This paper examines entrepreneurship as a legal and economic model for enhancing the participation of young people in Côte d’Ivoire’s economic life. Faced with a rapidly growing youth population and limited absorption capacity in both the public and private sectors, entrepreneurship emerges as an essential alternative for professional integration. The study highlights the solid legal foundations supporting entrepreneurial activity, notable constitutional guarantees of professional freedom, national legislation, and the OHADA business law framework, which together provide protection, structure, and security for entrepreneurs. It further analyses the institutional mechanisms in place, including commercial courts, investment promotion agencies, and social protection schemes for independent workers. Despite these strengths, significant practical obstacles persist, such as limited access to financing, insufficient legal awareness, bureaucratic constraints, and socio-cultural barriers. The paper argues for a more comprehensive judication of entrepreneurship, recommending targeted reforms, improved training, streamlined administrative procedures, and enhanced support systems. Ultimately, entrepreneurship represents both a viable and necessary pathway for youth engagement in Côte d’Ivoire’s economy, although its full potential depends on continued legal, institutional, and cultural improvements.
Modern financial technologies (Financial Technologies, FinTech) have improved traditional finance, while concurrently building a fundamentally new financial alternative. The application of FinTech has created digital financial products that are legally regulated but many crypto products still remain outside the law. The cryptocurrency market is a digital decentralized system that operates according to its own rules that users voluntarily accept, using personalized digital transactions. The application of FinTech in banking is a legal activity of banks aimed at strengthening competitive advantages in providing financial services, whereas central banks may require from commercial banks to upgrade or improve part of their digital technologies. In contrast, Blockchain technology has created a digital financial alternative which allows individuals to directly manage their digital wallets via phones and computers, without centralized control and outside of banking systems, by using the Internet and sharing original digital records among networked users worldwide. In the initial period, Blockchain technology generated resistance and was ignored by state regulatory bodies. The process of legal regulation of digital products and markets which were created on the basis of Blockchain and other digital technologies began after several years of actual Blockchain technology application. The subject matter of analysis in this paper is the legal regulation of already developed and widely used digital markets and assets, with specific reference to the legal solutions in the USA, the EU, and Serbia. The challenges of legal regulation of digital assets are numerous, ranging from insufficient knowledge of digital technologies to the unfeasibility of norming the decentralized digital segments. Thus, it is essential for the creators of law and the persons who apply the law to have the basic knowledge of modern digital technologies.
Mergers are often carried out to strengthen the position of corporations in the market, in some cases mergers carried out by corporations lead to conspiracy actions that can have an impact on unfair business competition. Alleged violations of fair business competition carried out by corporations by conducting mergers have prompted KPPU to impose post-merger notification requirements, to ensure that the behaviour of mergers carried out by corporations does not disturb the principles of fair business competition. The problem is that when the merger has been carried out and it turns out that the post-merger assessment is indicated to violate fair business competition, KPPU can provide witnesses for the corporation, of course this becomes ineffective and causes losses to the parties. Based on this, a discussion on the concept of pre-notification of mergers needs to be conducted in order to fulfil the application of the principle of legal expediency in the regulation of merger notification that creates fair business competition in Indonesia. By referring to Law No. 5 Year 1999, it explains the importance of pre- and post-merger notification system. This research uses a comparative law approach that looks at how South Korea and Japan have enacted pre-notification of mergers which is in fact more effective and efficient for the implementation of competition law certainty in their countries. The findings are that the change to a pre-merger notification system will be more effective in preventing monopolistic practices, supporting fair business competition, and providing better legal certainty for business actors. This pre-merger notification acts as a repressive measure for alleged unfair business competition.
This article examines what happens when the same subject matter is or could be controlled by different licensing regimes. It suggests that the system of control of licensed premises would be improved by appointing a single regulatory body for licensing.
Zeehan Fuad Attamimi, Amalina Ahmad Tajudin, Fadhil Umar
One of the works of art that is closely related to human life and economic value is music. The existence of music and songs include the scope of intellectual property copyright section. Copyright arises automatically to get protection and has economic value for its creator. Music actors, in this case the creator, can publish the results of their creativity more quickly to the general public through Music Aggregator. This becomes a commercial digital service provider in the form of a digital streaming plaform by distributing music that can be accessed anywhere and by anyone. This approach seeks to review the role of Music Aggregators in carrying out the distribution of music to the music performers in terms of the three pillars of the copyright system, namely by reviewing legislation number 28 of 2014 concerning copyright. In this case, as government support in making regulations that guarantee the rights of creators and legal protection of the works produced, it has been fulfilled but not fully because there is no specifically regulated copyright protection on digital platforms (Regulation). Infringement of musical copyright works on digital streaming platforms needs to be addressed through effective and efficient law enforcement, employing both litigation and non-litigation processes (Law Enforcement). The National Collective Management Institute, authorized to oversee the commercialized management of musical copyright works by Music Aggregators, play an important role in optimizing the function of royalty management. This involves facilitating the relationship between Music Actors as copyright holders and Music Aggregators as copyright users (Management).
This Article explores whether and to what extent Ethiopia`s contemporary land policy is influenced by international institutions chiefly the World Bank and the USAID. To this end, the article has identified and examined two opposing views, the first of which contends government policies including land policies in Ethiopia are dictated by some influential international institutions as the regime in Ethiopia is dependent on aid funds in implementing its social policies, which include land policy. According to this first perspective, such policies are not the result of organized collective action by the insecure land holders. The second view is that such policies are internally driven because international institutions have been unable to push through policy agenda their way meaningfully. Having considered such views, the article finds it is not persuasive to put the extent of influence of international institutions in Ethiopia`s land policy in black and white; yet, it seems unreasonable to argue that such institutions which contribute significantly to Ethiopia`s annual budget have no influence over land policy at all even if determination of the extent of their roles is complex and vague. For instance, some tenets of Ethiopia`s current land policy as a tool to poverty reduction and smallholder commercial agriculture are strikingly similar to the tenets of the WB`s 2003 Land Policy which include legalizing land rentals, land use collateralization for agricultural investors and establishment of customary dispute resolution methods, regularization of informal landholdings, and landholding registration programs without however conceding the fundamental aspect of land law. The USAID`s involvement in drafting Ethiopian current Federal and regional rural land laws has led to the inclusion of some of these elements. External pressures may not nevertheless have a decisive role as domestic political and bureaucratic interests in land policy at implementation phase may lessen their magnitude.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Codification represents the regulation of a certain field (branch) of law by a comprehensive law called the Code (the Civil Code, Criminal Code, etc.). The success of codification depends on two very important conditions: the first one refers to the existence of a dedicated authority, and the second one concerns its implementation in a great country. For the purpose of research, there will be selected the national legislations in order to demonstrate, through various legal systems, how civil codes regulating the field of civil law were originated. Within the scope of this paper, in more detail, we are going to analyze the selected national legislations of France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.
This study aims to determine and analyze the causes of the occurrence of double certificates at the Jambi City Land Office and the form of legal protection for land rights owners due to the occurrence of double certificates at the Jambi City Land Office. The formulation of the problems raised are 1) what is the cause of the occurrence of double certificates at the Jambi City Land Office; 2) what is the form of legal protection for the owner of land rights due to the occurrence of double certificates at the Jambi City Land Office. The method used is the type of empirical juridical research. The results showed that 1) the occurrence of double certificates at the Jambi City Land Office was caused by factors, the Jambi City Land Office in the form of errors in measurement, officials did not check whether there were certificates of ownership rights on land before, were not careful in checking physical data and juridical data, there is no land map, the principle of elimination of contradictions is not applied and there is no announcement at the village office for 60 days. As for the parties in the form of incorrectly appointing the land boundary and domicile of one of the parties outside the city; 2) the form of legal protection for the owner of land rights due to the occurrence of double certificates at the Jambi City Land Office, efforts are made for each Land Office to provide land registration maps; through controlling the land registration process and through administrative controls related to land in the kelurahan.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis penyebab terjadinya sertipikat ganda di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi dan bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap pemilik hak atas tanah akibat terjadinya sertipikat ganda di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi. Perumusan masalah yang diangkat yaitu 1) bagaimana penyebab terjadinya sertipikat ganda di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi; 2) bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap pemilik hak atas tanah akibat terjadinya sertipikat ganda di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi. Metode yang digunakan adalah tipe penelitian yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) terjadinya sertipikat ganda di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor, Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi berupa kesalahan dalam pengukuran, pejabat tidak memeriksa ada tidaknya sertipikat hak milik atas tanah sebelumnya, kurang teliti memeriksa data fisik dan data yuridis, tidak adanya peta tanah, tidak diterapkannya asas deliminasi kontradiktur dan tidak dilakukannya pengumuman di kantor desa selama 60 hari. Sedangkan untuk para pihak berupa salah menunjuk batas tanah dan domisili salah satu pihak di luar kota; 2) bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap pemilik hak atas tanah akibat terjadinya sertipikat ganda di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Jambi dilakukannya upaya tiap-tiap Kantor Pertanahan harus menyediakan peta pendaftaran tanah; melalui penertiban proses pendaftaran tanah dan melalui penertiban administrasi terkait dengan pertanahan di kelurahan.
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Law School, Oxford University Press, and Stanford Law School. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 1–5 doi:10.1093/jlb/lsab015 Peer Commentary
The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community secures specific rights for nationals or citizens of Partner States. These rights include freedom of movement within the Community. In exercise of this freedom, Kenyan nationals have been granted access to training institutions in other Partner States from which they have earned academic and professional qualifications in law. The qualifications are recognised by the host Partner States as being sufficient for accessing the profession of an advocate within their territories. The Protocol on the Establishment of the East African Community Common Market provides for harmonisation and mutual recognition of academic and professional qualifications. Partner States undertook to mutually recognise qualifications granted, experience obtained, requirements met, licences or certifications granted in other Partner States. Harmonisation and mutual recognition of qualifications should be undertaken in accordance with annexes to be concluded by the Partner States. No annexes have been concluded. In the absence of a mutual recognition framework, Kenyan nationals who have earned qualifications in law in other Partner States are subjected to additional requirements in violation of the Treaty. Kenya cannot renege upon her obligations under Community law and must refrain from any acts which would frustrate the objects of the Treaty.
SOMMARIO : 1. Introduzione. – 2. Le partecipazioni dello Stato o degli enti pubblici in società per azioni che non fanno ricorso al mercato del capitale di rischio. – 3. Le partecipazioni in società che fanno ricorso al capitale di rischio. – 4. La fallibilità delle società a partecipazione pubblica.
Modern movement has many impacts from R & D results, which becomes a general issue enabling technology enhancement to enter market requirement, primarily from portfolio through patent analysis. A patent is an intellectual property right granted under the law to protect an invention toward infringement. From patent information occurs product technology, especially connected to process that influences growth and restructuring of industrial leverage to enhance the economics of a community. Canning technology for foods as the entity of industrial process captures and introduces the chance of potential, innovative, and efficient strategies for global knowledge from appropriate technology and offers the possibilities for implementation based on reducing tools specification, timing process, and operational budgeting. The purpose of this paper is to know the competition among the same product through the utilization patent database registered on WIPO fields with patent analysis. The method in this research is patent analysis using Innography software from online WIPO database as potential leading patent-issuing authorities with 1747 patent document that is registered. This study intended as a reference and recommendation in the information for product canning technology for food benchmarking, which tailor to the capabilities and capacity R & D results from differences in significance innovation development for commercial in market needs
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The author presents data gathered in an online survey questionnaire (https://www.interankiety.pl/i/RGmj5rDv) which is a part of a broader research project related to the quality of translation of English language documents in the field of commercial law that are processed in the judicial registration proceedings in reference to the entities subject to registration at the Register of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register (RP, KRS). The questions and hypotheses posed by the author relate to the relationship or comparison of nation-wide data concerning cases with foreign element in the context of the documents in translation on file in the National Court Register (source texts and their certified translations).
The survey is the first stage of this project and has been ascribed a number of aims: allowing for a definition of the genre profile of the corpus texts; identifying the general sociologically conditioned tendencies in their structure; and – primarily – determining the practically feasible search criterion for compiling a design corpus for further quantitative and qualitative analysis of selected language structures (the ensuing stages of the said project).
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Comparative law. International uniform law
This conference note summarises the ‘Public Law on TV’ public engagement event held at Bournemouth University in June 2014. It explains how popular culture was used to introduce and discuss UK public law and reflects on the event’s success and the effectiveness of this teaching method.
En virtud del principio nemini res sua servit iure servitutis, tradicionalmente se le ha negado al propietario la constitución de servidumbres mediante acto jurídico unilateral entre predios propios. Esta imposibilidad ha derivado en una limitación perjudicial para los intereses patrimoniales de los dueños. Algunas legislaciones han introducido excepciones al principio, dando vida a las denominadas “servidumbres de propietario”. Para permitir a los dueños la constitución de servidumbres sin cumplir con el requisito de la ajenidad, los doctrinarios han reinterpretado las normas vigentes. En esta línea, se efectúa una relectura de la expresión “servicio aparente” de los artículos 881 c.c. chil. y 938 c.c. col., comprendiendo en ella la destinación formal del propietario, solucionando el problema a través de la “destinación del padre de familia”.