Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Rem Sadykhov, Geoff Goodell, Philip Treleaven

In this paper, we analyse the impacts of exogenous and endogenous factors on wealth distribution in the Bitcoin token economy, where wealth distribution refers to the distribution of BTC between economic participants or groups of economic participants. The objective of the paper is to analyse the impact of economic policies on wealth distribution in the Bitcoin ecosystem. Different macroeconomic and microeconomic time series are used to eliminate noise in the wealth distribution time series, and the causality analysis is performed between Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (i.e., BIPs) and the cleaned wealth distribution data to reveal possible patterns in the impacts that the endogenous policies have on wealth distribution in token economies. Lastly, a structure for economic policy taxonomy in token economies is proposed where different the policy implementations are illustrated by existing BIPs. This approach highlights the actions available to the policy makers, as well as providing a technique for analysis of policy impacts in token economies and their categorization.

Daniel Ricardo Torralba Barreto

En este artículo se desarrolla un modelo teórico para analizar la interacción entre competencia y cooperación en concursos públicos de asignación de recursos para investigación y desarrollo (I+D), con énfasis en universidades con capacidades asimétricas. A través de una estructura tipo Tullock, se modela un juego estratégico en el que las universidades deciden cuánto esfuerzo realizar para aumentar su probabilidad de éxito y cuánto conocimiento transferir a su competidora. La evaluación del desempeño por parte del proponente institucional incluye no solo resultados individuales, sino también atributos como la cooperación y la experiencia previa. Los resultados del modelo muestran que la cooperación puede surgir endógenamente si es incentivada institucionalmente, y que la transferencia de conocimiento actúa como una externalidad estratégica que modifica los costos marginales del esfuerzo. Mediante simulaciones numéricas, se analizan los efectos de los incentivos explícitos, las asimetrías estructurales y las políticas de cooperación obligatoria sobre el equilibrio. Los resultados revelan estrategias para el diseño de políticas públicas que busquen equilibrar eficiencia, equidad y colaboración en sistemas de ciencia y tecnología

Jopp Tobias A., Lampe Markus

Epidemics and pandemics have been a constant feature of human life across all regions and historical periods. They have led to individual suffering, brought on far-reaching societal challenges and shaped demographic trends. Their effects persist far into the future and are not fully understood yet. One area that still merits further research concerns the economic costs attached to pandemics in the short, medium, and long term. The articles assembled in this thematic special issue include a wide range of case studies across different time periods, geographic contexts, and types of pathogens. Collectively, they contribute to our historical understanding of the socioeconomic backgrounds of epidemics and pandemics, societal responses to them, and their impact on key areas of social life. This special issue reflects the inherently interdisciplinary nature of economic and social history which serves as a bridge between historical scholarship and the social sciences, particularly economics. This introduction focuses on distilling key insights from the growing body of literature on the economic costs of epidemics and pandemics. Our aim is to identify the lessons that history has clearly taught us about economic costs so far, while also drawing attention to those areas of knowledge that remain only partially understood and deserve future research.

Davit Gondauri, M. Moistsrapishvili

The given paper emphasizes the importance of the Railway Silk Road for promoting Georgia's economic growth and development. The article notes that economic integration in the region increases cargo turnover in Central Asia and the Caucasus, thus boosting the volume of goods transported through Georgia and contributing to the sustainability of Georgia's macroeconomic and economic growth. The financial economic models aim to identify causal links between the sensitivity of railway cargo and the country's economic growth. The main task of the research was to use the Railway EVA and the Georgian economy to create a cargo sensitivity relationship between CAGR models. The paper analyzes key scientific problems regarding railway freight transportation studies. Calculations are provided for the share of the Railway System in the country's GDP for 2006-2017, as well as the average annual geometric (CAGR) growth of cargo volumes over a 16-year cycle, allowing Georgian Railway JSC to generate additional value in the country's overall GDP. The research shows that the added value to GDP comes in direct and indirect forms through the development and growth of various sectors of Georgia's economy, as some of the cargo shipped by railway remains in Georgia and is used in production, thereby adding value to the country's economic growth. The use of this model by foreign research centers also provides further opportunities for the economic growth of their countries.

Joanna Dębicka, Edyta Mazurek

This article introduces a novel method for detecting distinctive structural changes in economic data, particularly within frequency distribution tables. The approach identifies significant shifts in the distribution of a variable over time or across populations, capturing changes in category shares, enabling a deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics and trends. The method is applicable to both categorical and numerical data and is especially useful in fields such as industrial economics, demography, social science and market analysis, where comparative analysis is essential. Selected numerical examples illustrate its effectiveness in tracking market structure evolution, where shifts in firm-level market shares may signal changing competitive dynamics. The results offer interpretable insights into structural transformations in economic systems.

Ziang Huang, Huashan Chen

Economic complexity - a group of dimensionality-reduction methods that apply network science to trade data - represented a paradigm shift in development economics towards materializing the once-intangible concept of capabilities as inferrable and quantifiable. Measures such as the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and the Product Space have proven their worth as robust estimators of an economy's subsequent growth; less obvious, however, is how they have come to be so. Despite ECI drawing its micro-foundations from a combinatorial model of capabilities, where a set of homogeneous capabilities combine to form products and the economies which can produce them, such a model is consistent with neither the fact that distinct product classes draw on distinct capabilities, nor the interrelations between different products in the Product Space which so much of economic complexity is based upon. In this paper, we extend the combinatorial model of economic complexity through two innovations: an underlying network which governs the relatedness between capabilities, and a production function which trades the original binary specialization function for a fine-grained, product-level output function. Using country-product trade data across 216 countries, 5000 products and two decades, we show that this model is able to accurately replicate both the characteristic topology of the Product Space and the complexity distribution of countries' export baskets. In particular, the model bridges the gap between the ECI and capabilities by transforming measures of economic complexity into direct measures of the capabilities held by an economy - a transformation shown to both improve the informativeness of the Economic Complexity Index in predicting economic growth and enable an interpretation of economic complexity as a proxy for productive structure in the form of capability substitutability.

Egil Diau

The origins of economic behavior remain unresolved-not only in the social sciences but also in AI, where dominant theories often rely on predefined incentives or institutional assumptions. Contrary to the longstanding myth of barter as the foundation of exchange, converging evidence from early human societies suggests that reciprocity-not barter-was the foundational economic logic, enabling communities to sustain exchange and social cohesion long before formal markets emerged. Yet despite its centrality, reciprocity lacks a simulateable and cognitively grounded account. Here, we introduce a minimal behavioral framework based on three empirically supported cognitive primitives-individual recognition, reciprocal credence, and cost--return sensitivity-that enable agents to participate in and sustain reciprocal exchange, laying the foundation for scalable economic behavior. These mechanisms scaffold the emergence of cooperation, proto-economic exchange, and institutional structure from the bottom up. By bridging insights from primatology, developmental psychology, and economic anthropology, this framework offers a unified substrate for modeling trust, coordination, and economic behavior in both human and artificial systems. For an interactive visualization of the framework, see: https://egil158.github.io/cogfoundations-econ/

Cuong Le Van, Ngoc-Sang Pham, Thi Kim Cuong Pham et al.

This paper explores the interplay between transfer policies, R\&D, corruption, and economic development using a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents and a government. The government collects taxes, redistributes fiscal revenues, and undertakes public investment (in R\&D, infrastructure, etc.). Corruption is modeled as a fraction of tax revenues that is siphoned off and removed from the economy. We first establish the existence of a political-economic equilibrium. Then, using an analytically tractable framework with two private agents, we examine the effects of corruption and evaluate the impact of various policies, including redistribution and innovation-led strategies.

Ruxin Chen, Zeqiang Zhang

The application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to economic modeling reveals a fundamental conflict between the assumptions of equilibrium theory and the emergent behavior of learning agents. While canonical economic models assume atomistic agents act as `takers' of aggregate market conditions, a naive single-agent RL simulation incentivizes the agent to become a `manipulator' of its environment. This paper first demonstrates this discrepancy within a search-and-matching model with concave production, showing that a standard RL agent learns a non-equilibrium, monopsonistic policy. Additionally, we identify a parametric bias arising from the mismatch between economic discounting and RL's treatment of intertemporal costs. To address both issues, we propose a calibrated Mean-Field Reinforcement Learning framework that embeds a representative agent in a fixed macroeconomic field and adjusts the cost function to reflect economic opportunity costs. Our iterative algorithm converges to a self-consistent fixed point where the agent's policy aligns with the competitive equilibrium. This approach provides a tractable and theoretically sound methodology for modeling learning agents in economic systems within the broader domain of computational social science.

Pascal Stiefenhofer

The rise of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) marks an existential rupture in economic and political order, dissolving the historic boundaries between labor and capital. Unlike past technological advancements, AGI is both a worker and an owner, producing economic value while concentrating power in those who control its infrastructure. Left unchecked, this shift risks exacerbating inequality, eroding democratic agency, and entrenching techno-feudalism. The classical Social Contract-rooted in human labor as the foundation of economic participation-must be renegotiated to prevent mass disenfranchisement. This paper calls for a redefined economic framework that ensures AGI-driven prosperity is equitably distributed through mechanisms such as universal AI dividends, progressive taxation, and decentralized governance. The time for intervention is now-before intelligence itself becomes the most exclusive form of capital.

Patricio Perkins, Claudio Coronel

La teoría económica de Ludwig von Mises implica un concepto particular de desarrollo económico. Esta teoría sostiene, entre otras cosas, que el capitalismo es la condición a priori para alcanzar el crecimiento económico. El recurso a una fundamentación a priori del capitalismo ubica a Mises en un lugar original dentro de la tradición liberal de pensamiento. Este trabajo analiza cómo Mises demuestra esa tesis y por qué esta demostración enfrenta una serie de dificultades. Primero, se define el concepto de desarrollo económico implícito en la teoría de Mises. Segundo, se analiza el argumento de Mises sobre capitalismo y desarrollo en tres etapas: se describe la clase de argumento de Mises, a saber, una demostración a priori formal, y se divide la demostración según las dos determinaciones a priori que prueba, la división del trabajo y el capitalismo. Finalmente, se indican algunas dificultades en la línea de pensamiento de Mises.

William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

Peng Zhao

In order to cope with the task allocation in national economic mobilization, a task allocation planning method based on Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) for national economic mobilization is proposed. An HTN planning algorithm is designed to solve and optimize task allocation, and a method is explored to deal with the resource shortage. Finally, based on a real task allocation case in national economic mobilization, an experimental study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Eugene Kharitonov, Oksana Zakharchuk, Lin Mei

This study investigates the long-term effects of temperature variations on economic growth using a data-driven approach. Leveraging machine learning techniques, we analyze global land surface temperature data from Berkeley Earth and economic indicators, including GDP and population data, from the World Bank. Our analysis reveals a significant relationship between average temperature and GDP growth, suggesting that climate variations can substantially impact economic performance. This research underscores the importance of incorporating climate factors into economic planning and policymaking, and it demonstrates the utility of machine learning in uncovering complex relationships in climate-economy studies.

Urszula Motowidlak, Daniel Tokarski

 The aim of the article is to identify critical processes in the context of the implementation of returnable packaging in e-commerce and potential risk factors of disruptions in the use of ecological reusable packaging in e-commerce logistics services provided by Arvato Poland Sp. z o.o. they are based in Warsaw. The study is in line with the objectives of the European Green Deal and the circular economy. The applied research methods and techniques included: elementary analysis, desk research analysis, in-depth face-to-face interviews, causal analysis and selected methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The empirical study was carried out in 2021 in two locations of Arvato Poland Sp. z o.o. A review of the literature on the subject indicates that the use of ecological returnable pack- aging in e-commerce logistics is one of the available solutions with great potential to strengthen the sustainable development of the fashion industry. However, the conducted research revealed a high complexity of problems, mainly in the process of accepting, packing, shipping and returning the packaging, which was considered critical for handling e-commerce orders. An in-depth analysis using the Ishikawa diagram identified the causes of potential risk factors for disruptions in the use of reusable eco-packaging in the e-commerce market. It was indicated that improving the process of its implementation should focus on removing factors that make up the identified main categories of their causes. The conclusions of the study can have practical applications to improve the functioning of cost-effective and environmentally friendly e-commerce logistics. The system approach used by the authors in the study of returnable unit packaging in the sustainable development of closed-loop e-commerce contributes to the reduction of the research gap in this thematic area. The issue of ecological reusable packaging is in the initial phase of cognitive research and pilot tests.

Alcides Goulart Filho

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a trajetória da Telecomunicações de Santa Catarina (Telesc) entre 1973 e 1997, destacando aspectos financeiros, produtivos e políticos, de acordo com os objetivos traçados pela Telecomunicações Brasileiras Sociedade Anônima (Telebras) e as demandas regionais impostas pela dinâmica da economia catarinense. O artigo está dividido em quatro tópicos. Num primeiro momento, apresenta-se uma breve introdução teórica sobre o papel das estatais nas economias contemporâneas na formação do capitalismo monopolista de Estado. O segundo versa sobre a centralização das telecomunicações no Brasil a partir da constituição do sistema nacional de telecomunicações e da atuação da Telebras. Em seguida, o texto traz uma breve contextualização da telefonia em Santa Catarina antes da federalização dos serviços, em 1973. O quarto tópico, é dedicado à narrativa da Telesc e suas dinâmicas na economia e na sociedade catarinense. No final apresenta uma breve síntese do movimento geral da telefonia durante a existência da Telesc.

Nadezhda Purtova, Gijs van Maanen

This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the economics literature on data as an economic good and draws lessons for data governance. We conclude that focusing on data as an economic good in governance efforts is hardwired to only result in more data production and cannot deliver other societal goals contrary to what is often claimed in the literature and policy. Data governance is often a red herring which distracts from other digital problems. The governance of digital society cannot rely exclusively on data-centric economic models. We review the literatures and the underlying empirical and political claims concerning data commons. While commons thinking is useful to frame digital problems in terms of ecologies, it has important limitations. We propose a political-ecological approach to governing the digital society, defined by ecological thinking about governance problems and the awareness of the political nature of framing the problems and mapping their ecological makeup.

Mario Pianta

Abstract Italy’s economy is not expected to return to pre-pandemic levels before the first half of 2023, and an early return to budgetary constraints would be disastrous.

GEERT BOUCKAERT

A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem 2010 februárjában díszdoktorai közé választotta Geert Bouckaertet, a Leuveni Katolikus Egyetem közigazgatás-tudományokkal foglalkozó professzorát. Bouckaert professzornak jelentős szerepe volt az európai közigazgatás-tudomány fejlődésében, és hosszú időre visszanyúló kapcsolatai vannak egyetemünk Közszolgálati Tanszékével. A következőkben közöljük Bouckaert professzornak a díszdoktorrá avatási ünnepségen elhangzott előadását, amelyben a közigazgatás-tudomány jövőjét, illetve annak oktatását érő legfontosabb kihívásokat és válaszlehetőségeket elemzi. A tanulmány eredetileg a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem angol nyelvű folyóiratában, a Society and Economy-ben jelent meg.

Luis Badesa, Fei Teng, Goran Strbac

Most renewable energy sources (RES) do not provide any inertial response. Their integration in a power grid implies a highly reduced level of system inertia, which leads to a deteriorated frequency performance. Then, the requirement for frequency response is significantly increased in order to maintain frequency security. Alternatively, enhanced provision of inertia from auxiliary sources may alleviate this problem. However, the benefits of inertia provision are not yet fully understood. In this paper, an inertia-dependent Stochastic Unit Commitment (SUC) tool is applied to quantify the economic value of inertia. The results demonstrate that enhanced provision of inertia would lead to significant economic savings, although these savings vary under different system conditions. These results should be brought to the attention of both market operators and investors, in order to inform the design of an ancillary-services market for inertia and the investment in auxiliary provision of inertia.