Hasil untuk "Cartography"

S. Schlegel, C. Schuck

<p>In the form of an explorative empirical study, this paper deals with the reasons for the survival and demise of isolated Swiss ski lifts. For the first time, all isolated lifts documented in Switzerland have been recorded and coded according to a total of six conditions. Using a set-theoretical research method in the form of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), the study aims to identify the necessary conditions and configurations of sufficient conditions explaining (non-)survival. It transpires that closed isolated lifts tend to be outdated and have no technical snowmaking facilities. Moreover, it has become evident that the simultaneous occurrence of the lack of lift facility replacement, lack of technical snowmaking and high ski area competition has caused the closure of most isolated lifts. Low natural snow depth and low elevation difference, conversely, have not had a measurable impact. The causes for the survival of isolated lifts, by contrast, are extremely heterogeneous.</p>

Simon König, Frank Thonfeld, Michael Förster et al.

Bark beetle infestations are among the most substantial forest disturbance agents worldwide. Moreover, as a consequence of global climate change, they have increased in frequency and in the size and number of affected areas. Controlling bark beetle outbreaks requires consistent operational monitoring, as is possible using satellite data. However, while many satellite-based approaches have been developed, the full potential of dense, multi-sensor time series has yet to be fully explored. Here, for the first time, we used all available multispectral data from Landsat and Sentinel-2, Sentinel-1 SAR data, and combinations thereof to detect bark beetle infestations in the Bavarian Forest National Park. Based on a multi-year reference dataset of annual infested areas, we assessed the separability between healthy and infested forests for various vegetation indices calculated from the satellite data. We used two approaches to compute infestation probability time series from the different datasets: Bayesian conditional probabilities, based on the best-separating index from each satellite type, and random forest regression, based on all indices from each satellite type. Five different sensor configurations were tested for their detection capabilities: Landsat alone, Sentinel-1 alone, Sentinel-2 alone, Landsat and Sentinel-2 combined, and data from all satellite types combined. The best overall results in terms of spatial accuracy were achieved with Sentinel-2 (max. overall accuracy: 0.93). The detections of Sentinel-2 also were the closest to the onset of infestation estimated for each year. Sentinel-2 detected infested areas in larger contiguous patches with higher reliability compared to smaller patches. The results achieved with Landsat were somewhat inferior to those of Sentinel-2 (max. accuracy: 0.89). While yielding similar results, the combination of Landsat and Sentinel-2 did not provide any advantages over using Landsat or Sentinel-2 alone (max. accuracy: 0.87), while Sentinel-1 was unable to detect infested areas (max. accuracy: 0.62). The combined data of all three satellite types did not achieve satisfactory results either (max. accuracy: 0.67). Spatial accuracies were typically higher for Bayesian conditional probabilities than for random forest-derived probabilities, but the latter resulted in earlier detections. The approach presented herein provides a flexible disturbance detection pipeline well-suited for the monitoring of bark beetle outbreaks. Furthermore, it can also be applied to other disturbance types.

Bisheng Yang, Nobert Haala, Zhen Dong

ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of reality capture methods, such as laser scanning and oblique photogrammetry, point cloud data have become the third most important data source, after vector maps and imagery. Point cloud data also play an increasingly important role in scientific research and engineering in the fields of Earth science, spatial cognition, and smart cities. However, how to acquire high-quality three-dimensional (3D) geospatial information from point clouds has become a scientific frontier, for which there is an urgent demand in the fields of surveying and mapping, as well as geoscience applications. To address the challenges mentioned above, point cloud intelligence came into being. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of point cloud intelligence, with regard to acquisition equipment, intelligent processing, scientific research, and engineering applications. For this purpose, we refer to a recent project on the hybrid georeferencing of images and LiDAR data for high-quality point cloud collection, as well as a current benchmark for the semantic segmentation of high-resolution 3D point clouds. These projects were conducted at the Institute for Photogrammetry, the University of Stuttgart, which was initially headed by the late Prof. Ackermann. Finally, the development prospects of point cloud intelligence are summarized.

Tao Yu, Yong Pang, Xiaojun Liang et al.

ABSTRACTForest Stock Volume (FSV) is one of the key indicators in forestry resource investigation and management on local, regional, and national scales. Limited by the saturation problems of optical satellite remote-sensing imagery in the retrieving of stock volume, and the high cost of Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data, it is still challenging to estimate FSV in a large area using single-sensor remote-sensing data. In this paper, a method integrated multispectral satellite imagery and LiDAR data was developed to map stock volume in a large area. A random forest model was adopted to estimate the stock volume of larch forest in China based on the training samples from the Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)-derived stock volume and corresponding Sentinel-2 imagery. Validation using National Forest Inventory (NFI) data, ALS-derived stock volume and ground investigation data demonstrated that the estimated stock volume had a high accuracy (R2 = 0.59, RMSE = 59.69 m3/ha, MD = 39.96 m3/ha when validated with NFI data; R2 ranged from 0.77 to 0.85, RMSE ranged from 38.68 m3/ha to 67.38 m3/ha, MD ranged from 24.90 m3/ha to 37.27 m3/ha when validated with ALS stock volume; R2 = 0.42, RMSE = 79.10 m3/ha, MD = 62.06 m3/ha when validated with field investigation data). Results of this paper indicated the applicability of estimating stock volume of larch forest in a large area by combining Sentinel-2 data and airborne LiDAR data.

Inggit Lolita Sari, Christopher J. Weston, Glenn J. Newnham et al.

Significant areas of native forest in Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, have been cleared for the expansion of plantations of oil palm and rubber. In this study multisource remote sensing was used to develop a time series of land cover maps that distinguish native forest from plantations. Using a study area in east Kalimantan, Landsat images were combined with either ALOS PALSAR or Sentinel-1 images to map four land cover classes (native forest, oil palm plantation, rubber plantation, non-forest). Bayesian multitemporal classification was applied to increase map accuracy and maps were validated using a confusion matrix; final map overall accuracy was >90%. Over 18 years from 2000 to 2018 nearly half the native forests in the study area were converted to either non-forest or plantations of either rubber or oil palm, with the highest losses between 2015 and 2016. Trending upwards from 2008 large areas of degraded or cleared forests, mapped as non-forest, were converted to oil palm plantation. Conversion of native forests to plantation mainly occurred in lowland and wetland forest, while significant forest regrowth was detected in degraded peatland. These maps will help Indonesia with strategies and policies for balancing economic growth and conservation.

Ewa Wilk, Małgorzata Krówczyńska

Exposure to asbestos causes a wide range of diseases, such as asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma (MM) and other types of cancer. Many European countries have reduced production and use of asbestos and some have banned it altogether. Based on data derived from the World Health Organisation (WHO) Cancer Mortality Database, we investigated whether some regions in Europe could have a higher relative risk of MM incidence than others. The data were compared, including the number of MM deaths per million inhabitants and aged-standardized mortality rates. Applying Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi statistic on the agedstandardized mortality rates of MM cases assisted the spatial analysis of the occurrence of health events leading to an assessment of the heterogeneity of distribution and cluster detection of MM. We found a statistically significant positive autocorrelation for the male population and also the general population, while there was no statistically significant positive one for the female population. Hotspots of relative risk of developing MM were found in northwestern Europe. For the general population, Great Britain and the Netherlands stood out with high levels at the 99% and 95% confidence levels, respectively. For the male population, the results were similar, but with addition of risk also in Belgium and Switzerland. However, in many European countries with high asbestos use per capita, the MM incidence was found to still be low. The reasons for this are not yet clear, but part of the problem is certainly due to incomplete data in registers and databases. The latency time can be longer than 40 years and is related to the intensity and time of exposure (occupational, para-occupational and environmental). In Europe, even though peak production occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, a significant decrease in production did not occur until 25 years later, which means that the impact will continue for as late as The mid 2030s.

N. Roelandt, F. Bahoken, G. Le Campion et al.

Arabesque is an application for the exploration and geovisualisation of origin-destination flows (or spatial networks), developed within the framework of the Univ. Gustave Eiffel (ex. IFSTTAR)-funded research project geographic flow visualisation (gflowiz) geoflowiz, in collaboration with the CNRS. It allows both the exploration and the filtering of OD data and their representation, with a strong emphasis on geographic information layering and features' semiology. The key-objective is to propose an easy way to produce a modern cartography (a geovisualisation) of thematic flows (e.g. bilateral flow volume), at several geographic scales, even from your own datasets. The objective of this article is to position Arabesque in the range of geoweb applications for producing flow maps, by comparing its functionalities with those of similar web applications – Magrit, Kepler.gl, flowmap.blue – pointing out their respective advantages and limitations. The analysis of its functionalities is compared on the same flow dataset – MOBSCO, i.e. a dataset describing the school mobility of French pupils and students on a given year – for a practical and empirical “validation” of its contributions. We demonstrate that the configurations and appearances of these tools’ visual output depend largely on the culture of their developers, and on the use and audiences for which they have been developed.

Krzysztof Bakuła, Magdalena Pilarska, Adam Salach et al.

This paper presents a methodology for levee damage detection based on Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) data. In this experiment, the data were acquired from the UAS platform, which was equipped with a laser scanner and a digital RGB (Red, Green, Blue) camera. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds were used for the generation of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and images were used to produce the RGB orthophoto. The main aim of the paper was to present a methodology based on ALS and vegetation index from RGB orthophoto which helps in finding potential places of levee failure. Both types of multi-temporal data collected from the UAS platform are applied separately: elevation and optical data. Two DTM models from different time periods were compared: the first one was generated from the ALS point cloud and the second DTM was delivered from the UAS Laser Scanning (ULS) data. Archival and new orthophotos were converted to Green-Red Vegetation Index (GRVI) raster datasets. From the GRVI raster, change detection for unvegetation ground areas was analysed using a dynamically indicated threshold. The result of this approach is the localisation of places, for which the change in height correlates with the appearance of unvegetation ground. This simple, automatic method provides a tool for specialist monitoring of levees, the critical objects protecting against floods.

Maurizio Rosina

The search and identification of outliers is a fundamental step, generally preparatory to the elaborations aimed at obtaining consistent results. The new approach devised for the identification of outliers in space R2 benefits from geometric / statistical techniques largely independent from the type of data distribution, and is based on four methodological pillars: clustering, the convex hull peeling technique, a specific metric and Chebyshev's inequality, which is valid for any type of univariate distribution of values. The modularity and the generality of the approach, coupled to the research and identification of outliers based on strictly statistical parameters, make the approach presented a useful and daily tool for those who need to process bivariate data with the security of being able to previously identify outliers.

A. Berveglieri, A. M. G. Tommaselli, E. Honkavaara

Hyperspectral camera operating in sequential acquisition mode produces spectral bands that are not recorded at the same instant, thus having different exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) for each band. The study presents experiments on bundle adjustment with time-dependent polynomial models for band orientation of hyperspectral cubes sequentially collected. The technique was applied to a Rikola camera model. The purpose was to investigate the behaviour of the estimated polynomial parameters and the feasibility of using a minimum of bands to estimate EOPs. Simulated and real data were produced for the analysis of parameters and accuracy in ground points. The tests considered conventional bundle adjustment and the polynomial models. The results showed that both techniques were comparable, indicating that the time-dependent polynomial model can be used to estimate the EOPs of all spectral bands, without requiring a bundle adjustment of each band. The accuracy of the block adjustment was analysed based on the discrepancy obtained from checkpoints. The root mean square error (RMSE) indicated an accuracy of 1&thinsp;GSD in planimetry and 1.5&thinsp;GSD in altimetry, when using a minimum of four bands per cube.

A. Çöltekin, J. Hempel, A. Brychtova et al.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are complex software environments and we often work with multiple tasks and multiple displays when we work with GIS. However, user input is still limited to mouse and keyboard in most workplace settings. In this project, we demonstrate how the use of gaze and feet as additional input modalities can overcome time-consuming and annoying mode switches between frequently performed tasks. In an iterative design process, we developed gaze- and foot-based methods for zooming and panning of map visualizations. We first collected appropriate gestures in a preliminary user study with a small group of experts, and designed two interaction concepts based on their input. After the implementation, we evaluated the two concepts comparatively in another user study to identify strengths and shortcomings in both. We found that continuous foot input combined with implicit gaze input is promising for supportive tasks.

João Lúcio Dias Soares

The rupture between the thought of nature as physis and human thought leads to suffering and confusion for man in the fields of subjectivity. An affirmative relationship with becoming, in accordance with the proposal of Nietzsche's concept of dionysian wisdom, might lead man once again to the path of tragic life - one that produces strength by asserting pain and difference – thus surpassing the false opposition man/nature. Inspired by Nietzsche, Deleuze and Guattari propose fighting against the fascism of the socius, the State, of capitalism and all the dominant discourses of established knowledge and established power that capture body and its will. An instrument for such struggle is the production of counterfascist erasures on the encodings of power. The question of how to produce bodies without organs as a way to escape the organic structure of the socius is made possible by the power of sensation to erase and rediagram the cartographies of subjectivity.

G. Bitelli, S. Cremonini, G. Gatta

Antonio Novellino, Paolo D’Angelo

Recently the European Commission undertook steps towards a European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) in order to standardize method for observing and assessing the grade of the Member States seas and improve access to high quality data. Since 2008-2009, European Commission, represented by the Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DG MARE), is running several service contracts for creating pilot thematic components of the ur-EMODNET: Biology, Bathymetry, Chemistry, Geology, Habitats, and Physics. The existing EMODnet-Physics portal (www.emodnet-physics.eu) is based on a strong collaboration between EuroGOOS member institutes and its regional operational oceanographic systems (ROOSs), and the National Oceanographic Data Centres (NODCs), and it is a marine observation information system. It includes systems for physical data from the whole Europe (wave height and period, temperature of the water column, wind speed and direction, salinity of the water column, horizontal velocity of the water column, light attenuation, and sea level) provided mainly by fixed stations and ferry-box platforms, discovering related data sets (both near real time and historical data sets), viewing and downloading of the data from about 2100 platforms (www.emodnetphysics.eu/map) and thus contributing towards the definition of an operational European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet).

Kab Kevin Verbeek

Gabriel Vargas, Sofía Rebolledo, Sergio A Sepúlveda et al.

The Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (LOFZ) in the Patagonian Andes is an active major transpressional intra-arc fault system along which Quaternary faulting and volcanism develop. Subaerial and submarine geomorphologic and structural characterization of latest Pleistocene-Holocene faults and monogenetic volcanoes allows us to assess geological cartography of active faults and the kinematic model for recent tectonics during postglacial times, since 12,000 cal. years BP. This allows increasing the basic geological knowledge necessary for determining the seismic hazard associated with cortical structures in the Aysén region in southern Chile. Fault cartography and field observations suggest dominant dextral-reverse strike slip along north-south and locally NNW-striking faults, dextral-normal strike slip along NE to NNE- striking faults, and sinistral strike slip along east-west faults. This kinematics is consistent with regional SW-NE shortening in the context of a major transpressional fault zone. Holocene and even historic monogenetic and sub-aquatic volcanism occurred in this tectonic setting in a close spatial relationship and probably favored by the activity and local architecture of faults. Submarine fault scarps and deformed sediments observed at the bottom of the Aysén Fjord were associated with the destructive April 2007 Mw6.2 earthquake located along the LOFZ. Our observations show that this earthquake occurred along dextral 15-20 km long N-S structure named Punta Cola Fault (PCF). This fault system is located some kilometres to the east of the main N-S Río Cuervo Fault (RCF). Most of the epicentres of the seismic swarm during 2007 were located along or in between both structures. The study area is a transference zone between N-S regional branches of the LOFZ. The cartography of fault segments proposed here together with geophysical and geologic data suggest that large earthquakes Mw6.2-6.5 can be typically expected along most of the active faults. Besides, seismic hazard assessment should also consider the possibility of earthquake magnitude in the order of 7.1 along the main fault systems like the RCF.<br>La Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui es un sistema de intraarco activo y paralelo al contacto entre las placas tectónicas de Nazca y Sudamérica, a lo largo del cual el fallamiento y el volcanismo cuaternarios están estrechamente asociados. A partir de observaciones geomorfológicas y estructurales subaéreas, la prospección subacuática de fallas con evidencia de actividad pleistocena tardía-holocena y la caracterización de volcanes monogenéticos, se propone una cartografía y un modelo cinemático para la tectónica reciente, con énfasis en los últimos 12.000 años, asociada a fallas activas en el área del Fiordo Aysén. Esto permite incrementar sustancialmente el conocimiento geológico básico necesario para la determinación del peligro sísmico asociado a estructuras corticales en la región de Aysén de la Patagonia del sur de Chile. La cartografía de fallas junto con observaciones de campo y resultados geocronológicos sugieren que la deformación ocurre dominantemente a lo largo de estructuras de rumbo dextral-inversa de orientación norte-sur y localmente NNW-SSE, junto con fallas dextral-normal de rumbo NE a NNE y en menor medida a lo largo de fallas sinistrales de rumbo este-oeste. Es posible asociar esta cinemática a un acortamiento regional de orientación NE-SW. El volcanismo monogenético y subacuático holoceno ha ocurrido bajo este régimen tectónico, posiblemente favorecido por la geometría, estructura y cinemática de las fallas activas. Escarpes submarinos bien preservados de fallas que deforman sedimentos del fondo del fiordo Aysén fueron asociados con el terremoto de abril del año 2007, de magnitud Mw6,2, ocurrido a lo largo de la Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui. Observaciones realizadas en este estudio muestran que este terremoto ocurrió a lo largo de una falla de 15-20 km de largo de orientación norte-sur denominada Falla Punta Cola (FPC). Este sistema se localiza unos kilómetros al este de un sistema mayor de orientación norte-sur denominado Falla Río Cuervo (FRC). La mayoría de los epicentros de los terremotos y temblores durante la crisis sísmica del año 2007 ocurrieron entre estas estructuras o a lo largo de ellas. El área de estudio es una zona de transferencia entre sistemas regionales de orientación N-S de la Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui. La cartografía de segmentos de falla junto con datos geológicos y antecedentes geofísicos sugiere que terremotos de magnitud del orden de Mw6,2-6,5 son típicamente esperables a lo largo de la mayoría de los sistemas activos descritos en este trabajo. Además de esto, en los sistemas principales como a lo largo de la FRC, es posible esperar terremotos de magnitud del orden de Mw7,1, lo cual debería ser considerado en la evaluación del peligro sísmico de la región.

Tania Rossetto

S. Christophe

D. Zou, M. Kumar

Maria Marsella, Carla Nardinocchi, A. Salvatori et al.

La metodologia di rilievo mediante Laser Scanner Aviotrasportato (ALS) per la ricostruzione dettagliata della morfologia consente l’acquisizione di dati tridimensionali di alta precisione da utilizzare per il monitoraggio di fenomeni franosi in evoluzione. Abstract The laser survey technique for monitoring the instability of volcanoes: the case of Stromboli In volcanic areas the flank instability represents an additional hazard for the surrounding  inhabited  areas.  Landslides, ranging from small to large size, can easily develop both due to the weakness of the volcanic superficial layers and to the destabilizing  effects  from  deformation and  seismicity  related  to  the  volcanic activity.  These  phenomena  are  particularly dangerous along the coast line of volcanic  islands  because  they  cannot easily detected in a safe way.  The use of remote sensing data represent an useful contribution to the risk assessment and hazard evaluation. Multi-temporal analy- ses based on the 2006 and 2009 Digital Surface Models (DSMs), generated from an Airborne Laser scanner on the Stromboli  Island  permitted  to  detect  active landslides and to extract additional information useful to hazard assessment and related mitigation actions.