Hasil untuk "Business communication. Including business report writing, business correspondence"

Alin-Gabriel Vaduva, Simona-Vasilica Oprea, Adela Bara

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods (SHAP, LIME) are increasingly adopted to interpret models in high-stakes businesses. However, the credibility of these explanations, their stability under realistic data perturbations, remains unquantified. This paper introduces the Credibility Index via Explanation Stability (CIES), a mathematically grounded metric that measures how robust a model's explanations are when subject to realistic business noise. CIES captures whether the reasons behind a prediction remain consistent, not just the prediction itself. The metric employs a rank-weighted distance function that penalizes instability in the most important features disproportionately, reflecting business semantics where changes in top decision drivers are more consequential than changes in marginal features. We evaluate CIES across three datasets (customer churn, credit risk, employee attrition), four tree-based classification models and two data balancing conditions. Results demonstrate that model complexity impacts explanation credibility, class imbalance treatment via SMOTE affects not only predictive performance but also explanation stability, and CIES provides statistically superior discriminative power compared to a uniform baseline metric (p < 0.01 in all 24 configurations). A sensitivity analysis across four noise levels confirms the robustness of the metric itself. These findings offer business practitioners a deployable "credibility warning system" for AI-driven decision support.

Oghenetejiri Okporokpo, Funminiyi Olajide, Nemitari Ajienka et al.

As the frequency and complexity of Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks continue to increase, the level of threats posed to Smart Internet of Things (SIoT) business environments have also increased. These environments generally have several interconnected SIoT systems and devices that are integral to daily operations, usually depending on cloud infrastructure and real-time data analytics, which require continuous availability and secure data exchange. Conventional detection mechanisms, while useful in static or traditional network environments, often are inadequate in responding to the needs of these dynamic and diverse SIoT networks. In this paper, we introduce a novel trust-based DDoS detection model tailored to meet the unique requirements of smart business environments. The proposed model incorporates a trust evaluation engine that continuously monitors node behaviour, calculating trust scores based on packet delivery ratio, response time, and anomaly detection. These trust metrics are then aggregated by a central trust-based repository that uses inherent trust values to identify traffic patterns indicative of DDoS attacks. By integrating both trust scores and central trust-based outputs, the trust calculation is enhanced, ensuring that threats are accurately identified and addressed in real-time. The model demonstrated a significant improvement in detection accuracy, and a low false-positive rate with enhanced scalability and adaptability under TCP SYN, Ping Flood, and UDP Flood attacks. The results show that a trust-based approach provides an effective, lightweight alternative for securing resource-constrained business IoT environments.

Panos Vassiliadis, Patrick Marcel, Faten El Outa et al.

We introduce a conceptual model for highlights to support data analysis and storytelling in the domain of Business Intelligence, via the automated extraction, representation, and exploitation of highlights revealing key facts that are hidden in the data with which a data analyst works. The model builds on the concepts of Holistic and Elementary Highlights, along with their context, constituents and interrelationships, whose synergy can identify internal properties, patterns and key facts in a dataset being analyzed.

Zhipeng Ma, Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen, Michelle Levesque et al.

Digitalization is challenging in heavy industrial sectors, and many pi-lot projects facing difficulties to be replicated and scaled. Case studies are strong pedagogical vehicles for learning and sharing experience & knowledge, but rarely available in the literature. Therefore, this paper conducts a survey to gather a diverse set of nine industry cases, which are subsequently subjected to analysis using the business model canvas (BMC). The cases are summarized and compared based on nine BMC components, and a Value of Business Model (VBM) evaluation index is proposed to assess the business potential of industrial digital solutions. The results show that the main partners are industry stakeholders, IT companies and academic institutes. Their key activities for digital solutions include big-data analysis, machine learning algorithms, digital twins, and internet of things developments. The value propositions of most cases are improving energy efficiency and enabling energy flexibility. Moreover, the technology readiness levels of six industrial digital solutions are under level 7, indicating that they need further validation in real-world environments. Building upon these insights, this paper proposes six recommendations for future industrial digital solution development: fostering cross-sector collaboration, prioritizing comprehensive testing and validation, extending value propositions, enhancing product adaptability, providing user-friendly platforms, and adopting transparent recommendations.

Sven Weinzierl, Sandra Zilker, Sebastian Dunzer et al.

Machine learning (ML) provides algorithms to create computer programs based on data without explicitly programming them. In business process management (BPM), ML applications are used to analyse and improve processes efficiently. Three frequent examples of using ML are providing decision support through predictions, discovering accurate process models, and improving resource allocation. This paper organises the body of knowledge on ML in BPM. We extract BPM tasks from different literature streams, summarise them under the phases of a process`s lifecycle, explain how ML helps perform these tasks and identify technical commonalities in ML implementations across tasks. This study is the first exhaustive review of how ML has been used in BPM. We hope that it can open the door for a new era of cumulative research by helping researchers to identify relevant preliminary work and then combine and further develop existing approaches in a focused fashion. Our paper helps managers and consultants to find ML applications that are relevant in the current project phase of a BPM initiative, like redesigning a business process. We also offer - as a synthesis of our review - a research agenda that spreads ten avenues for future research, including applying novel ML concepts like federated learning, addressing less regarded BPM lifecycle phases like process identification, and delivering ML applications with a focus on end-users.

Ian Brooks, Laura Harrison, Mark Reeves et al.

This research explores the use of History to enhance education in the field of ICT For Sustainability ICT4S in response to a challenge from the ICT4S 2023 conference. No previous studies were found in ICT4S but the literature on History and Education for Sustainable Development is reviewed. An ICT4S lecturer collaborated with History lecturers to add an historic parallel to each weeks teaching on a Sustainable Business and Computing unit for final year undergraduate BSc Business Computing students. A list of the topics and rationale is provided. Student perceptions were surveyed before and after the teaching and semi-structured interviews carried out. A majority of students saw relevance to their degree and career. There was an increase in the proportion of students with interest in History. The paper explores the lessons learned from the interdisciplinary collaboration, including topic choice, format and perceived value. The project has enhanced the way we approach our subjects as computing and history educators. We believe this is the first empirical, survey-based study of the use of history to enhance ICT4S education. The team will extend the research to a larger unit covering a wider range of computing degrees.

Aline Ioste

Large Language Models with transformer architecture have revolutionized the domain of text generation, setting unprecedented benchmarks. Despite their impressive capabilities, LLMs have been criticized for generating outcomes that deviate from factual accuracy or display logical inconsistencies, phenomena commonly referred to as hallucinations. This term, however, has often been misapplied to any results deviating from the instructor's expectations, which this paper defines as attention misdirection rather than true hallucinations. Understanding the distinction between hallucinations and attention misdirection becomes increasingly relevant in business contexts, where the ramifications of such errors can significantly impact the value extraction from these inherently pre-trained models. This paper highlights the best practices of the PGI, Persona, Grouping, and Intelligence, method, a strategic framework that achieved a remarkable error rate of only 3,15 percent across 4,000 responses generated by GPT in response to a real business challenge. It emphasizes that by equipping experimentation with knowledge, businesses can unlock opportunities for innovation through the use of these natively pre-trained models. This reinforces the notion that strategic application grounded in a skilled team can maximize the benefits of emergent technologies such as the LLMs.

In Zhofan, O. Pashchenko, O. Zharikova

The article examines and substantiates the development of marketing strategies of agricultural sector enterprises on the grain markets of Ukraine and the People's Republic of China. In the grain economy of Ukraine, there is an increase in production volumes from 70.06 million tons in 2018 to 84 million tons in 2021, and this gave it the opportunity to become one of the powerful producers and exporters of grain crops in the world grain market. This was facilitated by: improvement of grain cultivation technologies, grain processing, drying and fumigation systems, creation of modern micro-irrigation systems, implementation of integrated plant protection and nutrition systems in response to climate change, constant improvement of elevator capacities, improvement of the grain storage system. The Chinese market is interesting for Ukrainian exporters. It is the most promising, both from the point of view of economic potential, and from the possibility of increasing the volume of domestic grain supply. After all, the People's Republic of China is a billion-dollar consumer market, taking into account world trade statistics, the main trading partner of many developed countries. This country is among the top ten economies in the world, ranks third in terms of absolute growth and is among the top five importers of domestic agricultural products. The issue of the development of the marketing strategy of agricultural enterprises was studied by prominent domestic and foreign scientists, including: A. Oliynyk, Yu. Turgelya, Yu. Sokolovska, O. Yerankin, R. Logosha, T. Marusei T., N. Murtazina and others. The formation of marketing strategies for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises was studied by: L. Balabanova, V. Gerasimchuk, O. Zozulyova, Yu. Ivanova, O. Kanishchenko, V. Kardash, N. Kudenko, A. Starostina, O. Tyshchenko and others. J. Bisena, R. Kumar, J. Beckman, J. Sheth, J. Zabel investigated the issues of agricultural marketing, electronic agricultural market, and state participation in ensuring the sustainable development of agricultural production. The main methods and information base of the research are: materials of periodicals, works of scientists, Internet sources, statistical information (FAOSTAT, Worldbank), obtaining information through an expert interview (in online format, using modern means of video communication), sample research respondents (30 real interviews, including 12 interviews from Ukraine and 18 from China), scientific and methodical literature. The research also used econometric and economic-statistical research methods (score method, SWOT analysis method, visualization methods, including the method of graphical data interpretation). All calculations provided in this study were carried out using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software. The use of this software significantly increases the possibilities of practical application of the proposed strategies, since a significant number of farms do not have the opportunity to attract a full-time marketer and purchase specialized software, while the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet is one of the most widespread tools for processing tabular information. The purpose of the study is to study the peculiarities of the formation of the marketing strategy of agricultural sector enterprises on the grain markets of Ukraine and the People's Republic of China. Achieving this goal is possible through the consistent solution of scientific tasks: to systematize the experience of previous research through the analysis of theoretical sources; develop a methodological research design; determine information bases, choose appropriate tools; to carry out an approbation study on the example of enterprises in the agrarian sector of the grain market of the People's Republic of China and Ukraine; to develop basic variants of the marketing strategy of agricultural enterprises in the studied markets. Recently, the global economy has seen an increase in trade between countries, which increases business profitability and satisfies consumer needs for necessary goods and services. After all, international trade contributes to the economic development of countries, expands their opportunities to create and place added value on a much larger foreign market thanks to joining global supply chains. The grain economy of Ukraine is a strategic and most effective branch of the national economy. Grain and its processing products are always liquid and form the basis of the country's food security, which greatly increases the importance of effective marketing strategies of producers during the threat of a global food disaster. The Chinese market is interesting for Ukrainian exporters. It is the most promising, both from the point of view of economic potential, and from the possibility of increasing the volume of domestic grain supply. China is a billion-dollar consumer market. The achievement of marketing strategies of agricultural sector enterprises on the grain markets of Ukraine and the People's Republic of China took place through the development and implementation of a complex multi-stage research project that combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. On the basis of econometric and economic-statistical research methods, mathematical models of the dynamics of grain production in Ukraine and the People's Republic of China were developed, while the approximation reliability values for each series indicate a very high correspondence of the obtained models. Taking into account the impact of a strong negative factor, which is not reflected in statistical data, on the agriculture of Ukraine, in order to take into account the latest challenges of the external environment, a differentiated SWOT analysis was conducted using the expert interview method to assess the main threats and opportunities, strengths and weaknesses of the grain industry of Ukraine. The results of the analysis showed that the following strategies should be recognized as the most acceptable strategies in modern Ukrainian realities according to the results of the analysis: a strategy of cooperation, which will allow to more effectively solve those problems that are in the area of influence of the enterprise; a cost minimization strategy or a survival strategy, the purpose of which is to preserve the existing production potential until more favorable business conditions; geographic strategy diversification based on the territorial transfer of grain production to safer central and western regions; however, the latter strategy is impossible for farms without an additional state program to diversify the grain industry. According to the results of the survey of experts of the grain market of the PRC, it was established that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in November-December 2022 did not have a significant impact on the economy of the grain market, therefore, the marketing strategy of balanced development and the strategy of intelligent marketing should be considered the most promising for agricultural enterprises of the PRC involves obtaining additional benefits through the implementation of modern digital innovations

Rui Chen, Lu Gao, Yutian Liu et al.

Smart roads have become an essential component of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The roadside perception technology, a critical aspect of smart roads, utilizes various sensors, roadside units (RSUs), and edge computing devices to gather real-time traffic data for vehicle-road cooperation. However, the full potential of smart roads in improving the safety and efficiency of autonomous vehicles only can be realized through the mass deployment of roadside perception and communication devices. On the one hand, roadside devices require significant investment but can only achieve monitoring function currently, resulting in no profitability for investors. On the other hand, drivers lack trust in the safety of autonomous driving technology, making it difficult to promote large-scale commercial applications. To deal with the dilemma of mass deployment, we propose a novel smart-road vehicle-guiding architecture for vehicle-road cooperative autonomous driving, based on which we then propose the corresponding business model and analyze its benefits from both operator and driver perspectives. The numerical simulations validate that our proposed smart road solution can enhance driving safety and traffic efficiency. Moreover, we utilize the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) model to assess the economic advantages of the proposed business model which indicates that the smart highway that can provide vehicle-guided-driving services for autonomous vehicles yields more profit than the regular highway.

Ian W. Gray, Jack Cable, Benjamin Brown et al.

Ransomware operations have evolved from relatively unsophisticated threat actors into highly coordinated cybercrime syndicates that regularly extort millions of dollars in a single attack. Despite dominating headlines and crippling businesses across the globe, there is relatively little in-depth research into the modern structure and economics of ransomware operations. In this paper, we leverage leaked chat messages to provide an in-depth empirical analysis of Conti, one of the largest ransomware groups. By analyzing these chat messages, we construct a picture of Conti's operations as a highly-profitable business, from profit structures to employee recruitment and roles. We present novel methodologies to trace ransom payments, identifying over $80 million in likely ransom payments to Conti and its predecessor -- over five times as much as in previous public datasets. As part of our work, we publish a dataset of 666 labeled Bitcoin addresses related to Conti and an additional 75 Bitcoin addresses of likely ransom payments. Future work can leverage this case study to more effectively trace -- and ultimately counteract -- ransomware activity.

Roberto García, Ana Cediel, Mercè Teixidó et al.

Blockchain technologies open new opportunities for media copyright management. To provide an overview of the main initiatives in this blockchain application area, we have first reviewed the existing academic literature. The review shows literature is still scarce and immature in many aspects, which is more evident when comparing it to initiatives coming from the industry. Blockchain has been receiving significant inflows of venture capital and crowdfunding, which have boosted its progress in many fields, including its application to media management. Consequently, we have complemented the review with a business perspective. Existing reports about blockchain and media have been studied and consolidated into four prominent use cases. Moreover, each one has been illustrated through existing businesses already exploring them. Combining the academic and industry perspectives, we provide a more general and complete overview of current trends in media copyright management using blockchain technologies.

Minh-Tien Nguyen, Duy-Hung Nguyen, Shahab Sabahi et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of natural language processing, with GPT models at the forefront. While their remarkable performance spans a range of tasks, adapting LLMs for real-world business scenarios still poses challenges warranting further investigation. This paper presents an empirical analysis aimed at bridging the gap in adapting LLMs to practical use cases. To do that, we select the question answering (QA) task of insurance as a case study due to its challenge of reasoning. Based on the task we design a new model relied on LLMs which are empowered by additional knowledge extracted from insurance policy rulebooks and DBpedia. The additional knowledge helps LLMs to understand new concepts of insurance for domain adaptation. Preliminary results on two QA datasets show that knowledge enhancement significantly improves the reasoning ability of GPT-3.5 (55.80% and 57.83% in terms of accuracy). The analysis also indicates that existing public knowledge bases, e.g., DBPedia is beneficial for knowledge enhancement. Our findings reveal that the inherent complexity of business scenarios often necessitates the incorporation of domain-specific knowledge and external resources for effective problem-solving.

Mario Scrocca, Marco Comerio, Alessio Carenini et al.

The blockchain technology provides integrity and reliability of the information, thus offering a suitable solution to guarantee trustability in a multi-stakeholder scenario that involves actors defining business agreements. The Ride2Rail project investigated the use of the blockchain to record as smart contracts the agreements between different stakeholders defined in a multimodal transportation domain. Modelling an ontology to represent the smart contracts enables the possibility of having a machine-readable and interoperable representation of the agreements. On one hand, the underlying blockchain ensures trust in the execution of the contracts, on the other hand, their ontological representation facilitates the retrieval of information within the ecosystem. The paper describes the development of the Ride2Rail Ontology for Agreements to showcase how the concept of an ontological smart contract, defined in the OASIS ontology, can be applied to a specific domain. The usage of the designed ontology is discussed by describing the modelling as ontological smart contracts of business agreements defined in a ride-sharing scenario.

E. Solomin, I. Kirpichnikova, R. Amerkhanov et al.

Abstract The paper reports about the project for powering the off grid standalone 3 kW power consumer in Arctic, which could be further replicated and scaled up to 50 kW power with minor changes. The project was targeted on the development of autonomous Wind-Hydrogen Powered Plant with the Wind Turbine for initial power generation and Hydrogen Module serving as Uninterruptible Power Supply, for universal usage in any point of the World including the cold zones of Arctic and Antarctic, deserts of Africa and isolated islands characterized by destructive sea salt fogs. At the same time, the equipment is clean, continuous operating, long-lasting and maximally reliable, with no polluting or greenhouse emissions. The components of the Power Plant are developed for the unified DC voltage with an option of adding more on the DC bus bar, scaling the power of the Plant up. It presents a flexibility and modularity in combination with the scalable Hydrogen Storage capacity suitable for different demands of distributed energy consumers including both residential and small business. The comprehensive analysis of the renewable energy sources and in particular wind turbines included the study of the main known types and classes. As a result, the choice was made in favor of proprietary design of innovative multi-tier scalable Vertical Axis Wind Turbine as a main power source, the uninterrupted supply part of which is based on the looped cycle Hydrogen Module containing Electrolyser Module, Fuel Cells Assembly System and Hydrogen Storage with communication and control equipment. The intelligent control algorithms optimize the operation of the Plant minimizing the start-stop cycling phases, stretching the servicing periods and extending the lifetime of the equipment. Remote control provides monitoring and managing all processes of power generation and hydrogen storage via Internet anytime, almost anywhere. The project has proved the presented equipment as long-live, reliable and environmentally friendly, as well as modular and flexible, easily scaled under consumer's control, covering the big power consumption range from personal to small business scale. The developed Power Plant is affordable for the remote energy consumers as the estimated equipment value is correlating with the cost of power line installation using no deep engineering or technological skills.

Marine Allein

Cet article explore la dynamique qui a traversé les partis-pris méthodologiques et le souci éthique d’un travail mené, par certains aspects, en « contrebande » des organisations en raison de la sensibilité d’un questionnement portant sur le dissensus en entreprises et les dilemmes managériaux. Nous développons une approche réflexive sur les trois dimensions inhérentes à des « manières de faire » scrupuleuses et crapuleuses consistant d’abord à faire place à une recherche d’interstices entre commande et contrebande (1.), puis à faire attention aux dilemmes vécus (2.) et enfin à faire fruit des contraintes et difficultés rencontrées (3.). Cela nous amène à interroger la vertu heuristique de l’inconfort pour appréhender un phénomène composite et une expérience se racontant à bas-bruits.

Amanda C. Bright

included undergraduate and graduate students in journalism and strategic communication. Others will buy the book as a means to support the free content TON has created or simply for the pleasure of scribbling in the margins of an old-fashioned paper volume. TON website remains indispensable as a companion to the textbook. Helpful extras can be found online, such as TON’s extensive pitch database, a handy flowchart for making decisions about the viability of story ideas, and a printable cheat sheet of profile interview questions. The website contains many further resources indispensable to science writers, including an extensive guide to finding and using diverse sources. TON has been compared with a free master’s degree in science writing. This book would serve as its introductory course. The book has billed itself as a “guide for media professionals, scientists, science educators, and anyone interested in communicating with the public about science.” Although it is true that anyone interested in science communication would gain value from the book, it is mainly oriented to the journalism side of “science writing.” Other science writing books, such as A Field Guide for Science Writers: The Official Guide of the National Association of Science Writers (2005), edited by Deborah Blum, Mary Knudson, and Robin Marantz Henig, speak more directly to institutional science writers and provide more detail on specific beats. Another guide, The Science Writers’ Handbook: Everything You Need to Know to Pitch, Publish and Prosper in the Digital Age (2013), edited by Thomas Hayden and Michelle Nijhuis, delves more deeply into the business of freelancing. Journalism has evolved beyond an obsession with scooping the competition at all costs. Collaboration is how we now survive, and science writers have been especially generous with their time and talents in supporting each other and newcomers to the profession. Buying this book, one is not merely purchasing a science writing guide. One is taking a seat at a community table. As the world faces threats from climate change and the coronavirus pandemic, science journalists, as first responders for truth, need every bit of that sustenance.

Trinh Thu Thuy, P. Hong

In recent years, electric two-wheeled vehicles (E2Ws) including electric bicycles and electric motorcycles have been used widely in Vietnam. Currently, the total number of E2Ws used is 3 million and with an average growth rate of 13.33% an estimated 6 million E2Ws will be used in 2024. E2Ws have been used widely among Vietnam’s youth. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) of Ajzen (2005, 2016) [1, 2], the main purpose of this research is to identify factors affecting the attitude to and intention of high school students in Hanoi city towards E2W usage and their affected level. The analytical results show that the attitude towards E2W usage is influenced respectively in descending order by (i) perceptions of economic benefit, (ii) usage convenience, (iii) friendly environmental awareness, (iv) stylish design. Usage intention towards E2Ws is determined respectively in descending order by (i) subjective norm, (ii) attitude toward E2W usage, (iii) the attraction of motorcycles. Based on the research results, some proposals for producers, authorities and policy-makers have been recommended. Keywords Electric two-wheeled vehicle, intention, attitude toward E2W usage, perception, emission, battery References [1] I. Ajzen, Attitude, personality and behavior, 2nd Edition, England: Berkshire, 2005.[2] I. Ajzen, The Theory of Planned Behavior. https://people.umass.edu/ aizen/pdf.html/, 2016..[3] R.C. Christopher, Electric Two-Wheelers in China: Analysis of Environmental, Safety, and Mobility Impacts, PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2007.[4] Chu Tien Dat, “Consumer behavior and marketing - mix strategy of mobile communication businesses in Vietnam”, Doctorate Dissertation, National Economic University, 2014.[5] Dang Thi Ngoc Dung, “Factors Affect Intention Usage Toward Metro System in Ho Chi Minh City” Master Thesis, Ho Chi Minh Economics University, 2012.[6] Government website, http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban. [7] Hanoi Department of Transport, “Scheme on strengthening management of road transport means to reduce traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Hanoi city, period 2017-2020, a vision to 2030”, General report, Hanoi People’s Committee, 2017. [8] Hoang Trong, Chu Nguyen Mong Ngoc, Data Analysis with SPSS, Hong Duc Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City, 2008.[9] Ho Chi Minh Department of Transport, General Report: “Scheme on strengthening management of road transport means to reduce traffic congestion and environmental pollution in Hanoi city, period 2017-2020, a vision to 2030”, General report, Hochiminh People’s Committee, Department of Transportation, 2017.[10] D.W. Hoyer et al., Consumer Behaviour, 6th Edition, South Western Cengage Learning, 2013.[11] D. Jennifer, R. Geoffrey, “Electric Bikes and Transportation Policy: Insights from Early Adopters”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2314, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 1-6. [12] Jica, Data Collection Survey on Railway in Main Urbans of Vietnam, final report, Part 2, Hanoi area, November, 2015.[13] X.W. Jonathan, The Rise of Electric Two-wheelers in China: Factors for their Success and Implications for the Future, Doctor of Philosophy In Transportation Technology and Policy, University of California, 2007.[14] P. Kotler, G. Amstrong, Principles of Marketing, 15th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2014.[15] Le Quan Hoang, Toshiyuki Okamura, “Influences of Motorcycle Use on Travel Intentions in Developing Countries: A case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam”, Journal of Eastern Asia Society of Transportation Studies. 11 (2015) Số trang.[16] R. Luke et al, “The effect of incentives and technology on the adoption of electric motorcycles: A stated choice experiment in Vietnam”, Transportation Research Part A 57, 2013.[17] National Traffic Safety Committee, “The study on the traffic safety of highschool students in Hanoi and some proposed solutions”, Final Report, Vietnam Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers VAMM, 2017. [18] Nguyen Minh Tam, “Planning Orientation of Hanoi’s Urban Railway System to 2030 and Vision to 2050”, International workshop report, Hanoi Planning and Architecture Department, 2017.[19] Nguyen Ngoc Quang, “Qualitative Methods in Research on Consumer’s Behavior Toward Motorcycle in Vietnam”, Doctorate Dissertation, Hanoi National Economic University, 2008.[20] W. Ning, L. Yafei, “Key factors influencing consumers’ willingness to purchase electric vehicles in China”, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University. Volume II, November (2015) 911-955.[21] R. Pranav, B. Yuvraj, S. Razia, “Assessment of consumer buying behavior toward electric scooters in Punjab”, International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management. 4 (2013) 7-15.[22] K. Rattanaporn, S. Wichuda, J. Sittha, S. Thaned, “Psychological factors influencing intentions to use Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Khon Kaen, Thailand”, Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 10 (2015) số trang đầu và cuối.[23] M. Ronald, T. Debasis, “A Study on consumer buying behavior toward two wheeler bikes in context to Indian market”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Management (IJARM). 4 (2013) 65-số trang cuối. [24] S. Sheetal, S. Abhishek, “Consumer Behavior towards Two-Wheeler Bikes - A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Consumers of Jodhpur District of Rajasthan, India”, Research Paper, Global Research Analysis. 1 (2012) 91-92.[25] M.R. Solomon, Behaviour - Buying, Having, Being, 10th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2013.[26] Statistic Office of Hanoi. http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/, 2018.[27] Tran Thuy, “Located fuel motorcycles, remote controls, and accident notices: a mother buys to supervise her child”. https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh-doanh/dau-tu/xe-may-dien-ban-ra-nua-trieu-chiec-dai-gia-them-muon-475551.html/, 2018.[28] Trinh Thu Thuy, “Factors affects consumer’s behavior towards two-wheeled vehicles in Hanoi city”, Doctorate Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018.[29] S. William et al., “The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption”, Journal of Energy Policy. 68 (2014) 183-194. Ch. Yi-Chang, T. Gwo-Hshiung, “The market acceptance of electric motorcycles in Taiwan experience through a stated preference analysis”, Transportation Research, Pergamon, Part D 4, January 9, 1999, pp. 127-146 (Published by Elsevier Science Ltd).

Corberá Martínez, José Miguel

Tensions are now known between the interests of holders of patent rights over medicines and those of other groups, especially in developing countries. This work tries to deepen these interests from a point of view, mainly legal, which is accompanied by comments of an economic nature, while identifying possible legal and institutional ways to alleviate the negative social consequences of the current system. To this end, the conflicts generated by patents in the context of public health and, specifically, in relation to access to medicines, will be described, to then address the role of intellectual property systems and the concept and scope of public health. Finally, various legal channels will be presented to reconcile the affected interests and possible programmatic and institutional measures.

Ralph A. Gigliotti, B. Ruben

Feng Liang, P. Guan, Wei Wu et al.

BackgroundWorld Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, UN System Influenza Coordination (UNSIC) and other international organizations released a series of documents to fight against the influenza pandemic. Those documents have great significance on guiding influenza pandemic preparedness and responses and providing a multilevel, multi-directional influenza pandemic prevention and control network for their member countries. This study focuses on the above-mentioned influenza pandemic preparedness guidelines with the aim of exploring the roles of the society, defining the relationship of different interventions and evaluating the planning on influenza pandemic preparedness.MethodsDocuments about pandemic influenza preparedness were retrieved from the official websites of the following three international organizations, World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, UN System Influenza Coordination (UNSIC) with the key words ‘pandemic’, ‘influenza’ and the Boolean combinations of these words as the retrieval strategy. Guidelines, research study and meeting reports were included in the study. The categories of the ministries/departments involved and their roles/responsibilities in pandemic influenza preparedness were summarized. Word frequency of selected vocabularies about pandemic influenza preventive measures were collected from the documents and the correlations between the word frequency of these measures were analyzed. Ochiai coefficient was employed to show the correlation between the word vocabularies.ResultsA total of 38 records on the topic of pandemic influenza preparedness were included. The responsibilities of the whole-of-society mentioned in the international organizations’ documents varied across the 2009 influenza pandemic period. Meanwhile, it had been emphasized that a comprehensive influenza prevention and control plan in every sector should be developed and evaluated. Because various measures were emphasized in the guidelines after 2009 pandemic influenza, the correlations between the word frequencies of the various influenza preventive measures became stronger after the pandemic influenza.ConclusionsResponsibilities of ministries of education, ministries of energy, ministries of agriculture and animal health, ministries of communication and the business sector in the pandemic influenza preparedness were described more comprehensively in the international organizations’ documents in 2017. Better understanding the variations of the guidelines delivered by international organizations would be useful for the member countries to strengthen their influenza control network.