Hasil untuk "Ecology"

D. Mouillot, N. Graham, S. Villéger et al.

A. Guisan, W. Thuiller

B. Manly

Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Randomization The Idea of a Randomization Test Examples of Randomization Tests Aspects of Randomization Testing Raised by the Examples Sampling the Randomization Distribution or Systematic Enumeration Equivalent Test Statistics Significance Levels for Classical and Randomization Tests Limitations of Randomization Tests Confidence Limits by Randomization Applications of Randomization in Biology Single Species Ecology Genetics, Evolution and Natural Selection Community Ecology Randomization and Observational Studies Chapter Summary The Jackknife The Jackknife Estimator Applications of Jackknifing in Biology Single Species Analyses Genetics, Evolution and Natural Selection Community Ecology Chapter Summary The Bootstrap Resampling with Replacement Standard Bootstrap Confidence Limits Simple Percentile Confidence Limits Bias Corrected Percentile Confidence Limits Accelerated Bias Corrected Percentile Limits Other Methods for Constructing Confidence Intervals Transformations to Improve Bootstrap Intervals Parametric Confidence Intervals A Better Estimate of Bias Bootstrap Tests of Significance Balanced Bootstrap Sampling Applications of Bootstrapping in Biology Single Species Ecology Genetics, Evolution and Natural Selection Community Ecology Further Reading Chapter Summary Monte Carlo Methods Monte Carlo Tests Generalized Monte Carlo Tests Implicit Statistical Models Applications of Monte Carlo Methods in Biology Single Species Ecology Chapter Summary Some General Considerations Questions about Computer-Intensive Methods Power Number of Random Sets of Data Needed for a Test Determining a Randomization Distribution Exactly The number of replications for confidence intervals More Efficient Bootstrap Sampling Methods The Generation of Pseudo-Random Numbers The Generation of Random Permutations Chapter Summary One and Two Sample Tests The Paired Comparisons Design The One Sample Randomization Test The Two Sample Randomization Test Bootstrap Tests Randomizing Residuals Comparing the Variation in Two Samples A Simulation Study The Comparison of Two Samples on Multiple Measurements Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Analysis of Variance One Factor Analysis of Variance Tests for Constant Variance Testing for Mean Differences Using Residuals Examples of More Complicated Types of Analysis of Variance Procedures for Handling Unequal Group Variances Other Aspects of Analysis of Variance Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Regression Analysis Simple Linear Regression Randomizing Residuals Testing for a Non-Zero B Value Confidence Limits for B Multiple Linear Regression Alternative Randomization Methods with Multiple Regression Bootstrapping and Jackknifing with Regression Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Distance Matrices and Spatial Data Testing for Association between Distance Matrices The Mantel Test Sampling the Randomization Distribution Confidence Limits for Regression Coefficients The Multiple Mantel Test Other Approaches with More than Two Matrices Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Other Analyses on Spatial Data Spatial Data Analysis The Study of Spatial Point Patterns Mead's Randomization Test Tests for Randomness Based on Distances Testing for an Association between Two Point Patterns The Besag-Diggle Test Tests Using Distances between Points Testing for Random Marking Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Time Series Randomization and Time Series Randomization Tests for Serial Correlation Randomization T ests for Trend Randomization Tests for Periodicity Irregularly Spaced Series Tests on Times of Occurrence Discussion on Procedures for Irregular Series Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Tests Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Multivariate Data Univariate and Multivariate Tests Sample Means and Covariance Matrices Comparison of Sample Mean Vectors Chi-Squared Analyses for Count Data Principle Component Analysis and Other One Sample Methods Discriminant Function Analysis Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Survival and Growth Data Bootstrapping Survival Data Bootstrapping for Variable Selection Bootstrapping for Model Selection Group Comparisons Growth Data Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Non-Standard Situations The Construction of Tests in Non-Standard Situations Species Co-Occurrences on Islands An Alternative Generalized Monte Carlo Test Examining Time Changes in Niche Overlap Probing Multivariate Data with Random Skewers Ant Species Sizes in Europe Chapter Summary Bayesian Methods The Bayesian Approach to Data Analysis The Gibbs Sampler and Related Methods Biological Applications Further Reading Chapter Summary Exercises Conclusion and Final Comments Randomization Bootstrapping Monte Carlo Methods in General Classical versus Bayesian Inference Appendix Software for Computer Intensive Statistics References Index

W. Duellman, L. Trueb

S. Lavorel, E. Garnier

D. Richardson, P. Pyšek, M. Rejmánek et al.

Clive G. Jones, J. Lawton, M. Shachak

M. Madigan, J. Martinko, J. Parker

R. Forman, L. Alexander

J. Pitt, A. Hocking

F. Chapin

J. Avise, J. Arnold, R. Ball et al.

M. Bertness, R. Callaway

R. S. Clymo, P. Hayward

Dr. Anu Lakshmi Babu

This paper explores the intricate relationship between Native American identity and the land, emphasising the spiritual, cultural and communal dimensions of this bond. Rooted in Indigenous cosmologies that view land, animals, plants and spirits as interconnected components of a shared identity, the study highlights how land-based identity fosters reciprocal respect and stewardship. Drawing on Anibal Quijano’s theory of decoloniality and Leanne Simpson’s concept of ‘land as pedagogy’, the paper situates Indigenous struggles over land, tradition and identity within ongoing processes of colonial power that seek to commodify and erase Indigenous epistemologies. The paper focuses on the Native American Chippewa author Louise Erdrich’s The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse, throwing light on the character Father Damien Modeste, whose spiritual journey from Catholic missionary to an embrace of Native animism and cultural hybridity symbolises broader decolonial struggles for sovereignty and cultural survival. The study argues that reclaiming land is both a political and deeply spiritual act for Indigenous communities, constituting an essential process of decolonial resistance and identity restoration amid colonial attempts to sever these vital connections.

Zhineng Liu, Xiaolan Lao, Dongjing Zhou et al.

Pesticides are essential for crop protection and agricultural yield enhancement. However, their entry into water bodies, particularly drinking water sources, poses threats to human health and aquatic ecosystems. The seasonal variation, and potential risks of pesticides in drinking water sources in Guangdong, China were investigated. The total pesticide concentrations were significantly elevated during the dry season compared to the wet season (p < 0.01; |r| = 0.77; 95 % CI for difference in medians: [92.6, 315] ng/L). Neonicotinoid pesticides predominated in more than half of the samples. Across both seasons, river water sources displayed significantly higher total pesticide concentrations than reservoir sources (dry season: p < 0.05, |r| =0.60, 95 % CI [106,359] ng/L; wet season: p < 0.01, |r| =0.66, 95 % CI [70.3, 412] ng/L). Health risk assessments indicated that pesticides in drinking water sources pose non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with long-term direct consumption, particularly for children aged 3–4 years. Ecological risk assessments revealed high potential risks to aquatic organisms (summed risk quotient > 1), particularly from neonicotinoid pesticides. These findings highlight the necessity of seasonally adaptive controls for pesticides and water quality to reduce risks to public health and ecosystems.

Xianglong Xing, Qing Qi, Shouzheng Tong et al.

Vegetation restoration is one of the most effective means to reestablish wetlands. However, little is known about how plant communities expand and compete after wetland restoration because of the dearth of data from long-term monitoring. In this study, we monitored a restored Carex tussock wetland over a 15-year period, assessed the extent of Carex tussock expansion, analyzed the effects of interspecific competition and environmental factors on Carex tussock growth, and explored the driving mechanisms of the expansion of Carex tussock community. Our results demonstrate that the Carex tussock community continued its outward dispersal after restoration, with a total expansion area of 770 m2. The ecological characteristics and species diversity in the restoration area were higher than those in the expansion area. Additionally, both the density and biodiversity of Carex tussock in the restoration area decreased with the age of the restoration. Experiments indicated that competition and water level significantly influenced the growth of Carex tussock and Carex exhibited weaker competitiveness in a mixed constructure model. The structural equation model revealed that topography was the primary driver of Carex tussock expansion. The priority effect of Carex dispersal mitigated the impact of competition on expansion. This study offers new insights for future wetland restoration practices, particularly concerning Carex tussock ecosystems.

F. P. Giest, F. P. Giest, M. Jenrich et al.

<p>Climate warming in the Arctic results in thawing permafrost and associated processes like thermokarst, especially in ice-rich permafrost regions. Since permafrost soils are one of the largest organic carbon reservoirs of the world, their thawing leads to the release of greenhouse gases due to increasing microbial activity with rising soil temperature, further exacerbating climate warming. To enhance the predictions of potential future impacts of permafrost thaw, a detailed assessment of changes in soil characteristics in response to thermokarst processes in permafrost landscapes is needed, which we investigated in this study in an Arctic coastal lowland. We analysed six sediment cores from the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, each representing a different landscape feature along a gradient from upland to thermokarst lake and drained basin to thermokarst lagoon in various development stages. For the analysis, a multiproxy approach was used, including sedimentological (grain size, bulk density, ice content), biogeochemical (total organic carbon (TOC), TOC density (<span class="inline-formula">TOC_vol</span>), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon isotopes (<span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³C</span>), TOC<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="e653eaf840568ee76bb20ba3bf368ae0"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-2871-2025-ie00001.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="bg-22-2871-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>TN ratio, mercury (Hg)), and lipid biomarker (<span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span>-alkanes, <span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span>-alkanols, and their ratios) parameters. We found that a semi-drained state of thermokarst lakes features the lowest OC content, and TOC and TN are generally higher in unfrozen deposits, hinting at a more intact state of organic matter. Indicated by the average chain length (ACL), <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³C</span>, <span class="inline-formula"><i>P</i>_aq</span>, and <span class="inline-formula"><i>P</i>_wax</span>, we found a stronger influence of aquatic organic matter (OM) in the OM composition in the soils covered by water compared to those not covered by water. Moreover, the results of the <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³C</span>, TOC<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mo>/</mo></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3af55808dad7e355d8e0b0b2a0272ce7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-22-2871-2025-ie00002.svg" width="8pt" height="14pt" src="bg-22-2871-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>TN ratio, and CPI indicate that the saline deposits contain stronger degraded OM than the deposits not influenced by saltwater. Additionally, we found positive correlations between the TOC and <span class="inline-formula">TOC_vol</span> and the Hg content in the deposits. The results indicate that thermokarst-influenced deposits tend to accumulate Hg during thawed periods and thus contain more Hg than the upland permafrost deposits that have not been impacted by lake formation. Our findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of carbon storage and vulnerability to decomposition in coastal permafrost landscapes, reflecting the interplay of environmental factors, landform characteristics, and climate change impacts on Arctic permafrost environments.</p>

Gulnaz Kahar, Yakupjan Haxim, Xuechun Zhang et al.

Chitinases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin and play a significant biophysiological role in fungal growth, development, and pathogenesis. <i>Valsa mali</i> is a necrotrophic fungus that is a primary contributor to apple <i>Valsa</i> canker. Our study focused on the identification of chitinase gene families from <i>V. mali</i> and the analysis of their expression profiles during infection and nutritional growth. A phylogenetic analysis and conservation of catalytic domains were used to classify these genes into three classes, and their chromosome distribution was random. The qRT-PCR analysis identified five differentially expressed VmGH18 genes during infection and nutritional growth. GH18 chitinases use glutamate, whereas VmGH18-4 (VM1G_05900) and VmGH18-10 (VM1G_03597) use glutamine as the catalytic motif. To further test whether it can induce cell death in apple, the recombinant protein was produced in <i>E. coli</i>. It showed that the purified VmGH18-4 recombinant protein retained cell-death inducing activity, and it could also induce cell death in apple. But the enzyme activity shows that neither VmGH18-4 nor VmGH18-10 have chitinases enzyme activity. These results suggest that VmGH18-4 can elicit cell death in multiple plant species, while VmGH18-10 cannot.

Wendy Lorena Reyes-Ardila, Paula Andrea Rugeles-Silva, Juan Diego Duque-Zapata et al.

<i>Bidens pilosa</i> L., native to South America and commonly used for medicinal purposes, has been understudied at molecular and genomic levels and in its relationship with soil microorganisms. In this study, restriction site-associated DNA markers (RADseq) techniques were implemented to analyze genetic diversity and population structure, and metabarcoding to examine microbial composition in soils from Palmira, Sibundoy, and Bogotá, Colombia. A total of 2,984,123 loci and 3485 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, revealing a genetic variation of 12% between populations and 88% within individuals, and distributing the population into three main genetic groups, F_ST = 0.115 (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and F_IT = 0.013 (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In the soil analysis, significant correlations were found between effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and apparent density, soil texture, and levels of Mg and Fe, as well as negative correlations between ECEC and Mg, and Mg, Fe, and Ca. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota emerged as the predominant bacterial and fungal phyla, respectively. Analyses of alpha, beta, and multifactorial diversity highlight the influence of ecological and environmental factors on these microbial communities, revealing specific patterns of clustering and association between bacteria and fungi in the studied locations.