke and dementia are invited for a visit to conduct an additional MRI examination of either heart or brain. Endpoint assessment of the overall sample will be completed through repeated follow-up examinations and surveys as well as related individual routine data from involved health and pension insurances. The study is targeting the complex relationship between biologic and psychosocial risk and resilience factors, chronic disease, health care use, survivorship and health as well as favorable and bad prognosis within a unique, large-scale long-term assessment with the perspective of further examinations after 6 years in a representative European metropolitan population.

Mattia Caprioli

It’s widely accepted that the number of eight thousand Byzantine soldiers slaughtered at the battle of the Scultenna river (643), reported by Paul the Deacon, using as his source the “Origo Gentis Langobardorum”, has been greatly exaggerated, mainly to glorify the winner of the fight, the Lombard king Rothari, and as a mere indication of his apparently overwhelming victory. However, this number also represents the only numerical indication from direct sources about the army of Ravenna between 6th and 8th century (the only other number for an Imperial army of the period in Italy, though not the army of Ravenna, is given for the battle of Forino, fought in the year 663). Moreover, historians tended to disregard this number only on the basis of caution and by considering that armies of the same period usually couldn’t even reach such numbers (a not surely verifiable notion, at times even contradicted by period sources). The aim of this article is to analyze more precisely and in dept why the number of eight thousand fallen soldiers given by the “Origo” and Paul the Deacon is indeed exaggerated, and also to give a plausible estimate of the actual forces under the direct command of the Exarch at the battle of the Scultenna river, particularly the troops stationed in Ravenna, using a comparative approach between written sources between the 6th and 8th century, by using modern studies and estimates of the strength of the Byzantine army and by considering the available epigraphic evidences linked to the Imperial forces in Italy.

Erika Caranti

Named after the Hindu spring festival of Holī, horī songs generally portray the frolicsome play of the day with the throwing of coloured powders by Kṛṣṇa as the main protagonist pranking Rādhā and the gopī-s in Braj. The horī analysed in the present paper shows idiosyncrasies unveiling religious, theological, and ritual significance, besides offering precious insights into a ‘living tradition’: the celebration of Holī in the city of Banaras, at the cremation ground in Maṇikarṇikā ghāṭ where śaiva devotees enact and ‘actualise’ the horī. The song depicts Śiva playing Holī in the cremation ground with his retinue of ghostly creatures that are his favourite companions along with Aghorī-s. In place of colours, Śiva tosses the ashes from funeral pyres. In his divine dance and drumming, Mahādev uses the poisonous snakes adorning him as water-guns to squirt venom instead of gulāl. The atypical choice of Śiva in one of his fearful manifestations as the subject of a horī is discussed through references to philosophical and theological interpretations and specific symbolism. The apparent contradiction of the celebration of a lively festival in the setting of the cremation ground, resolved in the divine character of Śiva, is illustrated and contextualised starting from textual analysis.

Лидия Танушевска

Проект NEWSLA — это проект, получивший поддержку программы ERASMUS MUNDUS. Включает в себя универсальную подготовку современной формы второй ступени высшего образования по славистике, подготовлен тремя университетами (Силезский университет в Катовицах, Остравский университет в Остраве, Университет имени Св. Кирилла и Мефодия в Скопье). Программа обучения, разрабатываемая в рамках этого проекта, будет содержать также курс на тему «Город в литературе и культуре» этих трех стран, охватывающий следующие темы: город как центр мира, город как мифологическое место, геокультурная символика города, феномен «потерянных» городов, отношение человека к городу, фланирование или искусство прогулки по городу и город как переводческая проблема. В статье представлены различные аспекты и примеры из указанной программы обучения. Статья поступила в редакцию 17.01.2022. Цитирование Танушевска Л. Топос города — широкое поле для создания курса лекций в рамках проекта NEWSLA // Славянский альманах. 2022. No 1–2. С. 293–303. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.3.06

Hans-Joachim Gehrke

The paper’s starting point is the distinction of different traditions, which shape scholarship in the classics at an international level. In a very personal perspective, it gives important examples of the impact the “School of Paris” and French intellectual concepts in a broader sense had, and still have, on the author’s scholarly biography, particularly in his dealing with topics of anthropology, geography, religion, and the imaginaire in general.

André Stemmet

To understand international law, one must understand war. And to understand war, one must understand history. The authors of this book, Oona A Hathaway and Scott J Shapiro, are professors at Yale University, in international law and philosophy, respectively. The book looks at international law through the twin lenses of war and history, by analysing the effects of a specific event in the history of international law: the 1928 General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, colloquially also known as the Paris Peace Pact or the Kellogg–Briand Pact. The basic premise of the book is that the pact was a seminal and transformative event in world history as the first modern instrument to outlaw war. While it may not have ended armed conflict, scepticism about its effect is misguided: today war is the departure from the norm, and interstate warfare is exceptional, and is no longer accepted as an instrument of policy. Unashamedly proceeding from the liberal-internationalist paradigm, the book traces the development of the idea to outlaw war through three stages: from an Old World Order reflecting the legal regime adopted by European states in the 17th century; through a period of transformation between the two world wars; to a New World Order, built on the foundations of the pact and embedded in the post-Second World War international institutions and patterns of cooperation. These developments are traced through key moments over four centuries, distinguishing the ideas and work of two opposing groups of scholars and practitioners of international law. On the one hand, the interventionists considered war as a legitimate instrument by which to enforce the state’s rights in the absence of a central governing authority; on the other, the internationalists wanted to outlaw war and have disputes settled by international mechanisms. The book juxtaposes the views of the two main exponents of the respective schools of ideas: 17th century Dutch international lawyer Hugo de Groot (Grotius) and influential 20th century British academic Hersch Lauterpacht. The analysis of De Groot’s work leads the authors to the somewhat controversial conclusion that he laid the intellectual foundations for a legal order based on war. This contrasts with the conventional view that De Groot is the ‘father of international law’, who in his writings accepted the inevitability of war at the time but aimed to regulate its devastating effects. Reflecting this point International Law

José Manuel Díaz Martín

El presente artículo da a conocer el comentario al Cantar que fray Luis de León explicó en su cátedra de Biblia el curso 1585-86. Con ese fin repasa, en primer lugar, la relación de fray Luis con dicho texto bíblico, situando así sus lecciones en una línea de evolución. A continuación, estudia el único testimonio conocido de las mismas, el manuscrito conservado en la Angelica de Roma. Y, finalmente, expone los resultados del análisis de su contenido. Este revela, por un lado, lo mucho que depende de estas lecciones la tertia explanatio del comentario latino de fray Luis al Cantar, y subraya el valor de la misma como vehículo de su teoría de la alegoría y su teología de la historia; y señala sumariamente, por otro lado, las discrepancias entre el texto escolar y el publicado, investigando sus posibles razones. El artículo concluye con la publicación del fragmento inédito con que fray Luis expuso los rasgos del prelado ideal que encontró indicados en el texto bíblico.

Rodrigo Goyena Soares

Resumo As últimas décadas do Império testemunharam o advento de um núcleo de cafeicultores paulistas que vislumbrou na crise da escravidão uma janela de oportunidades para ampliar os negócios econômicos e a participação na administração pública nacional. Embora se valesse de mão de obra cativa, esse núcleo, de origem campineira, compreendeu que a abolição, caso remediada pela imigração em São Paulo, fragilizaria a cafeicultura escravocrata rival - sobretudo a fluminense. Adotou-se uma política de paciência estratégica, que se dava como forma de evitar rupturas com os correligionários da lavoura paulista e como maneira de aguardar a precipitação dos acontecimentos. Os acenos do núcleo ao abolicionismo, paradoxalmente, deram-se num cenário em que o uso da mão de obra servil não era economicamente arcaico. Mediante levantamento de fontes primárias relativas ao custo da produção cafeeira, concluiu-se que a lucratividade do trabalho cativo não destoava dos ganhos próprios ao sistema livre de produção. A adesão da lavoura campineira à abolição, portanto, não foi uma opção oriunda da planilha contábil de cada fazenda. Tratou-se, conforme ratifica a correspondência entre campineiros, de uma equação de economia política que tinha como fatores o movimento abolicionista, o desmantelamento da cafeicultura rival e o ganho de espaço na administração pública.

Dean Kostantaras

The State of Nationalism (SoN) seeks to create a comprehensive guide to nationalism. This installment of SoN is dedicated to a review and annotated bibliography about 'Social Class'.

W. Häuser, J. Ablin, S. Perrot et al.

Ariel Alberto Eiris

La actuación de Pedro José Agrelo en el año 1812 fue de importancia singular para el proceso político y para el análisis de la redefinición de los letrados y juristas, que figuras como él, debieron realizar ante los profundos cambios políticos e institucionales. Por todo ello y dada la falta de trabajos específicos, el artículo propone estudiar el carácter de su desempeño como fiscal y juez de la Revolución que se conducía desde Buenos Aires, a través de lo cual se buscará comprender la articulación que se daba entre las facciones políticas con relación a la redefinición institucional del derecho. Ello permitirá comprender a través del caso de Agrelo cómo se integraban las tensiones políticas con las prácticas jurídicas y los nuevos proyectos esbozados, tomando como parámetro temporal únicamente la primera mitad del año 1812, dada la complejidad de procesos articulados allí.

Tomasz Mamos, R. Wattier, A. Burzyński et al.

Izabela Lewandowska-Malec, Krzysztof Fokt

I Sympozjum Historyków Państwa i Prawa Polskiego w Krakowie (16 stycznia 2012)