TikTok, a swiftly expanding social media platform, has emerged as a potent catalyst in transforming the realm of visual communication and digital interaction. This paper explores the evolving landscape of TikTok, focusing on its technological advancements, emerging forms of expression, and distinctive features in reshaping visual communication. It delves into the platform’s unique capabilities for audiovisual messages, highlighting its transformative impact on digital culture. Through its unique blend of short-form videos, innovative build-in editing tools, and algorithmic recommendation system, TikTok has democratized content creation and consumption, enabling users worldwide to engage in creative expression and community-building. The aim of this paper is to qualitatively and exploratively delve into the structures of TikTok messages and the forms of visual communication that appear on it. The author employed deep observation and multimodal analysis for this purpose.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Sociology (General)
AbstractThis paper starts with the four factors that affect Chinese anthropology and ethnology: the Soviet school of ethnology, Marxist ethnology, Western anthropological and ethnological theories, and Chinese experience and theory (government policies and scholar explorations). Based on the influence of foreign theories and the theoretical exploration of local efforts, this paper points out the transformations in Chinese anthropology and ethnology and its research characteristics in different periods. Since the reform and opening up in 1978, Chinese anthropological and ethnological studies have seen the constant expansion of study fields, increasing diversity of study contents, and the introduction of foreign theories and the exploration in Chinese theories in each stage. This shows that China has gradually explored the theoretical research course suitable for its own. The development course and transformations of Chinese anthropological and ethnological theories can be divided into the following three stages: the introduction of foreign theories and reconstruction of Chinese anthropology and ethnology (1978 to 1990), the orientation of Chinese issues and the verification of foreign theories (1990 to 2000), and the establishment of the Chinese School and its increasing international influence (since 2000).
Anthropological interest in science fiction derives from the fact that works of science fiction, while depicting imaginary worlds, actually speak about existing human communities. This paper looks at how misanthropy is communicated in science fiction works, specifically, in Borislav Pekić’s novel Atlantis (Atlantida), first published in 1988, and the TV series Battlestar Galactica, which originally aired between 2003 and 2009. The theme of both works is essentially the same: the end of human history in its present form and the attempt to create a better civilization, all of this resulting from a long-standing conflict between humans and their biggest historical mistake – robots. The subject matter of the two works is also the same: having reached a high level of technological and spiritual development, humans design robots to replace them first in the most difficult jobs, and then in everyday tasks; the robots develop self-awareness and rise against their makers, and then come to believe that they should replace people and rectify all the errors and shortcomings they have identified in them as beings and also in their social development and organization, and eventually achieve deification by surpassing their makers and initiating their own independent and – compared to humans – more just history. The novel and the series have in common, not only with each other but also with many other science fiction works, a pessimistic view of human existence: a proneness to corruptibility in terms of morals and actions as a human characteristic, and its embedding and presence in the modes of human cultural thought and social organization and actions, represent a distinct, misanthropic thematic dimension in science fiction. This is particularly apparent when the acts of othering and institutional inflicting of evil on Others are considered. This is contrary to the humanistic ideal of humanity as an essential, ennobling quality of human beings. Science fiction works that problematize misanthropy as a sociocultural category suggest that human society reflects human nature: human communities are a product of human mental and material organization, and thus the lack of agreement between proclaimed social and cultural values and corresponding behavior represents a product of human thought and actions. What follows from this in Battlestar Galactica and Atlantis is that robots are like people: they know of no values other than human ones, hence their society is similar to human societies. They strive to evolve and thus distance themselves from their makers, yet it turns out that their patterns of behaviour towards Others and their tendency to other those among them who do not think like them or refuse to behave like them, are identical to those of humans.
This paper examines diverse conceptions of homosociality in pre-modern and modern societies, and discusses how these conceptions are politically, socially, culturally and spatially constructed and transformed throughout history, particularly during the modernization processes of the mid-19thcentury. Concentrating on two significant homosocial spaces, men’s coffeehouse and women’s section of the Ottoman-Turkish baths, it aims to demonstrate how homosociality is spatialized through the dissolution of the public/private dichotomy, as well as constructions of functionality in pre-modern Ottoman society. The paper follows a historical interpretative research methodology. Based on data derived from the second-hand sources available in the literature, the privatized public, complex, homoerotic and multi-functional characteristics of these homosocial spaces and their extensions towards and reflections on the Ottoman urban neighborhoods are critically analyzed and interpreted. The dissolution of the public/private dichotomy in these spaces also exemplifies the Foucaultian concept of heterotopia. The paper concludes that these traditional spaces and their modern versions demonstrate the constructedness of both gender categories and patriarchal structures.
Building upon the idea of Douglass Bailey (1994) that prehistoric figurines represent actual individuals, it is suggested here that their makers represented people in the manner they perceived them, following the role models familiar from their own society. This further implies that, on the grounds of certain indicators, it may be possible to identify social differences depending on the age, sex/gender, and possibly other modes of inequality. An attempt is made here to define the criteria identifying the markers – indicators of inequality, such as: representations of hair style and jewellery, size of figurines, as well as the correlation between these indicators and the details on the figurines’ bodies pointing to their sex/gender or age. In the assemblage from the site Pavlovac-Čukar, the correlation has been established between the representations ascribed as male and massive bangle bracelets and belts, indicating that adult male individuals of higher status were marked out by the number of bangles and the way of wearing the belt. A similar suggestion is proposed concerning the large-size figurines, marked with incisions perhaps representing tattoo marks, with looser breasts, indicating the possibility that older women obtained higher social status than the young ones. It is worth noting that in the case of the Vinča figurines little attention is paid to the representation of hair style, although it has been established that in the preindustrial societies, hair is an important indicator of social status, even more than jewellery. Hair length, specific hair styles, as well as various ornaments placed here, indicate sex/gender and social differences, various group and individual identities, as well as aesthetic ideas. Two heads from Čukar, as well as the one from Predionica, perform specific hair styles – hair shorter, reaching just below ears, and the crown is shaven. Bearing in mind that these figurines may show portrait characteristics, it may be suggested that these individuals may have achieved higher social status.
En este artículo analizamos la relación entre los patrones familiares y las prácticas económicas de las redes comerciales chinas en su expansión hacia Latinoamérica. Durante los últimos diez años los comerciantes chinos instalados en España, principalmente familias de la provincia de Zhejiang, han comenzado a desplazarse hacia América Latina, en especial a Chile, controlando extensas cadenas globales de mercancías que penetran desde allí a otros países sudamericanos. Describiremos en primer lugar sus características para luego discutir cuáles de ellas potencian o dificultan su lógica empresarial y su expansión comercial.
Anthropology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Over the past few decades, major changes have taken place in the two most influential Western countries – the USA and the UK. These changes found political expression in Trump’s presidential victory and the triumph of Brexit in 2016. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changed political reality in these states and explain its causes. In the first part, the author provides a theoretical framework and discusses the old and new categories to provide explanation for the changes in these states. In the second part, he analyzes the main changes in political life in the USA and UK embodied in Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In the third part, he points to the basic causes of the crisis in the USA and UK that led to Donald Trump’s victory in 2016 and UK’s withdrawal from the EU. The countries that were beacons of civilized dialogue among political opponents now harbor growing intolerance, lack of accountability and ruthless mudslinging campaigns against political opponents. The radicalization of political life in the USA culminated in former President Trump’s supporters storming the Congress which left five people dead. In the second most influential state of the Western world, during the pro- remain or pro-leave the EU campaign, a British MP was killed while the politicians were stoking fears of impending wars, genocide and even invoked the politics dating back to Hitler and Napoleon. The policy of exclusiveness pursued by Trump and Brexiteers brought about the social polarization in the USA and the UK unprecedented since the Second World War. The author proceeds from a hypothesis that deep social and ethnic divisions, rising poverty, less access to higher education for broader social strata, lack of trust in democratic and supranational institutions, obsession with one’s own cultural identity, fear of large-scale immigration and domination of reality culture set the stage for the changes in political life in these countries, making it possible for Trump and Brexit to prevail. The paper provides a critical analysis of previous attempts to account for the victory of Trump and Brexit, particularly the theory of cultural backlash by which US political analysts Norris and Inglehart explain the rise of authoritarian populism in the USA and the UK. The author is of the view that following Biden’s presidential victory in 2020 the situation in the USA will not change significantly since it is not just the politicians that create the political environment but rather the social and economic situation which has deteriorated even further in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The UK has managed to avoid significant radicalization in political life since the divisions over Brexit did not follow partisan and ideological lines as was the case in the USA.
The present work investigates the trajectories of two union leaders belonging to the Unión Obrera Gráfica Cordobesa (UOGC), current members of the union's executive committee. From the historical reconstruction based on oral interviews and other sources we will seek to understand those militant trajectories in the context of “union normalization” process started immediately after the dictatorship in Córdoba, a place where the graphic union occupies a singular space in the tradition that refers to the militant unionism of the 60-70’s. In this way, our objetive is to contribute to the understanding of the process also known as “democratic transition” during the ’80, in particular to the incipient field of studies that investigates the way in which the working class seeks to reorganize itself and the new militant configurations that unfold in the transition between dictatorship and democracy. In methodological terms, we inquire the possible articulation between the labor, trade union and political spheres, with the objetive to analyze, on one hand, the individual dimension (biography, way of political engagement, union trajectories), and on the other, the collective dimension (the reconstruction of trade unions in the post-dictatorship in Argentina), taking into account the specifity and limits of the reconstruction based on the experience of trade union leaders.
Anthropology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
Мета статті — створити універсальну методологічну систему для досліджень музичної іконографії в оздобі архітектурних споруд, застосовуючи типологію артефактів. Резюмувати існуючі наукові надбання в даній галузі та, враховуючи особливості вузькоспеціалізованої теми, інтегрувати їх у контекст культурологічного дискурсу. Опираючись на типологію артефактів, як основний інструмент у науково-пошуковому процесі, формується схема дослідження в контексті культурологічного дискурсу. Проводиться огляд існуючих розвідок по даній тематиці, а також акцентується увага на необхідності розвитку музичної іконографії як галузі в українському науковому просторі. Враховуючи той факт, що дана стаття спрямована на створення моделі методології для тем конкретного характеру, зазначимо інструменти, які були задіяні в даному процесі: по- перше, це типологія артефактів за різними критеріями, як ключового чинника організації матеріалу для аналізу; по-друге, визначення показників, які враховуючи історико- культурний контекст, розширять результати типології і дозволять впевнено інтегрувати її в русло культурології як науки. Важливо, що створена методологічна система може стати актуальною для роботи з темами, пов’язаними з кількома мистецькими галузями: музикою, архітектурою, скульптурою, а також у дослідженнях, які вивчають місто як мистецький продукт. Інтегративна природа теми потребує такого ж підходу, тому при виборі методологічних інструментів надважливим є враховувати природу галузей, що поєднуються тією мірою, наскільки це дозволяє професійна компетенція дослідника- культуролога. Наукова новизна полягає у здійсненні спроби створити методологічну систему, актуальну для досліджень, пов’язаних з музичною іконографією в декорі архітектурних споруд. Висновки. Наукова робота з темами, які мають міждисциплінарний характер вимагає детального опрацювання варіантів методологічного інструментарію. У кожному конкретному випадку вибір методів може бути продиктованим нахилом в одне, або інше наукове русло. Саме тому створення методологічної системи для дослідження теми музичної іконографії в декорі архітектури в контексті культурології є необхідним для логічного розгортання наукового пошуку.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Sociology (General)
Мета статті — виявити специфіку нідерландської мімічної культури другої половини ХХ ст. на основі аналізу діяльності «Театру руху» під керівництвом Ф. Фогельса. Методологія дослідження. Застосовано історико-культурний метод і метод системного аналізу та синтезу (для вивчення особливостей розвитку мімічної культури в Нідерландах); порівняльно- історичний метод (для здійснення порівняльного аналізу художньо-естетичних засад пантоміми Е. Декру та мімічної культури Ф. Фогельса); метод біографічної реконструкції (для відтворення фрагментів творчих біографій представників нідерландської мімічної культури Я. Бронка, У. Спура та Ф. Фогельса); жанрово-типологічний метод (для виявлення особливостей постановок «Театру руху») та метод теоретичного узагальнення (для підбиття підсумків дослідження). Наукова новизна. Досліджено передумови формування мім-театру в Нідерландах; проаналізовано діяльність провідних нідерландських мімів в контексті специфіки національної мімічної культури; розглянуто діяльність театральної групи та школи «Театру руху»; теоретизовано художньо-естетичні засади мім-театру за Ф. Фогельсом. Висновки. Постановки нідерландського «Театру руху» здійснили великий вплив на зміну сприйняття мімічної культури в багатьох європейських країнах, розширивши творчі обрії теоретико-практичного спадку Е. Декру. Вистави театральної групи репрезентували глядачам можливості, що з’являються внаслідок підриву кордонів між театром та іншими видами мистецтва. «Театр руху» став унікальним міждисциплінарним явищем, що посприяв неоднозначному перетину театру з іншими мистецтвами для створення гібридних засобів естетичної тілесної передачі повідомлень. Концепція Ф. Фогельса заклала основи сучасного мім-театру, в якому мім не стільки актор, який володіє віртуозною технікою руху, скільки мімеограф — автор і режисер власної вистави, всі елементи якої виникають в процесі імпровізації.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Sociology (General)
Celeste Jiménez de Madariaga, J. J. García del Hoyo
The advent of democracy in Spain and the establishment of the different autonomous communities marked the beginning of a process to transfer political, economic and other competences over Culture and Cultural Heritage. Following its creation in 1984, the Ministry of Culture of the Andalusian Autonomous Government incorporated a Directorate-General for Cultural Assets into its organisational structure and embarked on an ambitious programme of actions to support Andalusian historical heritage, including creation of a management structure, enactment of a specific heritage law and budget allocations for protection tasks. From the outset, a type of heritage little known until then emerged: ethnological heritage. Dynamic actions were also promoted to fund research into this area, including grants for ethnological activities, financing for publications and funding for ethnological symposiums. This paper analyses the different ethnological activities carried out and their funding, and assesses the extent to which this investment favoured the professional development of teaching staff in the field of Social Anthropology in Andalusia, specifying the marginal effects and differentiating them according to gender and university size using binary choice models (Logit).
Research Framework: Based on the life course of young adults with a non-binary sexual orientation or gender identity, this article uses the concepts of intelligibility and chosen family from a queer perspective to analyze the family relationships of these individuals with identities still largely socially misunderstood.Objectives: This research thus seeks to explore the construction of chosen families among non-binary young adults with good or bad relations with their family of origin, to analyze the relationship they have with their family of origin and their chosen family, and to examine the impact of the (mis)understanding of the family of origin on the creation of a chosen family.Methodology: Two semi-structured interviews based on life course theory were conducted with 10 young adults self-identifying as non-binary aged between the ages of 18 and 30 and living in the Montreal area.Results: This study allows us to realize that whether their relationship is perceived as good or bad with their family of origin, non-binary young adults will tend to form a chosen family that will fully understand and accept their identity, unlike their family of origin.Conclusions: Misunderstanding of non-binary identities in our society affects the relationships of non-binary young adults with their family of origin and influences their decision to create a chosen family.Contribution: This article addresses some of the gaps in the scientific literature on the family relationships of people with diverse genders and sexualities. Indeed, very few articles are specifically interested in non-binary people.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, The family. Marriage. Woman
Keren Oshin Matus-Román, Néstor González Alemán, Juan Asdrúbal Flores Pacheco
Los macroinvertebrados son organismos que por su intolerancia a las perturbaciones en el ambiente pueden determinar la salud de los ecosistemas acuáticos a través de su diversidad y distribución de las familias presentes en sus hábitats. En este estudio se analizaron las condiciones actuales de la calidad del agua en las microcuencas Chacalín, Limonero y Moga, del Territorio Indígena Rama-Kriol por medio de la presencia y distribución de macroinvertebrados como bio-indicadores de estas, ya que actualmente se desconoce cuáles son las condiciones de sus principales afluentes dentro del territorio; con el uso del protocolo del Programa de Evaluación y Monitoreo de Ecosistema de la EPA de los Estados Unidos se establecieron 11 transeptos por cada sitio de los cuales la muestra de estos fue: 1-3, 5-7, 9-11. En esta investigación cuantitativa con enfoque descriptivo y corte transversal, la recolección se hizo con una red de mano en cada hábitat de los puntos establecidos; posteriormente se analizaron en el laboratorio del Centro de Investigación Acuática BICU, utilizando las guías taxonómicas para la clasificación e identificación de los organismos, con estos datos se determinó el IBMWP. Los resultados muestran que las microcuencas Chacalín y Moga tienen una calidad de agua regular con una contaminación poco alterada, mientras que la microcuenca Limonero a través del índice se determinó que la salud ecológica del agua está contaminada. Esto sugiere que las condiciones de dichos sitios han sido muy poco intervenidas y que existen las condiciones óptimas para el establecimiento de las familias de macroinvertebrados.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Social sciences (General)
Serbian church chant represents traditional liturgical chant of Serbian Orthodox Church. It has its foundations in Greek medieval musical tradition and Serbian folk singing. Most probably it is established during the 18th and at the beginning of the 19th century. In this period, it was cultivated especially in the monasteries of Fruška Gora and theological and secular schools in the Metropolitanate of Karlovci. In the forthcoming decades, it was transmitted exclusively orally. Melographic scripts and sound recordings of this chant tradition, the ones from the 19th century, the ones from the beginning of the 20th century and the new ones, represent a testimony of living musical tradition within the Serbian Orthodox Church. This chant is preserved till today in its recognizable variants. We accept general definitions of intangible cultural heritage as living, dynamic and vital heritage and as a form of national property which can be found in oral tradition, language, songs and traditional music. In this regard, in this paper, we will demonstrate the significance of Serbian church music as a form of intangible cultural heritage. Thus, we found an important stronghold in several facts concerning church and folk music. The examples from the whole world ascertain the significant status of religious music on UNESCO’s (Representative) List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Furthermore, on Serbian National Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage are present various examples of traditional secular musical practice. By stressing the significance of Serbian church chant as a segment of Serbian cultural and spiritual identity, we will emphasize not only “ethnic”, but likewise global character of this church music tradition.
Noel B. Salazar obtuvo su doctorado en Antropología en la Universidad de Pennsylvania (EE.UU.). Actualmente es catedrático en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, Bélgica, y profesor visitante en la Universidad de Bérgamo, Italia. Sus campos de investigación abarcan antropología de la movilidad y del viaje, el nexo entre lo local y lo global, discursos e imaginarios sobre la otredad, patrimonio, intermediación cultural y cosmopolitismo. Es autor de Envisioning Eden: Mobilizing Imaginaries in Tourism and Beyond (2010) y Momentous Mobilities: Anthropological Musings on the Meanings of Travel (2018). Además, es coeditor de Tourism Imaginaries (2014), Regimes of Mobility (2014), Keywords of Mobility (2016) y Methodologies of Mobility (2017). El Dr. Salazar pertenece al consejo editorial de American Anthropologist, Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, International Journal of Tourism Anthropology y Transfers, entre otros. Además, está incluido en la lista oficial de consultores de la Unesco y de la OMT, y es un miembro de Icomos-International Cultural Tourism Committee, y de la Unesco-Unitwin Network «Culture, Tourism and Development». Ha sido presidente de EASA (Asociación Europea de Antropólogos Sociales) y actualmente es vicepresidente de IUAES (International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences). El Dr. Salazar es también fundador de CuMoRe (Cultural Mobilities Research) y EASA’s Anthropology and Mobility Network (AnthroMob)
W artykule omówione zostało znaczenie, jakie ma praca zarobkowa dla dorosłych osób niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie w stopniu umiarkowanym bądź znacznym. Na postawie wywiadów pogłębionych dokonano analizy 19 studiów przypadków opisujących doświadczenia związane z zatrudnieniem niepełnosprawnych intelektualnie mieszkańców Warszawy.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Sociology (General)
A presente entrevista tem como tema central o director de fotografia, Acácio de Almeida, uma das figuras mais emblemáticas da história do cinema português com renome internacional, que trabalhou com grandes realizadores tais como: António Reis; Raúl Ruiz; João César Monteiro; Alain Tanner; Nestor Almendros, etc. O seu trabalho esteve na base do sucesso que muitos filmes obtiveram. É um director de fotografia que no meio de grandes criadores tem um enorme destaque na sua actividade de “artesão da luz”, pois tem particularidades que o diferencia e que o torna único na invenção de meios e no acto criativo. Pode dizer-se que tem uma “marca” muito forte que o distingue e que o aproxima dos grandes mestres da direcção de fotografia mundial. Acácio de Almeida, iniciou muitos realizadores portugueses, vindo estes a terem um percurso de autor. Formando os seus primeiros olhares, que vieram a realizar um cinema de autor reconhecido pelo grande público. Entre eles, João César Monteiro, João Botelho, António da Cunha Telles, Teresa Villaverde. As experiências artísticas de Acácio de Almeida são únicas e de uma riqueza singular que, se tornou urgente pesquisar e teorizá-las para que um dia sejam transmitidas e conhecidas dentro do contexto cinematográfico nacional e internacional. A sua obra e a sua visão do Cinema como arte colectiva são fundamentais para se conhecer a evolução da linguagem cinematográfica e histórica do universo do Cinema português.
Palabras clave: Acácio de Almeida; Director de fotografía; luz; cámara; Portugués; Cine
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History (General) and history of Europe