Hasil untuk "American literature"

J. Kain

K. Kumpfer, R. Alvarado, Paula Smith et al.

Luís Arthur Brasil Gadelha Farias, Lia Girão Bezerra, Gabriel Chagas Vieira et al.

Introduction: American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. It manifests mainly as ulcerated skin and/or mucosal lesions and rarely presents secondary infections. Myiasis is an infection caused by dipteran larvae in human or animal tissues, generally associated with poor hygiene conditions, exposed wounds, and social vulnerability. The coexistence of these two conditions in the same patient is rare, but represents a clinical challenge in diagnosis and treatment. This report aims to discuss a case seen at a specialized infectious diseases service, exploring possible predisposing factors, clinical implications, and management strategies for the association between ACL and myiasis. This case is part of a cohort approved by the HSJ ethics committee (CAAE: 52811521.7.0000.5044). Case Description: A 34-year-old previously healthy woman, born in Fortaleza, Ceará, and from Guaramiranga, Ceará, was admitted with ulcerated skin lesions. She initially developed erythematous papules on her back, which progressed to exudative ulcers. Physical examination revealed ulcers with raised borders and honey-colored crusts on the back, feet, and left heel, some with mobile larvae and others with purulent secretion. Lesion biopsy showed epithelial acanthosis and an inflammatory infiltrate. The imprint technique identified structures suggestive of Leishmania sp. amastigotes. During evaluation of ulcers on the right knee and right foot, larvae of Cochliomyia macellaria (n=38) were identified and manually removed under lidocaine anesthesia, and ivermectin 200 mcg/kg/day was administered for 2 days. Treatment was carried out with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) 20 mg/kg/day intravenously for 30 days, with progressive improvement of lesions and healing. Comments: ACL typically presents as cutaneous ulcers with a clean, dry necrotic center, raised borders, and no secondary infection. Rare cases of ACL associated with myiasis, with larvae present in the lesions, have been described in the literature, generally in contexts of alcoholism, social vulnerability, and local trauma. Myiasis can alter the typical appearance of the cutaneous lesion, making the differential diagnosis with other dermatoses, such as sporotrichosis, more difficult. Therefore, it is essential that healthcare professionals remain alert to this possible complication.

Maxwell J. Jacobson, Daniel Xie, Jackson Shen et al.

Scientific discovery is slowed by fragmented literature that requires excessive human effort to gather, analyze, and understand. AI tools, including autonomous summarization and question answering, have been developed to aid in understanding scientific literature. However, these tools lack the structured, multi-step approach necessary for extracting deep insights from scientific literature. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new possibilities for literature analysis, but remain unreliable due to hallucinations and incomplete extraction. We introduce Elhuyar, a multi-agent, human-in-the-loop system that integrates LLMs, structured AI, and human scientists to extract, analyze, and iteratively refine insights from scientific literature. The framework distributes tasks among specialized agents for filtering papers, extracting data, fitting models, and summarizing findings, with human oversight ensuring reliability. The system generates structured reports with extracted data, visualizations, model equations, and text summaries, enabling deeper inquiry through iterative refinement. Deployed in materials science, it analyzed literature on tungsten under helium-ion irradiation, showing experimentally correlated exponential helium bubble growth with irradiation dose and temperature, offering insight for plasma-facing materials (PFMs) in fusion reactors. This demonstrates how AI-assisted literature review can uncover scientific patterns and accelerate discovery.

R. Haralick, Chung-Nan Lee, K. Ottenberg et al.

Olivia J. Brathwaite Dick, J. S. San Martín, R. Montoya et al.

Mark C. Miller

Under the United States federalist system of government, each of the fifty states (plus the District of Columbia) has its own state attorney general (AG). As the chief legal officer of the state, the state AG is not only the top law enforcement official in the state but is also in control of all litigation entered into by the state government. The vast majority of the state AGs are independently elected state officials who can bring lawsuits in the “public interest,” free of the requirement that most litigants must have suffered some type of direct or indirect harm before they can sue (the legal term is “standing”).Through their partisan-motivated lawsuits against the federal government, state attorneys general are attempting to increase their role in federal constitutional interpretation and federal policymaking more generally, using both law and politics to do so. The danger is that these partisan-motivated lawsuits brought by the state AGs, and often won by them, are increasing the perception that American judges are merely partisan actors in black robes who are working in collusion with other partisan governmental agents to further a partisan agenda. These lawsuits are contributing to the decreasing trust that the American public has in its federal courts, and especially in the US Supreme Court.

Carl L. Thurman, John C. McNamara, Hsi‐Te Shih et al.

ABSTRACT Neotropical regions near the equator are recognized as speciation “hot spots” reflecting their abundant biodiversity. In western South America, the coasts of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, the Galápagos Archipelago, and northern Peru form the Tropical Eastern Pacific biome. This area has the greatest heterogeneity of sympatric fiddler crab species of any portion of the planet. Since the coastal fauna has not been assessed for almost 50 years, we studied fiddler crab species diversity in Ecuador and on the Galápagos Archipelago. Preserved collecting records for various species were examined at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. During a field study, 51 locations were collected resulting in over 870 preserved specimens (120 lots) along the 2237‐km (1390 mi) coast of Ecuador and on three Galápagos Islands. A neighbor‐joining tree was constructed using the Kimura 2‐parameter model with a partial DNA sequence of the cytochrome oxidase‐subunit 1 gene (COI) for a barcoding study. Twenty‐five taxa were collected during the surveys, while two more were noted from the literature and museum collections. Five published species are new to Ecuador. The species assemblage was divided among four genera: Uca, Leptuca, Minuca, and Petruca. Morphological definitions and photographic images are given for 27 species. COI sequences were obtained for 27 operational taxonomic units from Ecuador, with three morphologically indistinguishable cryptic or pseudocryptic taxa also revealed. Based on species distributions, it appears that the area between Cabo San Lorenzo and Punta Santa Elena serves as a weak barrier separating some “northern” from “southern” taxa. Since coastal Ecuador is undergoing rapid economic development, the construction of maricultural facilities and the deforestation of mangroves promote wholesale habitat destruction. As habitat diversity is reduced, it is expected that there will be, in general, a local decline in fiddler crab species diversity with some taxa becoming rare or extinct.

Kelvin Daniel Gonzalez Amador

Accessible communication through sign language is vital for deaf communities, 1 yet robotic solutions are often costly and limited. This study presents VulcanV3, a low- 2 cost, open-source, 3D-printed ambidextrous robotic hand capable of reproducing the full 3 American Sign Language (ASL) alphabet (52 signs for right- and left-hand configurations). 4 The system employs 23 direct-drive servo actuators for precise finger and wrist movements, 5 controlled by an Arduino Mega with dual PCA9685 modules. Unlike most humanoid upper- 6 limb systems, which rarely employ direct-drive actuation, VulcanV3 achieves complete ASL 7 coverage with a reversible design. All CAD files and code are released under permissive 8 open-source licenses to enable replication. Empirical tests confirmed accurate reproduction 9 of all 52 ASL handshapes, while a participant study (n = 33) achieved 96.97% recognition 10 accuracy, improving to 98.78% after video demonstration. VulcanV3 advances assistive 11 robotics by combining affordability, full ASL coverage, and ambidexterity in an openly 12 shared platform, contributing to accessible communication technologies and inclusive 13 innovation.

Andrey Skripnikov, Sujit Sivadanam

American football is unique in that offensive and defensive units typically consist of separate players who don't share the field simultaneously, which tempts one to evaluate them independently. However, a team's offensive and defensive performances often complement each other. For instance, turnovers forced by the defense can create easier scoring opportunities for the offense. Using drive-by-drive data from 2014-2020 Division-I college football (Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS) and 2009-2017 National Football League (NFL) seasons, we identify complementary football features that impact scoring the most. We employ regularized ordinal regression with an elastic penalty, enabling variable selection and partially relaxing the proportional odds assumption. Moreover, given the importance of accounting for strength of the opposition, we incorporate unpenalized components to ensure full adjustment for strength of schedule. For residual diagnostics of our ordinal regression models we apply the surrogate approach, creatively extending its use to non-proportional odds models. We then adjust each team's offensive (defensive) performance to project it onto a league-average complementary unit, showcasing the effects of these adjustments on team scoring. Lastly, we evaluate the out-of-sample prediction performance of our selected model, highlighting improvements gained from incorporating complementary football features alongside strength-of-schedule adjustments.

Robert S. Jansen

Melissa H. Kong, G. Fonarow, E. Peterson et al.

Maguy Blancofombona

Par une lecture de Vigilia del Almirante, roman d’Augusto Roa Bastos, et de 1492, étude historique de Jacques Attali, cet article aborde le mouvement déclenché en Europe par l’idée d’une possible nouvelle route vers l’Orient et également la possible existence de terres nouvelles dont quelques personnes étaient informées mais qu’il ne convenait pas de révéler. Il fait ressortir le mouvement que ne manque pas de susciter une carte, soit comme simple invitation à suivre un parcours, comme le propose l’écrivain franco-écossais Kenneth White, soit, comme cela se produit à la fin du xve siècle, en poussant le monde européen à se tourner vers l’Atlantique et à ne plus considérer exclusivement la Méditerranée et les autres terres connues jusqu’alors.La cartographie dispose aujourd’hui d’une plus grande information, tout est plus exact de par le développement croissant de la technologie, et l’homme avance d’une autre manière. Mais il est difficile de nous débarrasser du passé car il nous ramène sans cesse au même point de départ pour orienter le présent et le futur. Depuis quelques années, je vois l’Europe se tourner vers l’Est (l’Orient), rappelant le mouvement qu’elle avait accompli au xve siècle, quand, cherchant un chemin pour atteindre plus aisément les Indes, elle a rencontré l’Amérique1.

Joshua Owotogbe, Indika Kumara, Willem-Jan Van Den Heuvel et al.

Organizations, particularly medium and large enterprises, typically rely heavily on complex, distributed systems to deliver critical services and products. However, the growing complexity of these systems poses challenges in ensuring service availability, performance, and reliability. Traditional resilience testing methods often fail to capture the intricate interactions and failure modes of modern systems. Chaos Engineering addresses these challenges by proactively testing how systems in production behave under turbulent conditions, allowing developers to uncover and resolve potential issues before they escalate into outages. Though chaos engineering has received growing attention from researchers and practitioners alike, we observed a lack of reviews that synthesize insights from both academic and grey literature. Hence, we conducted a Multivocal Literature Review (MLR) on chaos engineering to address this research gap by systematically analyzing 96 academic and grey literature sources published between January 2016 and April 2024. We first used the chosen sources to derive a unified definition of chaos engineering and to identify key functionalities, components, and adoption drivers. We also developed a taxonomy for chaos engineering platforms and compared the relevant tools using it. Finally, we analyzed the current state of chaos engineering research and identified several open research issues.

Jakob Assländer

Purpose: To identify the predominant source of the $T_1$ variability described in the literature, which ranges from 0.6-1.1 s for brain white matter at 3 T. Methods: 25 $T_1$-mapping methods from the literature were simulated with a mono-exponential and various magnetization-transfer (MT) models, each followed by mono-exponential fitting. A single set of model parameters was assumed for the simulation of all methods, and these parameters were estimated by fitting the simulation-based to the corresponding literature $T_1$ values of white matter at 3 T. We acquired in vivo data with a quantitative magnetization transfer and three $T_1$-mapping techniques. The former was used to synthesize MR images that correspond to the three $T_1$-mapping methods. A mono-exponential model was fitted to the experimental and corresponding synthesized MR images. Results: Mono-exponential simulations suggest good inter-method reproducibility and fail to explain the highly variable $T_1$ estimates in the literature. In contrast, MT simulations suggest that a mono-exponential fit results in a variable $T_1$ and explain up to 62% of the literature's variability. In our own in vivo experiments, MT explains 70% of the observed variability. Conclusion: The results suggest that a mono-exponential model does not adequately describe longitudinal relaxation in biological tissue. Therefore, $T_1$ in biological tissue should be considered only a semi-quantitative metric that is inherently contingent upon the imaging methodology; and comparisons between different $T_1$-mapping methods and the use of simplistic spin systems - such as doped-water phantoms - for validation should be viewed with caution.

Jonathan Liu, Seth Poulsen, Erica Goodwin et al.

Algorithm design is a vital skill developed in most undergraduate Computer Science (CS) programs, but few research studies focus on pedagogy related to algorithms coursework. To understand the work that has been done in the area, we present a systematic survey and literature review of CS Education studies. We search for research that is both related to algorithm design and evaluated on undergraduate-level students. Across all papers in the ACM Digital Library prior to August 2023, we only find 94 such papers. We first classify these papers by topic, evaluation metric, evaluation methods, and intervention target. Through our classification, we find a broad sparsity of papers which indicates that many open questions remain about teaching algorithm design, with each algorithm topic only being discussed in between 0 and 10 papers. We also note the need for papers using rigorous research methods, as only 38 out of 88 papers presenting quantitative data use statistical tests, and only 15 out of 45 papers presenting qualitative data use a coding scheme. Only 17 papers report controlled trials. We then synthesize the results of the existing literature to give insights into what the corpus reveals about how we should teach algorithms. Much of the literature explores implementing well-established practices, such as active learning or automated assessment, in the algorithms classroom. However, there are algorithms-specific results as well: a number of papers find that students may under-utilize certain algorithmic design techniques, and studies describe a variety of ways to select algorithms problems that increase student engagement and learning. The results we present, along with the publicly available set of papers collected, provide a detailed representation of the current corpus of CS Education work related to algorithm design and can orient further research in the area.

Yuri A Saito, P. Schoenfeld, Richard G. Locke

Luis Bértola, J. Ocampo

Arturo Panduro, Sonia Roman, Saul Laguna-Meraz et al.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV), comprising of ten genotypes (A-J), has been a silent threat against humanity, constituting a public health problem worldwide. In 2016, the World Health Organization set forth an impressive initiative for the global elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030. As the target date approaches, many nations, particularly in the Latin American region, face challenges in designing and implementing their respective elimination plan. This review aimed to portray the state of knowledge about the epidemiological, molecular, and clinical characteristics of HBV genotype H (HBV/H), endemic to Mexico. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to compile scientific literature over 50 years (1970–2022). A total of 91 articles were organized into thematic categories, addressing essential aspects such as epidemiological data, risk factors, HBV genotype distribution, HBV mixed infections, clinical characteristics, and vaccination. The prevalence and its associated 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated using the Metafor package in R programming language (version 4.1.2). We provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses in diagnostics and prevention measures that explain the current epidemiological profile of HBV/H. Training, research, and awareness actions are required to control HBV infections in Mexico. These actions should contribute to creating more specific clinical practice guides according to the region’s characteristics. Mexico’s elimination plan for HBV will require teamwork among the government health administration, researchers, physicians, specialists, and civil society advocates to overcome this task jointly.

Sheshera Mysore, Mahmood Jasim, Haoru Song et al.

Keeping up with the research literature plays an important role in the workflow of scientists - allowing them to understand a field, formulate the problems they focus on, and develop the solutions that they contribute, which in turn shape the nature of the discipline. In this paper, we examine the literature review practices of data scientists. Data science represents a field seeing an exponential rise in papers, and increasingly drawing on and being applied in numerous diverse disciplines. Recent efforts have seen the development of several tools intended to help data scientists cope with a deluge of research and coordinated efforts to develop AI tools intended to uncover the research frontier. Despite these trends indicative of the information overload faced by data scientists, no prior work has examined the specific practices and challenges faced by these scientists in an interdisciplinary field with evolving scholarly norms. In this paper, we close this gap through a set of semi-structured interviews and think-aloud protocols of industry and academic data scientists (N = 20). Our results while corroborating other knowledge workers' practices uncover several novel findings: individuals (1) are challenged in seeking and sensemaking of papers beyond their disciplinary bubbles, (2) struggle to understand papers in the face of missing details and mathematical content, (3) grapple with the deluge by leveraging the knowledge context in code, blogs, and talks, and (4) lean on their peers online and in-person. Furthermore, we outline future directions likely to help data scientists cope with the burgeoning research literature.