Hasil untuk "Gas industry"

Y. Shah, B. G. Kelkar, S. Godbole et al.

M. Nandha, R. Faff

J. Slay, Michael Miller

N. Al-Mufachi, N. V. Rees, R. Steinberger-Wilkens

Shrey Verma, G. Dwivedi, P. Verma

Abstract Electric vehicle (EV) are the future of the automobile industry in terms of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and the better life comfort level all over the world. This paper compares the results obtained by various authors in terms of life cycle assessment (LCA) of EV and conventional vehicles powered by fossil fuels, and the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of the both types of vehicles, as every new technology comes with an additional cost which need to be feasible with respect to the present trends. And also discuss some of the software used for both type of LCA and LCC analysis. The finding of review concludes that with the adoption of EV there is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) but there is an increase in the human toxicity level due to the larger use of metals, chemicals and energy for the production of powertrain, and high voltage batteries. And in terms of cost it has flexible pricing as there is uncertainty in pricing of future gasoline and electricity mix, higher initial cost at the time of purchasing due to higher pricing of battery.

F. Pacheco-Torgal, S. Jalali

Hasmukh A. Patel, Sang Hyun Je, Joonho Park et al.

Zhenyuan Yin, Praveen Linga

Abstract Natural gas has been considered as the best transition fuel into the future carbon constraint world. The ever-increasing demand for natural gas has prompted expanding research and development activities worldwide for exploring methane hydrates as a future energy resource. With its vast global resource volume (~ 3000 trillion cubic meter CH4) and high energy storage capacity (170 CH4 v/v methane hydrate), recovering energy from naturally-occurring methane hydrate has attracted both academic and industry interests to demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic viability. In this review paper, we highlight the recent advances in fundamental researches, seminal discoveries and implications from on-going drilling programs and field production tests, the impending knowledge gaps and the future perspectives of recovering energy from methane hydrates. We further emphasize the current scientific, technological and economic challenges in realizing long-term commercial gas production from methane hydrate reservoir. The continuous growth of the corresponding experimental studies in China should target these specific challenges to narrow the knowledge gaps between laboratory-scale investigations and reservoir-scale applications. Furthermore, we briefly discuss both the environmental and geomechanical issues related to exploiting methane hydrate as the future energy resource and believe that they should be of paramount importance in the future development of novel gas production technologies.

Jussi Ikäheimo, J. Kiviluoma, R. Weiss et al.

Abstract Power-to-gas and other chemicals-based storages are often suggested for energy systems with high shares of variable renewable energy. Here we study the North European power and district heat system with alternative long-term storage, the power-to-ammonia (P2A) technology. Assuming fully renewable power and heat sectors and large-scale electrification of road transport, we perform simultaneous optimization of capacity investments and dispatch scheduling of wind, solar, hydro and thermal power, energy storages as well as transmission, focusing on year 2050. We find that P2A has three major roles: it provides renewable feedstock to fertilizer industry and it contributes significantly to system balancing over both time (energy storage) and space (energy transfer). The marginal cost of power-based ammonia production in the studied scenarios varied between 431 and 528 €/t, which is in the range of recent ammonia prices. Costs of P2A plants were dominated by electrolysis. In the power and heat sector, with our cost assumptions, P2A becomes competitive compared to fossil natural gas only if gas price or CO2 emission price rises above 70 €/MWh or 200 €/tCO2.

Kavitha Chintam, Linsey C. Seitz

Carbon dioxide (CO_{2}) levels in our atmosphere continue to reach new historic highs every day. In 2022, industry made up 30% of United States greenhouse gas emissions, including electricity end-use indirect emissions. Simultaneously, personal consumption expenditures increased by 9.2% in 2022 and continue to rise, indicating that there is an increasing need for decarbonization in production processes, with a tandem effort to combat overconsumption. One class of technologies that has garnered interest from researchers, policymakers, and communities is carbon capture. “Point source carbon capture” specifically refers to capturing CO_{2} at its point of emission before it is released to the environment. However, as further scrutiny is put on carbon capture technology, it is clear that further research is needed and more options are necessary to ensure that our goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is not done without care. Carbon capture and sequestration or utilization have been touted as possible solutions for our growing demands, but present a range of health, safety, and environmental challenges, including siting concerns and possible leakages of pipelines or storage facilities. A relatively newer technology, reactive carbon capture (RCC), provides a potential pathway that minimizes some of those concerns. RCC converts CO_{2} to valuable fuels and chemicals immediately after it is captured, eliminating the need for energy-intensive desorption from capture agents, as well as CO_{2} storage and transport through pipelines. Thus, the entire process is contained at existing industrial plant sites, minimizing the span of environment and frontline communities that may be impacted by potential leaks and pollution. However, there are also a number of remaining challenges in RCC technology that must be addressed, alongside the need to decrease consumption, in order to be in accordance with environmental justice principles and make way for safe and effective technology adoption.

J. Wesseling, S. Lechtenböhmer, Max Åhman et al.

Energy-intensive processing industries (EPIs) produce iron and steel, aluminum, chemicals, cement, glass, and paper and pulp and are responsible for a large share of global greenhouse gas emissions. To meet 2050 emission targets, an accelerated transition towards deep decarbonization is required in these industries. Insights from sociotechnical and innovation systems perspectives are needed to better understand how to steer and facilitate this transition process. The transitions literature has so far, however, not featured EPIs. This paper positions EPIs within the transitions literature by characterizing their sociotechnical and innovation systems in terms of industry structure, innovation strategies, networks, markets and governmental interventions. We subsequently explore how these characteristics may influence the transition to deep decarbonization and identify gaps in the literature from which we formulate an agenda for further transitions research on EPIs and consider policy implications. Furthering this research field would not only enrich discussions on policy for achieving deep decarbonization, but would also develop transitions theory since the distinctive EPI characteristics are likely to yield new patterns in transition dynamics.

Ward Van Roy, Jean-Baptiste Merveille, Kobe Scheldeman et al.

The impact of black carbon (BC) emissions on climate change, human health, and the environment is well-documented in the scientific literature. Although BC still remains largely unregulated at the international level, efforts have been made to reduce emissions of BC and Particulate Matter (PM_2.5), particularly in sectors such as energy production, industry, and road transport. In contrast, the maritime shipping industry has made limited progress in reducing BC emissions from ships, mainly due to the absence of stringent BC emission regulations. While the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has established emission limits for pollutants such as SO_x, NO_x, and VOCs under MARPOL Annex VI, as of today, BC emissions from ships are still unregulated at the international level. Whereas it was anticipated that PM_2.5 and BC emissions would be reduced with the adoption of the SO_x regulations, especially within the sulfur emission control areas (SECA), this study reveals that BC emissions are only partially affected by the current MARPOL Annex VI regulations. Based on 886 real-world black carbon (BC) emission measurements from ships operating in the southern North Sea, the study demonstrates that SECA-compliant fuels do contribute to a notable decrease in BC emissions. However, it is important to note that the average BC emission factors (EFs) within the SECA remain comparable in magnitude to those reported for non-compliant fuels in earlier studies. Moreover, ships using exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCSs) as a SECA-compliant measure were found to emit significantly higher levels of BC, raising concerns about the environmental sustainability of EGCSs as an emissions mitigation strategy.

Chang Hong Gao

In recent years, Shale gas has been the fastest-growing energy source in the world. In USA, shale gas now contributes to more than 60 % of natural gas supply. In China, annual shale gas production climbed to 800 Bcf (billion cubic feet) in 2021. However, drilling in shale has been a major challenge since the dawn of petroleum industry due to the reactive clay minerals.This paper surveys the field cases of drilling fluids in major shale plays. OBM (oil based mud), formulated with diesel and low fraction of water phase, provides effective shale stability, excellent lubricity, and high rate of penetration (ROP). As a result, more than 70 % of shale gas wells have been drilled with OBM with very few reported cases of wellbore instability. WBM (water-based mud) is made of water and necessary chemical additives. WBM is less costly and more environment-friendly than OBM, however some shale wells drilled with WBM reported severe instability issues. Nevertheless, recent innovations in WBM lead to successes in drilling major shale plays. WBM has great potential in shale drilling and deserves more research and improvements.

Víctor González, Javier Godoy, Félix Meléndez et al.

Monitoring chemical substances is of paramount importance in various industries and environmental contexts. In industrial settings, the presence of certain chemical substances may indicate leaks, spills, or malfunctioning equipment, posing immediate threats to both human health and the environment. Moreover, continuous monitoring of chemical compounds is crucial for ensuring compliance with safety regulations and environmental standards. In the context of air quality management, monitoring chemical compounds helps identify sources of pollution, assess the impact on public health, and implement effective pollution control measures. Timely detection and response to chemical compounds also play a vital role in preventing long-term environmental degradation. Overall, monitoring chemical substances is an indispensable component of proactive risk management, environmental stewardship, and the safeguarding of human well-being. The development of automatic and portable devices for online monitoring is an important need in the chemical industry. The smartwatch designed and presented is a home-developed prototype and built from commercially available components. All components of the smartwatch are protected with a plastic casing capable of allowing air to pass to the sensors, the device is also capable of measuring temperature and relative humidity, magnitudes that influence the detection of different odors or volatile compounds. This device is based on a microcontroller that offers low-power performance, integrated Bluetooth low energy at an affordable price, and the measurements of four digital MOX gas sensors, models BME680 SGP40, ENS160 and STC31 through I2C interface. Data are shown on a LCD display and also transmitted via Bluetooth to a smartphone at a sampling period time of 2 s. It is powered using a 3.7 V lithium polymer battery. The smartwatch has a graphical interface to show the user the data provided by the sensors. The designed smartwatch has been validated by measuring different industrial gases like toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene at low concentrations. Toluene was measured at 6 ppm, xylene at 8 ppm, and ethylbenzene at 10 ppm. Good discrimination between the three different gases was achieved using Principal Component Analysis as multivariable analysis.

Yi Chen, Yuntian Zhang, Rongwei Zhang et al.

In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), the impact of dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuations on turbot is still not fully understood. This study investigated these impacts by selecting 135 turbot (average dry weight: 6.0 ± 0.5 g) and exposing them to three DO levels: hypoxia (4.0 ± 0.5 mg/L), normoxia (7.5 ± 0.5 mg/L), and hyperoxia (23.5 ± 0.5 mg/L). These groups were labeled as LF (low oxygen), NF (normal oxygen), and HF (high oxygen). The study aimed to explore the adaptive mechanisms of turbot under hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, using microbiome, transcriptome, and hematological analyses over a 40-day period. The results suggest that hyperoxia significantly enhances turbot growth without compromising the composition of intestinal microbiome, whereas hypoxia markedly impairs growth and induces alterations in intestinal microbiome. Transcriptomic analysis revealed various pathways implicated in adaptation to both hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, encompassing amino acid metabolism, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, the PPAR signaling pathway, etc. However, pathway changes are not completely consistent. For instance, pancreatic secretion is crucial for hyperoxia adaptation, while the HIF1α pathway plays a key role in hypoxia adaptation and tissue repair. Furthermore, genes ATP6, HIF1, HSP90, and CYP450 exhibited high expression levels during hypoxia, whereas Hbae5 and Man-SL showed elevated expression during hyperoxia. In hematological indicators, there are ways to help adapt to hypoxia and hyperoxia, including increased red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) counts; gas and ion balance; elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdehyde (MDA); increased polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lysozyme (LZM) activity. Although turbot have adaptive mechanisms to both hypoxia and hyperoxia, extended exposure to hypoxia detrimentally affects growth, whereas hyperoxia facilitates it. These findings provide significant insights into the adaptive mechanisms of turbot in response to fluctuating DO levels.

Tao HUANG, Ruixue LI, Hucheng DENG et al.

The second member of the Triassic Xujiahe Formation (Xu 2 Member) in the Xinchang structural belt of the Western Sichuan Depression in the Sichuan Basin contains tight gas reservoirs with enormous resource potential. However, the geological structure is complex, presenting significant challenges for exploration and development. In particular, the current understanding of its in-situ stress state and distribution patterns is insufficient, severely restricting the selection of sweet spots for engineering, wellbore trajectory optimization, and reservoir fracturing modification. To clarify the current in-situ stress distribution characteristics in the tight gas reservoirs of the Xu 2 Member, the paper analyzed data from core tests, field tests, and well logging interpretation to determine the stress characteristics at individual wells. Considering the disturbances to the stress field caused by tectonic deformation and faults, Rhinoceros and FLAC3D software were used to precisely model and predict the three-dimensional in-situ stress field of the Xu 2 Member. Based on the stress distribution predictions, the minimum principal stress and stress differential, which significantly impacted fracturing and production, were selected as evaluation indicators. The stress field characteristics were zoned and evaluated, and preliminary suggestions were provided for well location deployment, well trajectory, and fracturing modification design in different in-situ stress zones. The results show that the current maximum horizontal principal stress direction in the Xu 2 Member of the Xinchang structural belt mostly ranges from N85° to 108°E, with an overall counterclockwise rotation as burial depth increases. The current in-situ stress regime corresponds to a strike-slip stress mechanism, with the central Hexingchang area showing significantly higher triaxial stress than the Xinchang and Fenggu areas. Moreover, local in-situ stress fields are disturbed by tectonic deformation and faults. The stress zoning results show that the low stress differential and low in-situ stress zones, which are favorable for fracturing modification, mainly develop near the third-order east-west-trending faults and the fourth-order north-south and northeast-trending faults in the Xinchang and Hexingchang areas, as well as in the extensional disturbance areas in the Fenggu area.

Ashok Pomnar, Anand Singh Rajawat, Nisha S. Tatkar et al.

Data localization, data explosion, data security, data protection, and data acceleration are important driving forces in India’s datacenter revolution, which has raised a demand for datacenter expansion in the country. In addition, the pandemic has pushed the need for technology adoption, digitization across industries, and migration to cloud-based services across the globe. The launch of 5G services, digital payments, big data analytics, smartphone usage, digital data access, IoT services, and other technologies like AI (artificial intelligence), AR (augmented reality), ML (machine learning), 5G, VR (virtual reality), and Blockchain have been a strong driving force for datacenter investments in India. However, the rapid expansion of these datacenters presents unique challenges, particularly in predicting and managing their power requirements. This abstract focuses on understanding the power prediction and demand aspects specific to hyperscale datacenters in India. The study aims to analyze historical power consumption data from existing hyperscale datacenters in India and develop predictive models to estimate future power requirements. Factors such as server density, workload patterns, cooling systems, and energy-efficient technologies will be considered in the analysis. Datacenter negatively impacts the environment because of the large consumption of power sources and 2% of the global contribution of greenhouse gas emissions. Given the increasing cost of power, datacenter players are naturally encouraged to save energy, as power is a high datacenter operational expenditure cost. Additionally, this research will explore the impact of renewable energy integration, backup power solutions, and demand–response mechanisms to optimize energy usage and reduce reliance on conventional power sources. Many datacenter providers globally have started using power from renewable energy like solar and wind energy through Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) to reduce these carbon footprints and work towards a sustainable environment. In addition, today’s datacenter industry constantly looks for ways to become more energy-efficient through real innovation to reduce its carbon footprint.

Xiao-Juan Xi, Yang Li, Fei-Fan Lang et al.

Being an emerging family of crystalline porous materials, hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are types of ordered supramolecular structures that constructed from organic linkers (including those with organometallic units) via mainly hydrogen bonds. HOFs have now attracted increasing attention in various fields, owing to their valued features such as mild synthetic condition, convenient purification/recovery processes, high processibility and diverse functionality. Great potentials have emerged for HOFs in the field of adsorption and separation, especially for the purification of light hydrocarbons that are crucial to the petrochemical industry. Their practical applications, however, is limited as it is rather difficult to maintain their porous architectures only through hydrogen bonds after removing the lattice solvent molecules. Several types of strategies have hence been developed to solve the issue of HOF structure fragility, including introduction of stronger/different forms of intermolecular interactions, adoption of monomers with rigid backbones, integration of appropriate structural interpenetrations, formation of the cross-linked structures, etc. In this review, the common strategies for constructing HOFs and the important role of each method in enhancing the structural stability of HOFs are briefly introduced. Then, the application of robust porous HOFs in various gases adsorptions and separations is carefully summarized, as well as its mechanism is analyzed in detail from the perspective of supramolecular interactions among the frameworks and gas molecules. The current challenges and the future perspectives for HOFs are discussed with respect to the urgent demands in enhancing their performance, which propose a broader vision of HOFs in developing novel functional porous materials.

Hon Chung Lau

This paper proposes decarbonization pathways for Thailand based on a review of the status of renewable and fossil energies, technology evaluation and scenario studies. Results show that renewable electricity generation needs to grow at a 7.1% average annual growth rate (AAGR) between now and 2050 for the power sector to achieve net-zero by 2050. This would require it to reach 400 TWh, exceeding its technical potential. We propose a more achievable scenario of between 5% and 6% AAGR wherein renewable electricity will grow from 51 TWh to 217–291 TWh between 2020 and 2050. Gas-powered electricity will grow from 127 TWh to 185–111 TWh, requiring carbon capture and storage (CCS) to mitigate 75–45 Mtpa CO₂ by 2050. For the transport sector, electric vehicles have the highest decarbonization potential, but they would add 45 TWh of electricity demand by 2050. For the industry sector, installing CCS in existing plants has the highest decarbonization potential. Overall, CCS is a key decarbonization technology and its large-scale implementation will be needed for Thailand to achieve net-zero by 2050.

Xinru ZHANG, Lei HOU, Lei XU et al.

Due to the high data confidentiality, imperfect data acquisition technology and infrequent abnormal working conditions of oil and gas pipeline systems, it is impossible for the machine learning models to obtain the desired training effect with the available pipeline transportation data set. Herein, the energy consumption of pipeline transportation was analyzed based on a crude oil pipeline, and the power consumption of oil pump set thereof was simulated with Pipeline Studio TLNET to expand the data. Given the characteristics of simulation samples for pipeline transportation, such as no real value control, feature correlation, and high dimension, the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN algorithm) based on Mahalanobis distance was proposed to evaluate the reliability of simulation samples and identify the abnormal simulation samples. As shown by the examples, the fitting capability of the model can be improved after the simulation samples with the abnormal data eliminated are added to the training set. Generally, the research results provide a new idea for the generation and verification of simulation samples of the pipeline transportation data.