This paper examines the relationship between language anxiety and Stephen Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis in ESL learners. The Monitor Hypothesis distin-guishes between subconscious language acquisition and conscious learning, with the monitor being a mechanism for self-correction based on learned rules. Language anxiety, including communication apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation, significantly affects language performance. The study finds that high language anxiety hinders the monitor's effectiveness by causing either over-reliance on self-correction, leading to fragmented speech, or by overwhelming cognitive resources, resulting in under-utilization and increased errors. Moderate anxiety levels may enhance the monitor's function by in-creasing attentiveness to form without disrupting fluency. The paper suggests creating supportive learning environments, balancing fluency and accuracy, and providing constructive feedback to help ESL learners manage anxiety and use their monitors effectively. Future research should explore longitudinal stud-ies, individual differences, and interventions to further understand and improve the interplay between language anxiety and the Monitor Hypothesis.
Starting with the hypothesis that textbooks are strongly ideologically charged, this paper analyses the representation of the Spartacus uprising in history textbooks that were in use between 1949 and 1989 in the FRG and the GDR. Due to its identity-defining function for European cultures, Roman antiquity has always been an important reference in recent and modern history. Spartacus, as a slave leader, has been interpreted very differently in different contexts and is therefore ideally suited to examine how in such social and political contexts textbooks were produced and read, showing further how ideologically biased perceptions of history would force their way unhindered into the historical consciousness of younger generations.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Para el presente trabajo, rescatamos la epopeya neolatina titulada Lyrae Heroycae libri quatuordecim (Salamanca, Matías Gast, 1581) del humanista español Francisco Núñez de Oria. Este poema épico, tan poco conocido como su autor, conjuga dos tradiciones a priori antagónicas: el canon épico clásico y la novedosa materia caballeresca. Partiendo de la premisa de que el Orlando Furioso de Ludovico Ariosto es la fuente vernácula principal de la obra, nos proponemos analizar el influjo de una de las fuentes vernáculas secundarias que subyacen en este monumental poema: el Morgante de Luigi Pulci.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
In this paper, I explore the iconographical relationship between the letters and the support on fol. 157r of the Morgan Gospels, written and illuminated in Westphalia, Germany during the mid-tenth century. On the basis of its formal properties and the iconographic meaning it takes, I will give particular attention to the materiality of the Latin text and its cultural and symbolic significance. The folio under study develops a form of ‘agency’. With this perspective, I hope not only to contribute to the important line of argument Joshua O’Driscoll develops in his iconic article, but also to explore the meaning of Latin as an iconological statement and hence to contribute with new methodological developments in the field of art history.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
This book took a long time to come to fruition. Back in 2010, I started to contemplate the idea of studying the relationship between Latin and science, especially linguistically, a topic that had previously hardly been tackled at all. Over time I realised that such linguistic study cannot meaningfully be done without first studying the changing approaches to what science is during the long cultural dominance of Latin in Western Europe. This led to the first two parts of this book. At the time, there were no open tools for corpus linguistic studies of serious amounts of Latin text in existence, which is why I started the Corpus Corporum project (http://www.mlat.uzh.ch) in 2012 – an open full-text Latin repository able to process texts in the standard TEI xml format. It automatically lemmatises every Latin word and adds grammatical information such as parts of speech to it. A COST grant (IS1005) enabled me to initiate the project, and I thank the Chair of Mediaeval Latin in Zurich for supporting the ongoing running costs of Corpus Corporum. Its software was initially developed by Max Bänziger and is now being developed further by Jan Ctibor (University of Prague); the project is ongoing and by now collaborating with many other scholarly institutions. It has grown into the largest Latin text repository in existence, with more than 8,500 texts and 165 million words. Corpus Corporum provided much of the input data used in this book, especially in part 3. During this long time, I have studied, learned, taught, and worked at the Seminar for Mediaeval Latin of the University of Zurich (since 2014 part of the Department for Greek and Latin Philology). My warm thanks are due to these institutions and especially to my late teacher Peter Stotz, who read an early version of the book and suggested improvements, and to the current Chair of Mediaeval Latin, Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann; they both provided me with the ideal environment for such long-term in-depth studies – something that is becoming increasingly rare in today’s fast-paced university environment. This study was accepted as a habilitation thesis in Latin philology in 2021 at the University of Zurich. Further thanks are due to the reviewers – Martin Korenjak (Innsbruck) and a further anonymous reviewer of the habilitation commission – as well as to the commission itself, consisting of Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann, Ulrich Eigler, Philipp Sarasin, and Paul Widmer. The importance of institute research libraries where relevant literature about authors and works can be found together in one place – an institutional structure now regrettably to be abolished in Zurich – for writing a book like the present one can hardly be emphasised too much. I profited greatly from the existence of the Mediaeval Latin and classics libraries at the University of Zurich. There is still a long way to go before a fully digital world of scholarship might be able to provide similar aids in these fields. I have also re-
Ahrun al-Qass “the priest”, one of the last Alexandrian physicians before the Islamic era and probably a contemporary of Paul of Aegina, composed an enormous Medical Pandect (Kunnāsh fī al-Tibb) containing 30 books. This work is considered to have been originally written in Greek and later to have translated into Syriac. It became one of the important sources of medicine throughout the Islamic world after having been translated from Syriac into Arabic by Māsarjawayh. Some fragments of this lost work have survived in Kitāb al-Hāwī/Liber Continens. The purpose of this study is to present the Ahrun’s fragments related to the genitourinary system diseases existing in Rhazes’s abovementioned work and to introduce them to the history of medicine in the English language. The quotations from Ahrun related to the genitourinary system diseases in the 10th book of Kitāb al-Hāwī, entitled as “fī amrāḍ al-kulā wa majārī al-bawl wa ghayrihā” are identified via the Arabic and Latin text. Consequently, they are compared to each other and translated into English. The quotations, in which Rhazes mentioned Ahrun’s name, are related to the genitourinary system diseases such as kidney ulcers, kidney and bladder stones and their treatment, urinary retention, diabetes, involuntarily flow of sperm and its treatment. Some of these quotations also have Rhazes’s comments. In this study, fragments of Ahrun al-Qass related to the genitourinary system diseases and Rhazes’s comments on them in Liber Continens are discussed and registered to the literature in the field of history of medicine in the English language.
Printing and Old Romanian Books (1508-1830) gained a well-established position in the European Cultural Heritage by the beginning of the 16th century, with the introduction of imprints in Cyrillic typeface, ahead of many European states. The first printing press was introduced in Wallachia in 1508, when hieromonk Macarie issued several religious books in Slavonic at Târgoviște, for Romanian Orthodox Christians and Slavonic people of Europe. Prints in Romanian would enter the cultural circuit as early as the fifth decennium of the 16th century. Transylvanian typographies started their activity by printing books in Latin and German. In 1535 Johan Honterus of Brașov (1498–1549) set a typography, thus establishing the city as one of the centres for the Lutheran believe in Transylvania. In 1544, the Romanian Catechism was published at Sibiu, a text that aimed to promote the Lutheran theology amongst Romanians. Between 1535 and 1557 over 50 works were published in Latin, Greek and German in the typography of Brașov, which then spread across many European countries. After deacon Coresi came to Brașov in the second half of the 16th century, several books were published with Cyrillic typeface in Slavonic, Romanian and bilingual editions for Orthodox Christians. The Romanian printing activity came to a standstill that lasted from the last decennium of the 16th century until the fourth decennium of the 17th century. The activity restarted during the reign of Matei Basarab in Wallachia (1632-1654) and Vasile Lupu in Moldavia (1634-1653). Printing was introduced in Moldavia in 1642 and, in comparison with Wallachia and Transylvania, Romanian was used as main language. Books in Greek, intended for the Orthodox faithful within the Ottoman Empire, were also printed. After 1812, the eastern part of Moldavia was annexed by Tsarist Russia. In 1814, a printing house that provided literature for the churches of the eparchy was set up in Chișinău, the capital city of the province. Some of the books would reach countries of Central and Western Europe or even cultural centres in Ukraine and Russia. In conclusion, books printed within the Romanian countries were mainly for religious purposes. Sets were issued in Romanian, Slavonic, Latin, German and Greek, for the use of Christians throughout both Western and Eastern Europe.
Presentamos un estudio del adverbio νῦν (y su variante reforzada νυνί) en el Corpus Lysiacum, con el propósito de describir su funcionamiento como marcador discursivo en contraste con su uso como adverbio prototípico de tiempo.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Contextual or background knowledge performs an important function in second language learning and reading comprehension, as a number of theoretical and empirical studies have shown (see, for instance, P. L. Carrell, 1983, 1982). To the extent that Ancient Greek and Latin are verbal codes too, they constitute no exception to the aforementioned principle. Indeed, contextual knowledge is particularly relevant to reading comprehension in Classical Languages, given the time, material, and cultural gap between their original context of use during antiquity, on the one hand, and the context of the contemporary learners of these languages, on the other. Addressing and integrating this type of knowledge into Classical Latin courses is, therefore, expected to aid student comprehension of both original and adapted classical texts.
The Greek and Roman worlds were polyglot, and although Greek and Latin were dominant in particular regions (East and West, respectively), this impression of linguist uniformity hardly hid a complex linguistic terrain. Indeed, across the Hellenistic and Roman Empires local languages continued to interact and shape the way that the dominant language users engaged with their conquered others. This political and cultural conquest resulted in the need to develop new methods of engagement and communication, both oral and written. Setting aside the act of oral translation, for which we have very little surviving evidence (although we know that it took place frequently),1 we find that discussion of text translation was not prominent. This is not to claim that translation was not a recognised element of ancient culture, but that it was so common that it did not warrant comment.2 Literary texts, however, were translated far less frequently and undertaken with a particular purpose(s) in mind. In this chapter I will evaluate and contrast the ways that Roman and Jewish writers articulated their understanding of literary translation. This comparison is valuable as translators from both cultures engage with Greek literature, but do so from very different perspectives and positions. Accordingly, in order to have a fuller understanding of literary translation in antiquity, one must compare the different ways and purposes for translation that stem from both dominant and non-dominant peoples. It is this comparison that provides substantial insights into the nature of literary translation and highlights specific elements that are distinctive to particular groups. This chapter does not only look at specific literary translations and how the rendered text aligns with the original, although many of such texts will be consulted. Rather, the purpose of this investigation is also to evaluate how literary translation is discussed and presented by authors with the intentionality and purpose being of primary importance. We will begin by briefly looking at some school texts that give insight into the training a student received with regard to translating texts. Following this we will assess the expressed purposes and functions of translation in the Hellenistic and Roman eras with a particular eye towards how Roman and Jewish authors engaged
Como complemento al artículo sobre la personalidad y la obra de Joseph Haydn, el que se presenta a continuación constituye un análisis de la producción del músico referida a la antigüedad clásica, plasmada en sus óperas Acide (1762), y Orfeo ossia l’anima del fi losofo –esta última compuesta para estrenar en Londres en 1791– y el Singspiel –pieza corta con textos hablados y musicalizados– Philemon und Baucis. También de su obra vocal, se pone de relieve la Cantata Arianna que es considerada un anticipo de lo que fue posteriormente el Lied, género característico de la música romántica del ámbito germano parlante. Haydn habría compuesto además una Dido (1776) de la cual no quedan rastros. El trabajo sobre las óperas de contenido mitológico es introducido por una breve explicación de las modalidades de su producción operística en general.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Pausanias arranges the archaiologiai of the Ionian Dodecapolis so that, for each individual city, any single piece of tradition is either accepted or rejected and put in its place in chronological order. This means writing the history. The Periegetes knows very well the so-called «panionian» version, which underlies his text; he tends to prefer this version and, when he talks about identity, he thinks according to its mechanisms. But he gives an account in which this version is mitigated through the comparison with other elaborations, and includes some aspects of these latter in his text. Pausanias integrates the «panionian» story with the local traditions of the poleis in an original account but he does this by applying the panionian perspective to the city traditions and by using and eventually adapting a chronological scheme taken from the local history or the mythography, where available, or from the oral tradition, if the collective memory preserves one.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
The myths, the characters and the history of Classical Ancient World attend the work of Machado de Assis, the best-known and most universal of Brazilian writers. Although it is very uncertain how effective was the author's knowledge of ancient languages (Greek and Latin), he used to appreciate entering in his short stories and novels an unceasing dialog with the Greek and Roman Literature through quotes, imitations and appropriations of that legacy. In one of his literary columns, the writer signals a little of its rewriting practices to describe a dream in which he mixes the ancient Rome and Rio de Janeiro of his time, for example when the Narrator declares, "I go up Via Appia, and I turn on Rua do Ouvidor" (Subo a Via Ápia, dobro a Rua do Ouvidor). It is visible that the past and present mingle on a tame craziness, showing, in the course of this text, that ancient Rome was present with all its signs most prominent, Virgil, Appia, Maecenas and Augustus, among characters and places from the tropical capital. By the analysis of excerpts like this, in this paper I seek to sketch some of the roles of Classical culture in Machado's work, and, at the same time, to propose a reading of Machado on the light of Classical Reception Studies.
The author of this article examines two main areas of life of professor Janina Niemirska-Pliszczynska; both – her educational and scholar activities in order to prove her great contribution to literature and culture not only in our country but also abroad. As a teacher of Latin first in Unia Lubelska Grammar-School and after World War II also in Stanislaw Staszic Grammar-School in Lublin, prof. Niemirska-Pliszczynska demonstrated much pedagogical talent, distinguished knowledge and love for the Greek and Roman Antiquity. As the academic in the Classical Philology Department at the Catholic University of Lublin (from 1952) Prof. Pliszczynska gave lectures on Greek and Roman literature and conducted Greek seminar, proseminar and from 1967 also a doctoral seminar. She was the supervisor of about forty MA dissertations and six doctoral theses as well. To help teachers of classical languages in their didactic work and to make learning Greek and Latin easier for students, Prof. Pliszczynska wrote and published Greek and Latin textbooks and articles on teaching of Latin in the journal Paideia that she edited herself. In spite of many years’ work at secondary schools and her demanding educational activities at the University, she raised excellent literary output including two monographs: De elocutione Pliniana (Lublin 1955) – all written in Latin and: Wokol Dolonei ( Around Doloneia , Lublin 1966) on the authenticity of the tenth song in Homer’s Iliad . It also included several articles on Homer’s epics, Pausanias’ periegesis, Plato’s dialogues, Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics , St. Paul’s letters and language of Clement of Alexandria. And finally it included Prof. Pliszczynska’s perfect translations of Greek and Roman literature: Żywoty cezarow ( The Twelve Caesars , The Lives of the (Twelve) Caesars , Lives of the Caesars – LOEB 1997 ) by Suetonius, Wedrowki po Helladzie ( Description of Greece ) by Pausanias and Dywany , Stromateis ( Stromata ) by Clement of Alexandria. For her outstanding achievements Prof. Pliszczynska was awarded Silver Cross of Merit (1944) and Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1973).