Hasil untuk "Fuel"

Abdalla M. Abdalla, S. Hossain, Ozzan B. Nisfindy et al.

Abstract The energy demand worldwide has increased significantly with the increase in population. This is because energy is needed in almost every activity. For example, in industry, working, cleaning, transportation and commuting from one place to another. The majority of energy being used is obtained from fossil fuels, which are not renewable resources and require a longer time to recharge or return to its original capacity. Energy from fossil fuels is cheaper but it faces some challenges compared to renewable energy resources. Thus, one of the most potential candidates to fulfill the energy requirements are renewable resources and the most environmentally friendly fuel is hydrogen (H2). Hydrogen exists mostly in plant materials and is not readily available in nature. It is necessary to produce hydrogen from available feedstock (water), which covers 70% of the earth. Moreover, hydrogen under standard pressure and temperature has an important merit; it can be obtained from renewable resources. Although, currently it is produced from fossil fuels. Hydrogen as a fuel is nonmetallic, non-toxic and can generate higher energy than gasoline on a mass basis. However, to employ hydrogen as a fuel, extensive research is essential to investigate and design on-board applications. Also, the cost of producing hydrogen (renewable) is expensive compared to gasoline (fossil). Thus, the production of H2 from renewable resources and from fossil fuels requires tremendous effort. One of these efforts is to generate H2 from biofuels as it is considered a promising technique that can help manage hydrogen from food waste. In addition, hydrogen storage materials are still lacking in both volumetric and gravimetric density. In this review, the key challenges that hydrogen industry are confronting are introduced and highlighted to facilitate the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy.

F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, Guihua Yu et al.

Yao Nie, Li Li, Zidong Wei

P. Azadi, Oliver Richard Inderwildi, R. Farnood et al.

M. Mehl, W. Pitz, C. Westbrook et al.

C. Somerville, H. Youngs, Caroline M. Taylor et al.

A. Schirmer, M. Rude, Xuezhi Li et al.

M. Yao, Zhaolei Zheng, Haifeng Liu

M. Balat

Yuriy Román‐Leshkov, C. Barrett, Zhen Liu et al.

M. Tabak, J. Hammer, M. Glinsky et al.

A. Bridgwater, G. Peacocke

M. Hickner, H. Ghassemi, Y. Kim et al.

Carolina Ardila-Suarez, Jean-Paul Lacoursière, Gervais Soucy et al.

Countries worldwide are focused on the objective of zero emissions by 2050. However, the accelerated implementation of clean technologies has had some drawbacks, remarkably those related to safety issues. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) emerges as a transition fuel in this context, considering the following two aspects. First, LPG is a fuel that has environmental advantages compared to other fossil fuels, so the extension of coverage as a replacement fuel is a key factor. Second, LPG has a well-developed storage and transportation infrastructure that can be used, sometimes without modifications, for clean fuels, helping their implementation. Therefore, the safety analysis and the study of the consequences related to the hazards of LPG is a current subject that contributes, through all the tools reviewed in this article, to not only reduce the risks of this fuel but also to connect with the safety issues of clean fuels. This review article provides a comprehensive overview through consequence modeling tools, highlighting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and machine learning to pave the way for the full implementation of clean fuels that will power the future of humanity.

Ghada E. Hegazy, Nadia A. Soliman, Yasser R. Abdel-Fattah et al.

Abstract Background This study investigates the potential of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for bioelectricity generation from seawater and wastewater sources. It focuses on the isolation, identification, and statistical optimization of electrogenic bacteria from diverse environmental samples, aiming to enhance sustainable production of bioenergy. Results Four bacterial isolates were obtained from Max surface water, oil factory wastewater, Abu-Qir bottom sediment, and fish factory wastewater. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing identified these isolates as Stenotrophomonas sp. strain S2 (El-Max), Bacillus paralicheniformis strain O3 (Oil factory), Bacillus safensis strain QB (Abu-Qir), and Serratia sp.strain GH3 (Fish factory). Initial screening of microbial consortia showed promising bioelectricity generation, with voltage outputs ranging from 0.175 V to 0.542 V crosswise isolates. Statistical method using Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) screened the key factors influencing voltage production, including pH, time, oxygen, inoculum size, mediator, and resistance. Each isolate exhibited a distinct pattern of factor significance, yet the models for the four strains demonstrated excellent predictive power with R² values near 0.98 or higher. Conclusion These results underscore the strong potential of specific electrogenic bacterial strains, isolated from diverse wastewater sources, to enhance bioelectricity production in Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). The identification of critical operational parameters provides valuable insights for optimizing MFC performance. Together, these findings demonstrate the viability of MFCs as an effective dual-purpose technology for wastewater treatment and renewable energy production.

Fariza Almira Ghany, Bambang Wahono, Achmad Praptijanto et al.

Air pollution remains a big issue in many countries. One form of air pollution comes from the use of fossil fuels as the primary fuel in the power generating and transportation sectors. Diesel engines are employed in a variety of industries due to their dependability, durability, and efficiency. Enhancing the availability of oxygen within the combustion chamber is one technique for reducing exhaust gas emissions and optimizing diesel engine combustion. The aim of this study is to investigate how oxygen enrichment in diesel engines with diesel fuel and biodiesel affects their performance and emissions. The modeling in this research was carried out using AVL BOOST version 2011 software based on experimental results of the YANMAR TF 155 R-DI diesel engine at 1200 rpm with and without oxygen enrichment. Modeling was performed based on the baseline parameter of a diesel engine with gradual loads at 50%, 75%, and 100%. The oxygen concentration was increased to 30.6%, 37.8%, 45%, and 54% by mass. The results show an increase in the maximum heat release rate (HRR) and the mass fraction burned (MFB) up to 90% for both fuels. The peak heat release rate of biodiesel shifts around 6 J/degree and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is up to 0.0035 kg/kWh higher than that of diesel fuel. When compared to diesel fuel, the thermal efficiency and BSFC of biodiesel usage are around 0.3% and 0.028 kg/kWh, respectively. NO_x emissions increase due to higher combustion temperatures and more oxygen availability. Biodiesel emits 50% less NO_x than diesel fuel, presumably due to a lower combustion temperature. As a result, while high-concentration oxygen enrichment improves combustion and lowers soot emissions, it raises NO_x emissions. Soot emissions were reduced as a result of the enhanced combustion process, while NO_x emissions rose due to higher combustion temperatures and increased oxygen availability.

Martin Greco-Coppi, Peter Seufert, Carina Hofmann et al.

The quest to decarbonize the lime and cement industry is challenging because of the amount and the nature of the CO2 emissions. The process emissions from calcination are unavoidable unless carbon capture is deployed. Nevertheless, the majority of the available carbon capture technologies are expensive and energy inefficient. The indirectly heated carbonate looping (IHCaL) process is a promising technology to capture CO2 from the lime and cement production, featuring low penalties in terms of economics and energy utilization. Previous works have highlighted the potential of the IHCaL, but the optimization of the process has not been discussed in enough detail and techno-economic implications are not yet fully understood. Within this work, ten scenarios using IHCaL technology to capture CO2 from a lime plant were simulated. Hereby, different process configurations, heat recovery strategies and fueling options were computed. The calculations for the capture facilities were performed with Aspen Plus® software and EBSILON®Professional was used to simulate the steam cycles. A techno-economic assessment was included as well, aided by the ECLIPSE software.The results demonstrate that the selection of the fuel for the combustor not only affects the CO2 balance and energy performance but is also an important cost driver —there were considerable economic advantages for the computed cases with middle-caloric solid recovered fuel (SRF). The analysis shows how the heat recovery strategy can be optimized to achieve tailored outcomes, such as reduced fuel requirement or increased power production. The specific primary energy consumption (from −0.3 to +2.5 MJLHV/tCO2,av) and cost for CO2 avoided (from −11 to +25 €/tCO2,av) using SRF are considerably low, compared with other technologies for the same application. The sensitivity study revealed that the main parameters that impact the economics are the discount rate and the project life. The capture plants are more sensitive to parameter changes than the reference plant, and the plants using SRF are more sensitive than the lignite-fueled plants. The conclusions from this work open a new pathway of experimental research to validate key assumptions and enable the industrial deployment of IHCaL technology before 2030.

Chevalier Vincent, Di Salvo Jacques

The CABRI experimental pulse reactor, located at the Cadarache nuclear research center, southern France, is devoted to the study of Reactivity Initiated Accidents (RIA). The hodoscope, installed in the CABRI reactor, is a unique online fuel motion monitoring system, operated by IRSN. This equipment is dedicated to the measurement of the fast neutrons emitted by the tested rod, in real time (with a rate of 1ms), during the power pulse. It is one of the distinctive features of the CABRI reactor facility, which is operated by CEA. To support the experimental task around CABRI reactor, by the experimenters who work on the Hodoscope, a Monte Carlo model, using the MORET code, is used by IRSN. This paper presents the main outcomes obtained during the reactor commissioning tests functioning, using Hodoscope results compared to MORET calculations, which proves the validity of the CABRI MORET model. Furthermore, we show how MORET code is used to build the signal-to-mass conversion charts of the Hodoscope.

Monique Silva Coelho, Daniel Constantino Zacharias, Tayná Silva de Paulo et al.

In the second quarter of 2021, the companies at the Capuava Petrochemical Complex (CPC, Santo André, Brazil) carried out a 50-day scheduled shutdown for the maintenance and installation of new industrial equipment. This process resulted in severe uncontrolled emissions of particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a densely populated residential area (~3400 inhabitants/km²). VOCs can be emitted directly into the atmosphere in urban areas by vehicle exhausts, fuel evaporation, solvent use, emissions of natural gas, and industrial processes. PM is emitted by vehicle exhausts, mainly those powered by diesel, industrial processes, and re-suspended soil dust, in addition to that produced in the atmosphere by photochemical reactions. Our statistical analyses compared the previous (2017–2020) and subsequent (2021–2022) periods from this episode (April–May 2021) from the official air quality monitoring network of the PM₁₀, benzene, and toluene hourly data to improve the proportion of this period of uncontrolled emissions. Near-field simulations were also performed to evaluate the dispersion of pollutants of industrial origin, applying the Gaussian plume model AERMOD (steady-state plume model), estimating the concentrations of VOC and particulate matter (PM₁₀) in which the population was exposed in the region surrounding the CPC. The results comparing the four previous years showed an increase in the mean concentrations by a factor of 2 for PM₁₀, benzene, and toluene, reaching maximum values during the episode of 174 µg m⁻³ (PM₁₀), 79.1 µg m⁻³ (benzene), and 58.7 µg m⁻³ (toluene). Meanwhile, these higher concentrations continued to be observed after the episode, but their variation cannot be fully explained yet. However, it is worth highlighting that this corresponds to the post-pandemic period and the 2022 data also correspond to the period from January to June, that is, they do not represent the annual variation. A linear correlation indicated that CPC could have been responsible for more than 60% of benzene measured at the Capuava Air Quality Station (AQS). However, the PM₁₀ behavior was not fully explained by the model. AERMOD showed that the VOC plume had the potential to reach a large part of Mauá and Santo André municipalities, with the potential to affect the health of more than 1 million inhabitants.