Hasil untuk "Forestry"

J. Peñuelas, T. Rutishauser, I. Filella

Alexandra Marques, Inês S. Martins, T. Kastner et al.

Biodiversity and ecosystem service losses driven by land-use change are expected to intensify as a growing and more affluent global population requires more agricultural and forestry products, and teleconnections in the global economy lead to increasing remote environmental responsibility. By combining global biophysical and economic models, we show that, between the years 2000 and 2011, overall population and economic growth resulted in increasing total impacts on bird diversity and carbon sequestration globally, despite a reduction of land-use impacts per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). The exceptions were North America and Western Europe, where there was a reduction of forestry and agriculture impacts on nature accentuated by the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Biodiversity losses occurred predominantly in Central and Southern America, Africa and Asia with international trade an important and growing driver. In 2011, 33% of Central and Southern America and 26% of Africa’s biodiversity impacts were driven by consumption in other world regions. Overall, cattle farming is the major driver of biodiversity loss, but oil seed production showed the largest increases in biodiversity impacts. Forestry activities exerted the highest impact on carbon sequestration, and also showed the largest increase in the 2000–2011 period. Our results suggest that to address the biodiversity crisis, governments should take an equitable approach recognizing remote responsibility, and promote a shift of economic development towards activities with low biodiversity impacts. Combining biophysical and economic models, the authors show that the impacts of land use on bird biodiversity and carbon sequestration have increased over the years 2000–2011, with cattle farming being a major driver of biodiversity loss.

F. Escobedo, Vincenzo Giannico, C.Y. Jim et al.

Abstract Approaches and concepts nurturing interdisciplinary knowledge on urban ecosystems have evolved over recent decades and adopted a series of metaphors, including Ecosystem services (ES), Green infrastructure (GI), and Nature-based solutions (NBS). Similarly, research and promotion of urban forests (UF) and their multiple functions have recently grown as a means to address issues affecting urban areas throughout the world. Regardless of the metaphor used, urban forestry has historically provided a common language, science-based practices, and experiences for planning and managing trees and green spaces in cities to provide such benefits. Therefore, we conducted a review of the literature to better understand the origin, trends, and evolution of these metaphors and their institutional and contextual interpretations. Relationships among terms, publication trends and the studies’ countries of origin were then used to identify the nexus between urban forestry and these metaphors. We found that ES appears in 2006, GI in 2007 and NBS in 2015. Definitions based on seminal academic publications are now included in national-level policy instruments in several countries and regions. However, in terms of English language publications, the United States leads by a notable margin followed by China, larger European Union countries, Brazil, Australia, and Canada. Similarly, the North-South divide is evident in terms of scientific publication productivity and funding for this type of research. Science and evidence-based guidelines and solutions for integrating and implementing urban forestry practices and experiences are found in several international publications. We suggest that such metaphors, and their socio-political implications, are not as important as the inherent messages. Indeed, changes in both discipline and language are key for communicating the documented importance of urban forestry for enhancing human well-being. A set of criteria that could be adopted to guide the use of these and future metaphors is also presented.

F. Putz, P. Zuidema, T. Synnott et al.

Miao Dong, Xiaogang Li, Xiaoli Hu et al.

ABSTRACT Although numerous studies have documented the differences in leaf fungal endophyte (LFE) communities among various plant species inhabiting the same environments, the disparities in LFE among distinct species groups have rarely been examined at the community level. The composition and structure of the LFE community are known to be influenced by the abundance of host plants and the leaf functional traits at the species level. Given that various plant functional groups exhibit differences in relative abundance and leaf functional traits, we hypothesize that these distinct plant functional groups may support unique LFE communities, which are likely correlated with their specific functional demands. In this study, we investigated LFE community across 45 plant species, which were categorized into four functional groups: grasses, legumes, dicot forbs, and monocot forbs from an alpine meadow, utilizing high‐throughput sequencing techniques. We assessed the differences in LFE among the plant functional groups and analyzed these differences in relation to plant abundance and leaf functional traits. The LFE community exhibited significant differences among plant functional groups. The dicot forbs demonstrated a higher richness of LFE compared to the other three functional groups. Ascomycota was found to be the dominant phylum across all plant functional groups. Additionally, marker operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with a symbiotic lifestyle were more prevalent in legumes than in the other three functional groups. Leaf mass per area is identified as the primary determinant of variation in LFE community across different plant functional groups, with water content and leaf nitrogen concentration serving as secondary factors. Furthermore, species abundance also plays a significant role in explaining the variation observed in LFE. Our research enhances the understanding of microbial‐plant interactions and indicates a potential role of LFEs in shaping community structure and dynamics.

Catrina M. Alberts, Catrina M. Alberts, Seafha C. Ramos et al.

Herpetology, like the species it seeks to understand, exists within relationships between land, water, and the people who have long cared for them. However, for generations, its roots in discovery, collection, and classification have silenced Indigenous voices and separated science from relationship. As a Diné (Navajo) herpetologist, I write from within these intersections, exploring how Indigenous Knowledge (IK) can transform the questions we ask and the ways we conduct research. First, I trace the colonial foundations of herpetology and how Indigenous cultural protocols, rooted in respect, have been misinterpreted as barriers to scientific engagement. Next, I examine how IK has guided wildlife science, from ethnoherpetology to conservation biology, offering frameworks of relational accountability, long-term ecological insight, and community care. I grounded these ideas in a case study of Northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) research conducted with the Navajo Nation, where populations are threatened by interacting effects, including grazing and climate-driven hydrologic change. Guided by the 4 R’s of Indigenous research practice (i.e., Respect, Relevance, Reciprocity, and Responsibility), integrating Diné teachings produced tangible methodological outcomes, including culturally guided site selection, reliance on non-invasive approaches such as environmental DNA and acoustic monitoring, careful interpretation of uncertainty, and Tribal authority over data governance. These outcomes reframed conservation from documenting decline to preparing for restoration grounded in long-term stewardship. While shaped by Diné teachings, this approach does not offer a universal template. Instead, it demonstrates how conservation science can remain rigorous while becoming more relational, accountable, and responsive to Indigenous sovereignty and responsibility.

Adila Ainiwaerjiang, Xueying Jin, Zhen Xie et al.

The global ecology movement of the 1960s gave rise to international efforts to of farmland ecological protection. In these systematic, multi-agent projects, the long-term viability of farmland ecological protection rests significantly upon the alignment and synergistic interaction of the primary agents involved. Beginning in 2017, the Chinese government prioritized farmland ecological protection, instituting a collaborative governance structure involving policymakers, policy implementers, and agricultural producers. To appraise the characteristics of this structure, this study develops a multi-agent theoretical framework according to a “motivation-behavior” model for farmland ecological protection. Analyzing the motivations of these agents and the resultant synergy across the 2000–2020 period, this research indicates a significant rise in the motivation of Chinese policymakers toward farmland ecological protection, coupled with a significant decline in motivation among agricultural producers. Policy implementers’ motivation, however, has remained consistent. Employing a coupling and coordination model to assess the collaborative effectiveness among these actors, this study identifies a downward trend in synergistic effectiveness across three phases: primary coupling, approaching decoupling, and mild decoupling. To further explore the collaborative effectiveness of policy implementers and agricultural producers, a Tapio decoupling model is utilized to analyze changes in their synergistic activity. The temporal analysis of motivational shifts indicates a stabilizing trend among policy implementers and fluctuating efforts from agricultural producers. Spatially, high-value areas for policy implementers have experienced a significant decline, migrating from the left to the right of the Hu Line; whereas, high-value areas for agricultural producers have steadily decreased. Specifically, areas where synergistic efforts between implementers and producers in farmland ecological protection are being observed have expanded, while areas exhibiting decaying synergy have contracted. Areas initially indicating synergy decay demonstrate an initial increase followed by a decrease. This study concludes that China must develop a compensation structure for farmland ecological protection targeted at business actors, execute region-specific protection plans, and strengthen multi-agent motivation to cultivate more robust synergistic outcomes.

Ju Huang, Xin Zhao, Yan Zhang et al.

Flower color is an important ornamental feature that is often modulated by the contents of flavonoids. Chalcone synthase is the first key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, but little is known about the role of <i>R. delavayi</i> CHS in flavonoid biosynthesis. In this paper, three <i>CHS</i> genes (<i>RdCHS1-3</i>) were successfully cloned from <i>R. delavayi</i> flowers. According to multiple sequence alignment and a phylogenetic analysis, only RdCHS1 contained all the highly conserved and important residues, which was classified into the cluster of bona fide CHSs. RdCHS1 was then subjected to further functional analysis. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the transcripts of <i>RdCHS1</i> were the highest in the leaves and lowest in the roots; this did not match the anthocyanin accumulation patterns during flower development. Biochemical characterization displayed that RdCHS1 could catalyze <i>p</i>-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA molecules to produce naringenin chalcone. The physiological function of <i>RdCHS1</i> was checked in <i>Arabidopsis</i> mutants and tobacco, and the results showed that <i>RdCHS1</i> transgenes could recover the color phenotypes of the <i>tt4</i> mutant and caused the tobacco flower color to change from pink to dark pink through modulating the expressions of endogenous structural and regulatory genes in the tobacco. All these results demonstrate that RdCHS1 fulfills the function of a bona fide CHS and contributes to flavonoid biosynthesis in <i>R. delavayi</i>.

B.U. Kelkar, S.R. Shukla, P. Nagraik et al.

Bamboo is a widely available bio-resource that is considered as a sustainable and eco-friendly raw material for fabricating composites that could replace timber and timber-based products. Several structural bamboo composites (SBCs) have been developed as a sustainable alternative to traditional load-bearing materials in different applications. These composites utilise bamboo in its converted forms viz., strips or strands, bonded with structural grade polymeric adhesives, and compacted and cured under pressure and at high temperature, forming thick panels or beams with standardized cross-sections. With recent advances in processing technologies, several interventions have been undertaken to improve the production efficiency and overall properties and performance of SBCs. While the properties of these composites are comparable or even better than those of commonly used wood and wood-based mass timber products, their performance is strongly influenced by the different processing parameters used in their fabrication. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the recent literature about the production process of SBCs and their physico-mechanical and other properties, factors affecting these quality parameters and current developments in processing technologies. It also examines potential applications and the future scope of research work in this area.

Francisco Tomatis, Francisco Javier Diez, Maria Sol Wilhelm et al.

Urban green spaces improve quality of life by mitigating urban temperatures. However, there are challenges in obtaining urban data to analyze and understand their influence. With the aim of developing innovative methodologies for this type of research, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were developed to predict daily and hourly temperatures in urban green spaces from sensors placed in situ for 41 days. The study areas were four urban allotment gardens (with dynamic and productive vegetation) and a forested urban park in the city of Valladolid, Spain. ANNs were built and evaluated from various combinations of inputs (X), hidden neurons (Y), and outputs (Z) under the practical rule of “making networks simple, to obtain better results”. Seven ANNs architectures were tested: 7-Y-5 (Y = 6, 7, …, 14), 6-Y-5 (Y = 6, 7, …, 14), 7-Y-1 (Y = 2, 3, …, 8), 6-Y-1 (Y = 2, 3, …, 8), 4-Y-1 (Y = 1, 2, …, 7), 3-Y-1 (Y = 1, 2, …, 7), and 2-Y-1 (Y = 2, 3, …, 8). The best-performing model was the 6-Y-1 ANN architecture with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.42 °C for the urban garden called Valle de Arán. The results demonstrated that from shorter data points obtained in situ, ANNs predictions achieve acceptable results and reflect the usefulness of the methodology. These predictions were more accurate in urban gardens than in urban parks, where the type of existing vegetation can be a decisive factor. This study can contribute to the development of a sustainable and smart city, and has the potential to be replicated in cities where the influence of urban green spaces on urban temperatures is studied with traditional methodologies.

Tarun Kumar Lohani, Gordon Sigu, Nellie Oduor et al.

The site suitability assessment of Bamboo in Kenya was studied for diverse agroecological zones (AEZs) comprising one indigenous and fifteen exotic bamboo species in nine different AEZs of Kenya. Three bamboo clumps from each species that were at least five years old were assessed to accurately capture data on growth performance and yield. Soil samples collected at 0–30 cm depth from different areas varied considerably. The proportion of soil varied across the bamboo planting sites (F(1,11) = 24.94; p < 0.001), soil pH in the planting sites varied significantly (F(1,11) = 13.92; p < 0.001), and soil bulk densities had different results (F(1,11) = 13.92; p < 0.001). The lowest bulk density (0.61 ± 0.01) was recorded in Kakamega (UM1), while the highest (1.63 ± 0.01) was reported in Gede. Data on characteristics of clumps and internode length and wall thickness integrated through GenStat statistical software using ANOVA entail a huge variation in growth performance for each bamboo species across planting sites. Morphological characters were also studied in detail. The mean height, diameter, and stocking density were comparatively lower even in elevated zones that were only 200 m below its natural range. This resulted in an extremely low yield, which is not viable for economic investment. The species is unsuitable for plantation establishment outside its natural range of 2300 m–3200 m above the sea level (a.s.l.). Plantation below this range will not dissipate but will not attain a healthy growth. The primary use will be restricted for ornamental and conservation purposes such as scaffolding, roof construction, and fabrication of basic household furniture.

Sunil K. Deshmukh, Laurent Dufossé, Hemraj Chhipa et al.

Antibiotic resistance is becoming a burning issue due to the frequent use of antibiotics for curing common bacterial infections, indicating that we are running out of effective antibiotics. This has been more obvious during recent corona pandemics. Similarly, enhancement of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is strengthening the pathogenicity and virulence of infectious microbes. Endophytes have shown expression of various new many bioactive compounds with significant biological activities. Specifically, in endophytic fungi, bioactive metabolites with unique skeletons have been identified which could be helpful in the prevention of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The major classes of metabolites reported include anthraquinone, sesquiterpenoid, chromone, xanthone, phenols, quinones, quinolone, piperazine, coumarins and cyclic peptides. In the present review, we reported 451 bioactive metabolites isolated from various groups of endophytic fungi from January 2015 to April 2021 along with their antibacterial profiling, chemical structures and mode of action. In addition, we also discussed various methods including epigenetic modifications, co-culture, and OSMAC to induce silent gene clusters for the production of noble bioactive compounds in endophytic fungi.

M. Ahdan Abror Ertanto, S Syekhfani, Erlangga Abdillah

The utilization of eucalyptus leaf waste in the processing unit of the eucalyptus oil factory has not been carried out optimally and has great potential as raw material for making organic fertilizer in the form of compost. This study aimed to study the potential use of eucalyptus leaf compost to improve soil fertility limiting factors in Jati Plus plantations. This research was conducted at the Department of Research and Innovation of the Perhutani Forestry Institute, Cepu, Central Java, and in the chemical laboratory of the Department of Soil, FPUB. This study used a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and three replications. The results showed that eucalyptus leaf waste could be composted with organic carbon content, total nitrogen, total P2O5, total K2O, high organic matter content, high cation exchange capacity, and neutral pH. Perhutani's Teak Plus Plantation has fertility limiting factors on the ustic soil moisture regime, alkaline soil reaction, and clay texture. Eucalyptus leaf waste compost can be used as organic material for the strategic direction of soil management in several Jati Plus Perhutani plantation areas.

Ziling Wei, Bin Chen, Yinghui Cao et al.

Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f. is an ornamental orchid with large flowers and delicate aroma. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. hookerianum. The total chloroplast genome cycle was 155,447 bp. It displayed a typical structure including one large single-copy (LSC, 84,186 bp) region, one small single-copy (SSC, 17,839 bp) region, and two inverted repeat (IRs, 26,711 bp). 124 genes (78 CDSs, 38 tRNAs, 8 rRNAs) were encoded by the cp genome. The average GC content of this sequence was 36.8%. The phylogenetic analysis revealed C. hookerianum and C. changningense are sisters. The groundwork of chloroplast genome would provide available reference for molecular taxonomy and breeding.

Tuğçe Tuncer, Gonca Düzkale Sözbir, İbrahim Bektaş et al.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı sıcaklık derecelerinde otoklavda ısıl işlem uygulaması ve ardından ısıl işlem görmüş örneklere basınç uygulamasının kızılçamın bazı fiziksel özellikleri üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Araştırma sonuçları, örneklerin tam kuru ve 2 hafta suda bekletilmesi sonucu yoğunluklarında anlamlı bir fark oluşturmadığı, buna karşın örneklere otoklovda 60 dakika süre ile 105 ve 135°C sıcaklık, ve 90°C de 30 dakika boyunca 20 atm basınç uygulanmasının yoğunluk üzerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Kathleen Rugel, Stephen W. Golladay, C. Rhett Jackson et al.

Study region: The Lower Flint River Basin (LFRB): a karst catchment in southwestern Georgia, USA. Study focus: Using the U.S. EPA Reach File 3 data set, we generated stream reach azimuths for all tributaries of the Lower Flint River Basin (LFRB) in southwestern Georgia, USA, then compared these results to regional bedrock jointing orientations and stream chemistry (indicating incoming groundwater discharge) in one tributary of the LFRB, Ichawaynochaway Creek. Our objective was to determine if stream bearing might be a useful predictor of increased groundwater discharge in streams of the LFRB where groundwater development has significantly impacted baseflows. New hydrological insights for the region: We identified a dominant N-S trend in 44% of reaches in tributaries of the LFRB with lesser E-W, NNW, NW and NE trends. Bedrock joints and stream reaches in Ichawaynochaway Creek (a tributary of the Flint River) shared similar azimuth trends. When we compared stream reach orientation with known locations of enhanced groundwater inputs (previously detected by Rugel and others) we found that 55% of the time reaches in Ichawaynochaway Creek with increased groundwater discharge followed NW or NNW bearings (mean N49W). Further investigation to replicate these results in other tributaries of the LFRB is warranted and may help inform management strategies which could protect both ecological and economic interests in this region. Keywords: Grondwater discharge, Karst, Water resources, Groundwater-surface water interaction

Pramod Ghimire, Balram Bhatta, Basudev Pokhrel et al.

Soil quality is the capacity of soil to sustain biological productivity and environmental quality. Assessment of soil quality in different land use systems is essential as inappropriate land use management can degrade and deteriorate its function and stability. In this regard this study was carried out to evaluate soil quality of different land use types in Chure region of central Nepal. Soil quality index (SQI) was determined on the basis of the soil physiochemical parameters. Soil properties like soil pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), and available phosphorous (AP) were significantly affected by land uses types. Forest soil had the highest soil quality index (0.82) followed by bari (0.66), khet (0.64), and degraded land (0.40). Of the soil properties studied, total nitrogen and soil organic matter had the determining role in making significant impacts in the SQI among the different land uses. Hence, the results of this study can be important tool for planner, policy makers, and scientific community to frame appropriate land use management strategy.

Beitollah Amanzadeh, Mohammad Reza Pourmajidian, Khosro Sagheb Talebi et al.

In order to study the competition and spatial association of trees in mixed Hornbeam stands, two 1-ha sample plots (100m×100m) were selected in the reserve area of Asalem forests in Guilan. In each plot, species and diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees with a diameter > 7.5 cm were recorded and mapped using slope-corrected distance and azimuth from southwest corner of each plot. Distances and azimuths were later transformed to Cartesian coordinates, and all of the measured trees were assigned to one of four diameter size classes: ST (Small Timber, (DBH ≤ 32.5 cm), MT (Medium Timber, 32.5 < DBH ≤ 52.5 cm), LT (Large Timber, 52.5 < DBH ≤ 72.5 cm) and ELT (Extra-Large Timber, DBH > 72.5). Spatial patterns of the entire trees as well as the spatial associations among tree size classes (Intra-specific) and among species (Inter-specific) were analyzed by univariate and bivariate Ripley’s K-function. Results showed that the two stands exhibited a clustered distribution. Furthermore, the interaction between the ST class and other classes was significant (P0.05). The inter-specific investigation revealed that Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus trees tend towards an independent association at 1-20 meter scales. At higher scales they showed yet a negative correlation. Moreover, F. orientalis was significantly and negatively correlated to Alnus subcordata at small scales. However, their mutual intra-specific and inter-specific effects were different due to the fact that different natural stands have variety of demands during their life cycle. Therefore, it may not necessarily conform to their response to natural processes. This study concludes a founded understanding of spatial pattern of stands to be a helpful indicator for managing forests based on the currently operational close- to- nature silvicultural system.

J. Hall, B. Arheimer, M. Borga et al.

There is growing concern that flooding is becoming more frequent and severe in Europe. A better understanding of flood regime changes and their drivers is therefore needed. The paper reviews the current knowledge on flood regime changes in European rivers that has traditionally been obtained through two alternative research approaches. The first approach is the data-based detection of changes in observed flood events. Current methods are reviewed together with their challenges and opportunities. For example, observation biases, the merging of different data sources and accounting for nonlinear drivers and responses. The second approach consists of modelled scenarios of future floods. Challenges and opportunities associated with flood change scenarios are discussed such as fully accounting for uncertainties in the modelling cascade and feedbacks. To make progress in flood change research, we suggest that a synthesis of these two approaches is needed. This can be achieved by focusing on long duration records and flood-rich and flood-poor periods rather than on short duration flood trends only, by formally attributing causes of observed flood changes, by validating scenarios against observed flood regime dynamics, and by developing low-dimensional models of flood changes and feedbacks. The paper finishes with a call for a joint European flood change research network.

A.P. Zotikova, G. Vasilieva

<p>A putative interspecific hybridization in Pinaceae family was investigated. Very rarely the physiological methods were involved in hybridization processes that occurs in the hybrid zones. It is well known that in most gymnosperms, the plastid genome is inherited from the paternal component while the mitochondrion is inherited from the maternal one. Therefore functioning pattern of organelles in the hybrid plant can suggest parent, from which they were inherited. The aim of this study was to indirectly establish the inheritance energy-transducing organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast) according to their functioning. Current year needles from Siberian Stone Pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) and Japanese Stone Pine (Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel) as parent species and their putative hybrids were collected from Baikal Region. The photosynthesis rate was determined by using the spectrophotometer. The study of emission CO2 under dark respiration of needle was conducted with laser optical-acoustic gasanalyzer. The quantity was measured at 1, 2 and 3 hour after experiment start. The rate of the photoreduction ferricyanide potassium was characterized by the primary photochemical processes activity at the level of photosystem II. Comparison of pure species was shown that Japanese Stone Pine had higher functional activity of chloroplast as compared with Siberian<br />Stone Pine in spite of the fact that they are growing in similar environment conditions. Two of three analyzed hybrids had decreased<br />activity of their chloroplasts. Unfortunately, in this case we can't conclude if the chloroplasts were inherited from Siberian Stone Pine or<br />from Japanese Stone Pine. Chloroplast activity of the third hybrid was approximately similar to that of Japanese Stone Pine suggesting that<br />its chloroplasts were inherited from this parent. Consequently, the Siberian Stone Pine and the Japanese Stone Pine were maternal and paternal, respectively parents of the hybrid. Compared to the Siberian Stone Pine, the Japanese Stone Pine had higher dark respiration rate.<br />The hybrid respiration rate was similar to that of the Japanese Stone Pine suggesting that the hybrid inherited mitochondria from this<br />species. Our findings indicated that the P. pumila exhibited particular ecological plasticity and this phenomenon is attributable to its high potential activity of photosynthetic and respiratory processes. These physiological features explained the large transcontinental natural<br />habitat of Japanese Stone Pine.</p>