Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Altino Alves, Andre Hora

Unittest and pytest are the most popular testing frameworks in Python. Overall, pytest provides some advantages, including simpler assertion, reuse of fixtures, and interoperability. Due to such benefits, multiple projects in the Python ecosystem have migrated from unittest to pytest. To facilitate the migration, pytest can also run unittest tests, thus, the migration can happen gradually over time. However, the migration can be time-consuming and take a long time to conclude. In this context, projects would benefit from automated solutions to support the migration process. In this paper, we propose TestMigrationsInPy, a dataset of test migrations from unittest to pytest. TestMigrationsInPy contains 923 real-world migrations performed by developers. Future research proposing novel solutions to migrate frameworks in Python can rely on TestMigrationsInPy as a ground truth. Moreover, as TestMigrationsInPy includes information about the migration type (e.g., changes in assertions or fixtures), our dataset enables novel solutions to be verified effectively, for instance, from simpler assertion migrations to more complex fixture migrations. TestMigrationsInPy is publicly available at: https://github.com/altinoalvesjunior/TestMigrationsInPy.

Carsten Källner, Ola Ali, Andrea Vismara et al.

Modelling migration is complicated, as people move for many reasons. Some leave their country for the first time, others return to places they once called home, or move on to new destinations. However, most models focus only on who arrives, missing the full picture of how migrant populations evolve. We introduce a model for diaspora flows that estimates both arrivals and exits using daily migration flow rates, disaggregated by age and nationality. Drawing on high-resolution administrative data from Austria covering over 1.8 million foreign nationals, the model allocates these movements across more than 2,000 municipalities based on the size of local diaspora communities. We find that exits are not exceptions but a consistent and predictable feature across all groups. Migration rejuvenates Austria's population, as both arriving and departing migrants are younger than the average resident. This effect has distinct age-geography patterns: younger migrants are drawn to cities, while older migrants are more evenly distributed in the country. By capturing both arrivals and exits simultaneously, our approach provides a more comprehensive and interpretable picture of migration dynamics, how populations change over time, and how they are influenced by space, age, and national origins.

Chiara E. Scardoni, Giovanni P. Rosotti, Cathie J. Clarke et al.

Recent studies on planet-dominated Type II migration demonstrated the presence of a correlation between the direction of planet migration and the parameter K describing the depth of the planetary gap. It was found that high (low) value for K correspond to outward (inward) migration. In this paper we aim at understanding the mechanism driving inward/outward migration and why it correlates with the gap depth. We performed a suite of 2D, live-planet, long-term simulations of massive planets migrating in discs with the hydro-code Fargo3D. We focus on a range of planet masses (1-13 m_J) and disc aspect ratios (0.03-0.1) and analyze the evolution of orbital elements and gap structure. We also study the torque contributions from outer Lindblad resonances to investigate their role in the migration outcome. We find that, while all planets initially migrate inwards, those with high enough K eventually enter a phase in which the torque reverses sign and migration becomes outwards, until eventually stalling. This behavior is associated with eccentricity growth in the outer disc and changes in the gap structure. We identify the surface density ratio at the 1:2 and 1:3 outer Lindblad resonances as a key output diagnostic that correlates with the migration direction. This ratio regulates the migration for all the cases where the massive planet remains in an almost circular orbit and the outer gap region exhibits moderate eccentricity. This characteristic sequence of inward-reversal-outwards-stalling occurs for a variety of K values and thus further work is required to identify the simulation input parameters that determine the onset of this sequence. Our results suggest that outward migration in the planet-dominated regime is primarily governed by the relative importance of the 1:2 and 1:3 resonances and, therefore, the gap profile plays a crucial role in determining the direction of migration.

Yugo Kawai, Akihiko Fukui, Noriharu Watanabe et al.

Two leading hypotheses for hot Jupiter migration are disk migration and high-eccentricity migration (HEM). Stellar obliquity is commonly used to distinguish them, as high obliquity often accompanies HEM. However, low obliquity does not guarantee disk migration, due to possible spin-orbit realignment or coplanar HEM. Seeking a proxy for disk migration, we investigate the idea that when the circularization timescale of a planet on circular orbit is longer than its age ($τ_\mathrm{cir} > τ_\mathrm{age}$), HEM would not have had sufficient time to complete, favoring disk migration. We empirically calibrate the reduced planetary tidal quality factor to be $Q_\mathrm{p}=4.9^{+3.5}_{-2.5}\times10^5$ using the eccentricity distribution of 500+ Jovian mass ($0.2M_\mathrm{J}<M_\mathrm{p}<13M_\mathrm{J}$) planets with measured masses and radii, a value consistent with solar system Jupiter. We then calculate $τ_\mathrm{cir}$ and identify dozens of disk migration candidates ($τ_\mathrm{cir} > τ_\mathrm{age}, \ e < 0.1$). These planets show three notable trends. We first find a clear cutoff of obliquity at $τ_\mathrm{cir} \sim τ_\mathrm{age}$, suggesting the primordial alignment of protoplanetary disks. Secondly, we find that among hot Jupiters ($a<0.1$ au), nearby companions are preferentially found around disk migration candidates, suggesting that either HEM dominates hot Jupiter formation, or disk migration also disrupts nearby companions at short separations. Finally, we find a possible dearth of disk migration candidates around mass ratio $\log q \sim -3.2$, consistent with a similar dip suggested at longer orbits from microlensing. The lack of planets across different orbital distance, if true, could be interpreted as a hint of runaway migration.

Aylton Almeida, Laerte Xavier, Marco Tulio Valente

Keeping software systems up to date is essential to avoid technical debt, security vulnerabilities, and the rigidity typical of legacy systems. However, updating libraries and frameworks remains a time consuming and error-prone process. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and agentic coding systems offer new opportunities for automating such maintenance tasks. In this paper, we evaluate the update of a well-known Python library, SQLAlchemy, across a dataset of ten client applications. For this task, we use the Github's Copilot Agent Mode, an autonomous AI systema capable of planning and executing multi-step migration workflows. To assess the effectiveness of the automated migration, we also introduce Migration Coverage, a metric that quantifies the proportion of API usage points correctly migrated. The results of our study show that the LLM agent was capable of migrating functionalities and API usages between SQLAlchemy versions (migration coverage: 100%, median), but failed to maintain the application functionality, leading to a low test-pass rate (39.75%, median).

Zesheng Liu, Maryam Rahnemoonfar

Gaining a deeper understanding of the thickness and variability of internal ice layers in Radar imagery is essential in monitoring the snow accumulation, better evaluating ice dynamics processes, and minimizing uncertainties in climate models. Radar sensors, capable of penetrating ice, capture detailed radargram images of internal ice layers. In this work, we introduce GRIT, graph transformer for ice layer thickness. GRIT integrates an inductive geometric graph learning framework with an attention mechanism, designed to map the relationships between shallow and deeper ice layers. Compared to baseline graph neural networks, GRIT demonstrates consistently lower prediction errors. These results highlight the attention mechanism's effectiveness in capturing temporal changes across ice layers, while the graph transformer combines the strengths of transformers for learning long-range dependencies with graph neural networks for capturing spatial patterns, enabling robust modeling of complex spatiotemporal dynamics.

Guilherme Tácio Marçal Oliveira, Denise Osório Severo, Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel

Resumo Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa, com recorte entre 2020 e 2022, com objetivo de análise das políticas públicas globais implementadas durante a pandemia de Covid-19 para salvaguardar a saúde e os direitos humanos de migrantes e refugiados. A análise foi baseada em 24 artigos de 424 recuperados das bases de dados: Pubmed, Scopus, BVS e Wiley. A partir da análise, emergiram três eixos temáticos: Saúde, Trabalho e Proteção Social. As medidas adotadas pelos Estados foram múltiplas e heterogêneas, variando a cada realidade e status migratório dos indivíduos, como forma de oportunizar ou privar seu acesso às políticas de saúde, trabalho e seguridade social. Dessa forma, tais políticas também serviram como processos de estratificação e controle biopolítico. Portanto, é necessário superar barreiras estruturais e dirimir desigualdades, combater a xenofobia e o racismo, e aplicar plenamente os dispositivos dos tratados internacionais e proteger essas populações contra o arbítrio.

Katja Kobolt

Pričujoče besedilo osvetli postmigracijsko estetiko skozi prizmo koncepta »postmigracije« in analizo avtofikcijskih pristopov, posebej pripovednega delovanja (angl. narrative agency), v romanu Zakaj ne pišem (2021) avtorice Dijane Matković in v izbranih vizualnih delih umetnice Anne Ehrenstein. S predlogom pojma »metapripovedne nadidentifikacije« kot kritičnega poistovetenja z od zunaj vsiljenimi kategorijami besedilo pokaže, kako avtorici skozi pripovedno delovanje kritizirata družbeno konstrukcijo »pristnosti« in s tem produkcijo družbenih razlik ter artikulirata odpor proti hegemonialni dihotomni predstavi družbe, zaradi katere nekateri vsled razreda, kraja rojstva (staršev), etnije, narodnosti, rase in spola »pripadamo«, drugi pa (p)ostanemo »tujci«.

Athip Thumvichit, Narongdej Phanthaphoommee

A shift toward the aging population worldwide brings about a growing demand of caregivers, who can communicate effectively with their care recipients. Using Q methodology, this study investigates the English communication needs among Thai caregivers of foreign older adults, aiming to profile the specific tasks that necessitate effective intercultural communication. Data were collected through card-sorting task and follow-up interviews. The findings show that caregiver's target tasks can be classified into hands-on nurturers, emotional supporters, and trusted companions. The hands-on nurturers focused on tasks requiring direct physical care and day-to-day assistance, emphasizing the role of English in activities such as bathing and aiding with hygiene. The emotional supporters recognized the importance of English in providing psychological and emotional comfort. Trusted companions placed value on English for fostering social connections, engaging in leisurely activities, and facilitating casual exchanges. This study highlights Thai caregivers’ multifaceted roles, stressing the necessity for comprehensive English training for intercultural communication in caregiving.

Andréa Lobo, Cláudio Furtado

Resumo O artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para o mapeamento e as reflexões sobre as mobilidades de populações negras oriundas do continente africano para a América do Sul. Como é sabido, tais rotas se deram (e se dão) de maneira continuada, porém com especificidades, ritmos e características bastante diversos. A partir de dados sobre as mobilidades de cabo-verdianos para países sul-americanos , focando no caso do Brasil, pretendemos demonstrar como tal fluxo se insere em movimentos mais amplos da diáspora cabo-verdiana e se conecta com dinâmicas históricas do lado de lá e de cá do Atlântico, que acabam por moldar as estratégias, os ritmos e as características de tais fluxos ao longo do tempo. Nosso recorte temporal segue a dinâmica já mapeada por historiadores, ou seja, o século XX é nosso cenário a partir das vagas de fluxos de cabo-verdianos que nos trazem até os dias atuais, o que nos permite incorporar movimentos diversos e que não se restringem às migrações, apesar de se interconectarem com estas.

Dino Pitoski, Ana Meštrović, Hans Schmeets

Migration's influence in shaping population dynamics in times of impending climate and population crises exposes its crucial role in upholding societal cohesion. As migration impacts virtually all aspects of life, it continues to require attention across scientific disciplines. This study delves into two distinctive substrates of Migration Studies: the "why" substrate, which deals with identifying the factors driving migration relying primarily on regression modeling, encompassing economic, demographic, geographic, cultural, political, and other variables; and the "how" substrate, which focuses on identifying migration flows and patterns, drawing from Network Science tools and visualization techniques to depict complex migration networks. Despite the growing percentage of Network Science studies in migration, the explanations of the identified network traits remain very scarce, highlighting the detachment between the two research substrates. Our study includes real-world network analyses of human migration across different geographical levels: city, country, and global. We examine inter-district migration in Vienna at the city level, review internal migration networks in Austria and Croatia at the country level, and analyze migration exchange between Croatia and the world at the global level. By comparing network structures, we demonstrate how distinct network traits impact regression modeling. This work not only uncovers migration network patterns in previously unexplored areas but also presents a comprehensive overview of recent research, highlighting gaps in each field and their interconnectedness. Our contribution offers suggestions for integrating both fields to enhance methodological rigor and support future research.

Pessini, Alba

Centered on the dissemination and legitimisation of Haitian literature in Italy, this article will provide a provisional state of the art of Haitian literature in the peninsula. The Italian case deserves particular attention as Italian universities took an early interest in Francophone literatures by promoting the creation of specific PhD programs, academic positions, and specialised journals. For our analysis, we will take as a starting point studies that have already addressed the issue – like Alessandro Costantini’s “Per un’introduzione alla letteratura haitiana: le opere tradotte in italiano” (2004) – and will try to understand the reasons why critics, in recent years, have been neglecting the subject, given that a systematic investigation has not been conducted since 2004. The legitimisation of Haitian literature in Italy occurs in various ways. We will take into account the different entities that contribute to its dissemination, like publishing houses, cultural and academic centers, journals, websites, etc. We will then focus on criticism in its broadest sense and will finally examine the critical productions published in Italian journals in order to detect the aesthetic orientations specific to the Haitian literary field.

Nathália Antonucci

Resumo A questão da mobilidade tem ganhado destaque durante a pandemia de Covid-19, onde políticas de restrição vêm sendo implementadas como um dos dispositivos de controle epidemiológico mais comuns ao redor do mundo. Este artigo busca analisar algumas tensões, discursos e silêncios em torno dos fluxos de retorno (“voluntário”?) de migrantes e refugiados venezuelanos na Colômbia e no Brasil no contexto pandêmico. Em seguida, busca evidenciar como marcadores sociais de diferença modulam impactos desiguais da pandemia, sobretudo nas (re)configurações das mobilidades, tomando como foco a narrativa de uma mulher lésbica venezuelana e solicitante de refúgio no Brasil. Pretendendo apresentar e “contar” (no sentido de narrar) a pandemia como um evento biográfico, defendendo ser esta uma das principais contribuições das ciências sociais para a compreensão deste contexto.

Claudia Moatti et Marianne Amar

Claudia Moatti’s article discusses the “migration turn” in ancient historiography over the last twenty years. It highlights the conceptual and methodological shifts that social science research has produced, leading to a radical reassessment of the extent of movement in Greek and Roman societies. The most recent works have, for example, highlighted the role of cities in the integration of migrants, the reticular character of the Roman imperial model, the development of a true culture of mobility; they have also analysed the way in which the law has seized this mobility in order to define it or even to regulate it, favouring the development of actual migration policies. Claudia Moatti finally reminds how important it is to maintain a comparative approach in this research field, all the more so when we are interested in the very experience of migrants.

Ana Belén Estrada Gorrín, María Cristina Fuentes Lara

Resumen El presente artículo realiza un breve recorrido histórico en torno a la construcción de las fronteras exteriores de Europa a partir del tratado de Schengen (1985). La progresiva desaparición de las fronteras interiores genera un estiramiento de las fronteras europeas, las cuales se construyen como espacios dinámicos justificando su continua reterritorialización allí donde se fundamenten cómo artefacto para garantizar la seguridad, y consecuentemente entendiendo la migración hacia Europa y dentro de esta como una amenaza. La gestión de las fronteras por la Unión Europea no se vincula a un discurso de odio, si bien en la actualidad sí existe un auge de las fuerzas políticas ultraderechistas en Europa, sino que debe basarse a nivel discursivo en una retórica de seguridad, pero también de humanitarismo. Sin embargo, las fronteras, como afirma Balibar (2003), son la condición absolutamente no democrática -o discriminatoria- de las sociedades democráticas.

Y. Q. Chen, G. Zhao

Radial migration is an important process in the Galactic disk. A few open clusters show some evidence on this mechanism but there is no systematic study. In this work, we investigate the role of radial migration on the Galactic disk based on a large sample of 146 open clusters with homogeneous metallicity and age from Netopil et al. and kinematics calculated from Gaia DR2. The birth site Rb, guiding radius Rg and other orbital parameters are calculated, and the migration distance |Rg-Rb| is obtained, which is a combination of metallicity, kinematics and age information. It is found that 44% open clusters have |Rg-Rb|< 1 kpc, for which radial migration (churning) is not significant. Among the remaining 56% open clusters with |Rg-Rb|> 1 kpc, young ones with t<1.0 Gyr tend to migrate inward, while older clusters usually migrate outward. Different mechanisms of radial migration between young and old clusters are suggested based on their different migration rates, Galactic locations and orbital parameters. For the old group, we propose a plausible way to estimate migration rate and obtain a reasonable value of 1.5(+-0.5) kpc/Gyr based on ten intermediate-age clusters at the outer disk, where the existence of several special clusters implies its complicate formation history.

Elizabeth Vieira Macena , Beatriz dos Santos Landa

O presente estudo apresenta os dados coletados por meio de questionário aplicado aos/as professores/as de História da Rede Pública de Ponta Porã/MS da Educação Básica referente ao ensino da temática indígena no Ensino Fundamental (6° ao 9° ano) e Ensino Médio. Buscou-se compreender e avaliar como a Lei 11.645/2008 que estabelece a inclusão no currículo da História e cultura indígena vem sendo ou não implementada pelos/as docentes de História nas escolas selecionadas da rede pública da Educação básica do município de Ponta Porã/MS. Entre os objetivos específicos previstos no questionário constavam reconhecer as principais dificuldades apontadas por professores/as para inserir a temática indígena na oferta da disciplina, verificar as metodologias selecionadas, e identificar os recursos e materiais didáticos eleitos para mediar o conhecimento sobre os povos indígenas. Apoiados nos estudos do grupo Modernidade/Colonialidade analisamos as perspectivas dos/as professores/as e como esta temática pode construir espaços interculturais e práticas decoloniais ao posicionar a História destes povos em igualdade de posição à História eurocentrada

Esra Erdem, Andrea Formisano, German Vidal et al.

We are proud to introduce this special issue of Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP), dedicated to the regular papers accepted for the 35th International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP). The ICLP meetings started in Marseille in 1982 and since then constitute the main venue for presenting and discussing work in the area of logic programming. Under consideration for acceptance in TPLP.

Landy Rabehasaina, Jae-Kyung Woo

In a multitype branching process, it is assumed that immigrants arrive according to a nonhomogeneous Poisson or a generalized Polya process (both processes are formulated as a nonhomogeneous birth process with an appropriate choice of transition intensities). We show that the renormalized numbers of objects of the various types alive at time $t$ for supercritical, critical, and subcritical cases jointly converge in distribution under those two different arrival processes. Furthermore, some transient moment analysis when there are only two types of particles is provided. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 60J80, 60J85; secondary 60K10, 60K25, 90B15.

Natalia I. Storch, Konstantin Batygin

The process of planet conglomeration, which primarily unfolds in a geometrically thin disk of gas and dust, is often accompanied by dynamical excitation of the forming planets and planetesimals. The ensuing orbital crossing can lead to large-scale collisional fragmentation, populating the system with icy and rocky debris. In a gaseous nebula, such leftover solid matter tends to spiral down towards the host star due to aerodynamic drag. Along the way, the inward drifting debris can encounter planets and gravitationally couple to them via mean-motion resonances, sapping them of their orbital energy and causing them to migrate. Here, we develop a simple theory for this migration mechanism, which we call "Aero-Resonant Migration" (ARM), in which small planetesimals ($10\,$m $\lesssim s \lesssim 10\,$km) undergo orbital decay due to aerodynamic drag and resonantly shepherd planets ahead of them. Using a combination of analytical calculations and numerical experiments, we show that ARM is a robust migration mechanism, able to significantly transport planets on timescales $\lesssim1$ Myr, and present simple formulae for the ARM rate.